Note: Front Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Waste to energy: an overview by global perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Potential waste biomass -- 1.2.1 Agricultural and forest residue -- 1.2.2 Industrial waste biomass -- 1.2.3 Municipal waste biomass -- 1.2.4 Micro- and macroalgae waste biomass -- 1.3 Biofuels from waste -- 1.3.1 Biodiesel -- 1.3.2 Bioethanol fermentation -- 1.3.3 Bio-oil and biochar -- 1.3.4 Biomethane and biohydrogen -- 1.3.5 Syngas and bioelectricity -- 1.4 Socioeconomic perspective -- 1.5 Environmental perspective -- 1.6 Integrated approaches of biofuel from waste -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Potential of advanced photocatalytic technology for biodiesel production from waste oil -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Biodiesel-strength and weakness -- 2.1.2 Biodiesel as an alternative fuel -- 2.1.3 WCO as a feedstock for biodiesel production -- 2.2 Reaction process to produce biodiesel -- 2.2.1 Microemulsion technique -- 2.2.2 Direct use and blending technique -- 2.2.3 Pyrolysis of oil -- 2.2.4 Transesterification process -- 2.2.5 Esterification process -- 2.3 Catalyst for biodiesel production -- 2.4 Photocatalyst -- 2.4.1 Mechanism of photocatalysis -- 2.4.2 Important circumstances influence photocatalyst performance -- 2.4.3 Synthesis of photocatalysts -- 2.5 Fundamental of photocatalyst in biodiesel production -- 2.5.1 TiO2 as a photocatalyst in biodiesel production -- 2.5.2 Zinc oxide \(ZnO\) nanocatalyst as heterogeneous photocatalyst -- 2.6 Parameters affecting on photocatalytic esterification -- 2.6.1 Effect of alcohol to oil ratio -- 2.6.2 Effect of catalyst loading -- 2.6.3 Effect of stirring speed -- 2.6.4 Effect of UV irradiation time and lamp power -- 2.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Chapter 3 Biofuel production from food waste biomass and application of machine learning for process management -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Growing concern for food loss waste (FLW) -- 3.3 Conversion techniques -- 3.3.1 Biochemical technology -- 3.4 Thermochemical technology -- 3.4.1 Gasification -- 3.4.2 Pyrolysis -- 3.4.3 Liquefaction -- 3.5 Sustainable management of FW with machine learning -- 3.5.1 Machine learning overview for FW and biofuel -- 3.6 Prediction of energy demand and biofuel production from FW -- 3.6.1 Life cycle of machine learning-based energy demand and biofuel production -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Biological conversion of lignocellulosic waste in the renewable energy -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Lignocellulosic biomass and technical benefits -- 4.3 The role of bacteria in the decomposition of plant biomass and the production of RE -- 4.4 The future of RE and the challenges -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 The potential of sustainable biogas production from animal waste -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biogas components -- 5.3 Factors affecting biogas production -- 5.4 Anaerobic fermentation -- 5.4.1 Bacteria -- 5.4.2 Temperature -- 5.4.3 pH -- 5.4.4 Carbon to nitrogen ratio -- 5.4.5 Concentration of the solid in the feeding solution -- 5.4.6 Feeding rates of organic matter (degree of loading) -- 5.4.7 Time of solution remaining in the fermenter -- 5.4.8 Toxic substances in nutrition -- 5.4.9 Use prefixes -- 5.4.10 Flipping inside the fermenter -- 5.5 Environmental and economic benefits from biogas generation -- 5.6 The properties of the different gases compared to the biogas -- 5.7 Prospects for the development of biogas production technology and current problems -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 6 Current and future trends in food waste valorization for the production of chemicals, materials, and fuels by advanced technology to convert food wastes into fuels and chemicals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Food valorization to produce chemicals -- 6.2.1 Multitudinous valorization methods for chemical production -- 6.3 Transformation of food waste into bioenergy -- 6.3.1 Biogas formation -- 6.3.2 Biohydrogen production -- 6.3.3 Distinctive techniques for biofuel production -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic waste into renewable energy -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Structural and functional attributes of LCMs -- 7.2.1 Socioeconomic aspects of LCMs -- 7.2.2 Biorefinery-based bioeconomy-considerations -- 7.2.3 Biotransformation of LCMs -- 7.2.4 Enzyme-based pretreatment of LCMs -- 7.2.5 Chemical-based pretreatment of LCMs -- 7.3 Biofuels generation -- 7.4 Conclusion and perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8 Recent trends on the food wastes valorization to value-added commodities -- 8.1 Introduction-food waste and its global scenario -- 8.2 FW hierarchy -- 8.3 FW-generating sectors -- 8.4 FW valorization to worth-added commodities -- 8.5 Biotransformation of FWs -- 8.6 Value-added components recovery -- 8.6.1 Recovery of organic acids -- 8.6.2 Nutraceuticals -- 8.6.3 Nanoparticles -- 8.6.4 Dietary fiber -- 8.7 Production of biomaterials and biofertilizer -- 8.7.1 Biopolymers -- 8.7.2 Single-cell protein (microbial biomass) -- 8.7.3 Bio-