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  • 1
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    Quantifying CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 emissions from hard coal mines using mobile sun-viewing Fourier transform spectrometry
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2019
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2019-10-01), p. 5217-5230
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2019-10-01), p. 5217-5230
    Abstract: Abstract. Methane (CH4) emissions from coal production amount to roughly one-third of European anthropogenic CH4 emissions in the atmosphere. Poland is the largest hard coal producer in the European Union with the Polish side of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) as the main part of it. Emission estimates for CH4 from the USCB for individual coal mine ventilation shafts range between 0.03 and 20 kt a−1, amounting to a basin total of roughly 440 kt a−1 according to the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR, http://prtr.ec.europa.eu/, 2014). We mounted a ground-based, portable, sun-viewing FTS (Fourier transform spectrometer) on a truck for sampling coal mine ventilation plumes by driving cross-sectional stop-and-go patterns at 1 to 3 km from the exhaust shafts. Several of these transects allowed for estimation of CH4 emissions based on the observed enhancements of the column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of methane (XCH4) using a mass balance approach. Our resulting emission estimates range from 6±1 kt a−1 for a single shaft up to 109±33 kt a−1 for a subregion of the USCB, which is in broad agreement with the E-PRTR reports. Three wind lidars were deployed in the larger USCB region providing ancillary information about spatial and temporal variability of wind and turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. Sensitivity studies show that, despite drawing from the three wind lidars, the uncertainty of the local wind dominates the uncertainty of the emission estimates, by far exceeding errors related to the XCH4 measurements themselves. Wind-related relative errors on the emission estimates typically amount to 20 %.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-12-5217-2019
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2505596-3
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  • 2
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    Estimating Upper Silesian coal mine methane emissions from airborne in situ observations and dispersion modeling
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2021
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 21, No. 11 ( 2021-06-10), p. 8791-8807
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 21, No. 11 ( 2021-06-10), p. 8791-8807
    Abstract: Abstract. Abundant mining and industrial activities located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) lead to large emissions of the potent greenhouse gas (GHG) methane (CH4). The strong localization of CH4 emitters (mostly confined to known coal mine ventilation shafts) and the large emissions of 448 and 720 kt CH4 yr−1 reported in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR 2017) and the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v4.3.2), respectively, make the USCB a prime research target for validating and improving CH4 flux estimation techniques. High-precision observations of this GHG were made downwind of local (e.g., single facilities) to regional-scale (e.g., agglomerations) sources in the context of the CoMet 1.0 campaign in early summer 2018. A quantum cascade–interband cascade laser (QCL–ICL)-based spectrometer adapted for airborne research was deployed aboard the German Aerospace Center (DLR) Cessna 208B to sample the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in situ. Regional CH4 emission estimates for the USCB are derived using a model approach including assimilated wind soundings from three ground-based Doppler lidars. Although retrieving estimates for individual emitters is difficult using only single flights due to sparse data availability, the combination of two flights allows for exploiting different meteorological conditions (analogous to a sparse tomography algorithm) to establish confidence on facility-level estimates. Emission rates from individual sources not only are needed for unambiguous comparisons between bottom-up and top-down inventories but also become indispensable if (independently verifiable) sanctions are to be imposed on individual companies emitting GHGs. An uncertainty analysis is presented for both the regional-scale and facility-level emission estimates. We find instantaneous coal mine emission estimates of 451/423 ± 77/79 kt CH4 yr−1 for the morning/afternoon flight of 6 June 2018. The derived fuel-exploitation emission rates coincide (±6 %) with annual-average inventorial data from E-PRTR 2017 although they are distinctly lower (−28 %/−32 %) than values reported in EDGAR v4.3.2. Discrepancies in available emission inventories could potentially be narrowed down with sufficient observations using the method described herein to bridge the gap between instantaneous emission estimates and yearly averaged inventories.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-8791-2021
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
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  • 3
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    ACRIDICON–CHUVA Campaign: Studying Tropical Deep Convective Clouds and Precipitation over Amazonia Using the New German Research Aircraft HALO
    American Meteorological Society ; 2016
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 97, No. 10 ( 2016-10-01), p. 1885-1908
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 97, No. 10 ( 2016-10-01), p. 1885-1908
    Abstract: Between 1 September and 4 October 2014, a combined airborne and ground-based measurement campaign was conducted to study tropical deep convective clouds over the Brazilian Amazon rain forest. The new German research aircraft, High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO), a modified Gulfstream G550, and extensive ground-based instrumentation were deployed in and near Manaus (State of Amazonas). The campaign was part of the German–Brazilian Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems–Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud Resolving Modeling and to the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) (ACRIDICON– CHUVA) venture to quantify aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions and their thermodynamic, dynamic, and radiative effects by in situ and remote sensing measurements over Amazonia. The ACRIDICON–CHUVA field observations were carried out in cooperation with the second intensive operating period of Green Ocean Amazon 2014/15 (GoAmazon2014/5). In this paper we focus on the airborne data measured on HALO, which was equipped with about 30 in situ and remote sensing instruments for meteorological, trace gas, aerosol, cloud, precipitation, and spectral solar radiation measurements. Fourteen research flights with a total duration of 96 flight hours were performed. Five scientific topics were pursued: 1) cloud vertical evolution and life cycle (cloud profiling), 2) cloud processing of aerosol particles and trace gases (inflow and outflow), 3) satellite and radar validation (cloud products), 4) vertical transport and mixing (tracer experiment), and 5) cloud formation over forested/deforested areas. Data were collected in near-pristine atmospheric conditions and in environments polluted by biomass burning and urban emissions. The paper presents a general introduction of the ACRIDICON– CHUVA campaign (motivation and addressed research topics) and of HALO with its extensive instrument package, as well as a presentation of a few selected measurement results acquired during the flights for some selected scientific topics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00255.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029396-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 419957-1
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  • 4
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    CH 4 and CO 2 IPDA Lidar Measurements During the Comet 2018 Airborne Field Campaign
    EDP Sciences ; 2020
    In:  EPJ Web of Conferences Vol. 237 ( 2020), p. 03005-
    Details
    In: EPJ Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, Vol. 237 ( 2020), p. 03005-
    Abstract: Installed onboard the German research aircraft HALO, the integrated-path differential-absorption (IPDA) lidar CHARM-F measures weighted vertical columns of both greenhouse gases (GHG) below the aircraft and along its flight track, aiming at high accuracy and precision. Results will be shown from the deployment during the CoMet field campaign that was carried out in spring 2018, with its main focus on one of the major European hot spots in methane emissions: the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in Poland. First analyses reveal a measurement precision of below 0.5% for 20-km averages and also low bias, which was assessed by comparison with in-situ instruments. The measurements flights were designed to capture individual CH 4 and CO 2 plumes from e.g. coal mine venting and coal-fired power plants, respectively, but also to measure large and regional scale GHG gradients and to provide comparisons with the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Many other different instruments, both airborne and ground-based, complemented the lidar measurements to provide a comprehensive dataset for model analyses. CHARM-F also acts as the airborne demonstrator for MERLIN, the “Methane Remote Lidar Mission”, conducted by the German and French space agencies, DLR and CNES, with launch foreseen in ~ 2024. In this context, the airborne lidar data are likewise important for mission support such as for e.g. algorithm development and improvement and, moreover, the CoMet mission was also an important step for MERLIN validation preparation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2100-014X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202023703005
    Language: English
    Publisher: EDP Sciences
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 5
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    Local-to-regional methane emissions from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) quantified using UAV-based atmospheric measurements
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2023
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 23, No. 9 ( 2023-05-08), p. 5191-5216
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 23, No. 9 ( 2023-05-08), p. 5191-5216
    Abstract: Abstract. Coal mining accounts for ∼12 % of the total anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions worldwide. The Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), Poland, where large quantities of CH4 are emitted to the atmosphere via ventilation shafts of underground hard coal (anthracite) mines, is one of the hot spots of methane emissions in Europe. However, coal bed CH4 emissions into the atmosphere are poorly characterized. As part of the carbon dioxide and CH4 mission 1.0 (CoMet 1.0) that took place in May–June 2018, we flew a recently developed active AirCore system aboard an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to obtain CH4 and CO2 mole fractions 150–300 m downwind of five individual ventilation shafts in the USCB. In addition, we also measured δ13C-CH4, δ2H-CH4, ambient temperature, pressure, relative humidity, surface wind speed, and surface wind direction. We used 34 UAV flights and two different approaches (inverse Gaussian approach and mass balance approach) to quantify the emissions from individual shafts. The quantified emissions were compared to both annual and hourly inventory data and were used to derive the estimates of CH4 emissions in the USCB. We found a high correlation (R2=0.7–0.9) between the quantified and hourly inventory data-based shaft-averaged CH4 emissions, which in principle would allow regional estimates of CH4 emissions to be derived by upscaling individual hourly inventory data of all shafts. Currently, such inventory data is available only for the five shafts we quantified. As an alternative, we have developed three upscaling approaches, i.e., by scaling the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) annual inventory, the quantified shaft-averaged emission rate, and the shaft-averaged emission rate, which are derived from the hourly emission inventory. These estimates are in the range of 256–383 kt CH4 yr−1 for the inverse Gaussian (IG) approach and 228–339 kt CH4 yr−1 for the mass balance (MB) approach. We have also estimated the total CO2 emissions from coal mining ventilation shafts based on the observed ratio of CH4/CO2 and found that the estimated regional CO2 emissions are not a major source of CO2 in the USCB. This study shows that the UAV-based active AirCore system can be a useful tool to quantify local to regional point source methane emissions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-5191-2023
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
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  • 6
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    Hindcasting and forecasting of regional methane from coal mine emissions in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin using the online nested global regional chemistry–climate model MECO(n) (MESSy v2.53)
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 2020-04-16), p. 1925-1943
    Details
    In: Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 2020-04-16), p. 1925-1943
    Abstract: Abstract. Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas in terms of anthropogenic radiative forcing. Since pre-industrial times, the globally averaged dry mole fraction of methane in the atmosphere has increased considerably. Emissions from coal mining are one of the primary anthropogenic methane sources. However, our knowledge about different sources and sinks of methane is still subject to great uncertainties. Comprehensive measurement campaigns and reliable chemistry–climate models, are required to fully understand the global methane budget and to further develop future climate mitigation strategies. The CoMet 1.0 campaign (May to June 2018) combined airborne in situ, as well as passive and active remote sensing measurements to quantify the emissions from coal mining in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB, Poland). Roughly 502 kt of methane is emitted from the ventilation shafts per year. In order to help with the flight planning during the campaigns, we performed 6 d forecasts using the online coupled, three-time nested global and regional chemistry–climate model MECO(n). We applied three-nested COSMO/MESSy instances going down to a spatial resolution of 2.8 km over the USCB. The nested global–regional model system allows for the separation of local emission contributions from fluctuations in the background methane. Here, we introduce the forecast set-up and assess the impact of the model's spatial resolution on the simulation of methane plumes from the ventilation shafts. Uncertainties in simulated methane mixing ratios are estimated by comparing different airborne measurements to the simulations. Results show that MECO(3) is able to simulate the observed methane plumes and the large-scale patterns (including vertically integrated values) reasonably well. Furthermore, we obtain reasonable forecast results up to forecast day four.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1991-9603
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-1925-2020
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-1925-2020-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2456725-5
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  • 7
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    Evaluation of simulated CO 2 power plant plumes from six high-resolution atmospheric transport models
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2023
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 23, No. 4 ( 2023-02-27), p. 2699-2728
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 23, No. 4 ( 2023-02-27), p. 2699-2728
    Abstract: Abstract. Power plants and large industrial facilities contribute more than half of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Quantifying the emissions of these point sources is therefore one of the main goals of the planned constellation of anthropogenic CO2 monitoring satellites (CO2M) of the European Copernicus program. Atmospheric transport models may be used to study the capabilities of such satellites through observing system simulation experiments and to quantify emissions in an inverse modeling framework. How realistically the CO2 plumes of power plants can be simulated and how strongly the results may depend on model type and resolution, however, is not well known due to a lack of observations available for benchmarking. Here, we use the unique data set of aircraft in situ and remote sensing observations collected during the CoMet (Carbon Dioxide and Methane Mission) measurement campaign downwind of the coal-fired power plants at Bełchatów in Poland and Jänschwalde in Germany in 2018 to evaluate the simulations of six different atmospheric transport models. The models include three large-eddy simulation (LES) models, two mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models extended for atmospheric tracer transport, and one Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) and cover a wide range of model resolutions from 200 m to 2 km horizontal grid spacing. At the time of the aircraft measurements between late morning and early afternoon, the simulated plumes were slightly (at Jänschwalde) to highly (at Bełchatów) turbulent, consistent with the observations, and extended over the whole depth of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL; up to 1800 m a.s.l. (above sea level) in the case of Bełchatów). The stochastic nature of turbulent plumes puts fundamental limitations on a point-by-point comparison between simulations and observations. Therefore, the evaluation focused on statistical properties such as plume amplitude and width as a function of distance from the source. LES and NWP models showed similar performance and sometimes remarkable agreement with the observations when operated at a comparable resolution. The Lagrangian model, which was the only model driven by winds observed from the aircraft, quite accurately captured the location of the plumes but generally underestimated their width. A resolution of 1 km or better appears to be necessary to realistically capture turbulent plume structures. At a coarser resolution, the plumes disperse too quickly, especially in the near-field range (0–8 km from the source), and turbulent structures are increasingly smoothed out. Total vertical columns are easier to simulate accurately than the vertical distribution of CO2, since the latter is critically affected by profiles of vertical stability, especially near the top of the ABL. Cross-sectional flux and integrated mass enhancement methods applied to synthetic CO2M data generated from the model simulations with a random noise of 0.5–1.0 ppm (parts per million) suggest that emissions from a power plant like Bełchatów can be estimated with an accuracy of about 20 % from single overpasses. Estimates of the effective wind speed are a critical input for these methods. Wind speeds in the middle of the ABL appear to be a good approximation for plumes in a well-mixed ABL, as encountered during CoMet.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-2699-2023
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-2699-2023-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 8
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    Quantification of CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 coal mining emissions in Upper Silesia by passive airborne remote sensing observations with the Methane Airborne MAPper (MAMAP) instrument during the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and Methane (CoMet) campaign
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2021
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 21, No. 23 ( 2021-12-01), p. 17345-17371
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 21, No. 23 ( 2021-12-01), p. 17345-17371
    Abstract: Abstract. Methane (CH4) is the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, whose atmospheric concentration is modulated by human-induced activities, and it has a larger global warming potential than carbon dioxide (CO2). Because of its short atmospheric lifetime relative to that of CO2, the reduction of the atmospheric abundance of CH4 is an attractive target for short-term climate mitigation strategies. However, reducing the atmospheric CH4 concentration requires a reduction of its emissions and, therefore, knowledge of its sources. For this reason, the CO2 and Methane (CoMet) campaign in May and June 2018 assessed emissions of one of the largest CH4 emission hot spots in Europe, the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in southern Poland, using top-down approaches and inventory data. In this study, we will focus on CH4 column anomalies retrieved from spectral radiance observations, which were acquired by the 1D nadir-looking passive remote sensing Methane Airborne MAPper (MAMAP) instrument, using the weighting-function-modified differential optical absorption spectroscopy (WFM-DOAS) method. The column anomalies, combined with wind lidar measurements, are inverted to cross-sectional fluxes using a mass balance approach. With the help of these fluxes, reported emissions of small clusters of coal mine ventilation shafts are then assessed. The MAMAP CH4 column observations enable an accurate assignment of observed fluxes to small clusters of ventilation shafts. CH4 fluxes are estimated for four clusters with a total of 23 ventilation shafts, which are responsible for about 40 % of the total CH4 mining emissions in the target area. The observations were made during several overflights on different days. The final average CH4 fluxes for the single clusters (or sub-clusters) range from about 1 to 9 t CH4 h−1 at the time of the campaign. The fluxes observed at one cluster during different overflights vary by as much as 50 % of the average value. Associated errors (1σ) are usually between 15 % and 59 % of the average flux, depending mainly on the prevailing wind conditions, the number of flight tracks, and the magnitude of the flux itself. Comparison to known hourly emissions, where available, shows good agreement within the uncertainties. If only emissions reported annually are available for comparison with the observations, caution is advised due to possible fluctuations in emissions during a year or even within hours. To measure emissions even more precisely and to break them down further for allocation to individual shafts in a complex source region such as the USCB, imaging remote sensing instruments are recommended.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-17345-2021
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 9
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    Estimating CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉, CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and CO emissions from coal mining and industrial activities in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin using an aircraft-based mass balance approach
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 20, No. 21 ( 2020-11-03), p. 12675-12695
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 20, No. 21 ( 2020-11-03), p. 12675-12695
    Abstract: Abstract. A severe reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to reach the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The implementation and continuous evaluation of mitigation measures requires regular independent information on emissions of the two main anthropogenic greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Our aim is to employ an observation-based method to determine regional-scale greenhouse gas emission estimates with high accuracy. We use aircraft- and ground-based in situ observations of CH4, CO2, carbon monoxide (CO), and wind speed from two research flights over the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), Poland, in summer 2018. The flights were performed as a part of the Carbon Dioxide and Methane (CoMet) mission above this European CH4 emission hot-spot region. A kriging algorithm interpolates the observed concentrations between the downwind transects of the trace gas plume, and then the mass flux through this plane is calculated. Finally, statistic and systematic uncertainties are calculated from measurement uncertainties and through several sensitivity tests, respectively. For the two selected flights, the in-situ-derived annual CH4 emission estimates are 13.8±4.3 and 15.1±4.0 kg s−1, which are well within the range of emission inventories. The regional emission estimates of CO2, which were determined to be 1.21±0.75 and 1.12±0.38 t s−1, are in the lower range of emission inventories. CO mass balance emissions of 10.1±3.6 and 10.7±4.4 kg s−1 for the USCB are slightly higher than the emission inventory values. The CH4 emission estimate has a relative error of 26 %–31 %, the CO2 estimate of 37 %–62 %, and the CO estimate of 36 %–41 %. These errors mainly result from the uncertainty of atmospheric background mole fractions and the changing planetary boundary layer height during the morning flight. In the case of CO2, biospheric fluxes also add to the uncertainty and hamper the assessment of emission inventories. These emission estimates characterize the USCB and help to verify emission inventories and develop climate mitigation strategies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-12675-2020
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-12675-2020-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 10
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    CoMet: an airborne mission to simultaneously measure CO 2 and CH 4 using lidar, passive remote sensing, and in-situ techniques
    EDP Sciences ; 2018
    In:  EPJ Web of Conferences Vol. 176 ( 2018), p. 02003-
    Details
    In: EPJ Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, Vol. 176 ( 2018), p. 02003-
    Abstract: TIn order to improve our current knowledge on the budgets of the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases, CO 2 and CH 4 , an airborne mission on board the German research aircraft HALO in coordination with two smaller Cessna aircraft is going to be conducted in April/May 2017. The goal of CoMet is to combine a suite of the best currently available active (lidar) and passive remote sensors as well as in-situ instruments to provide regional-scale data of greenhouse gases which are urgently required.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2100-014X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201817602003
    Language: English
    Publisher: EDP Sciences
    Publication Date: 2018
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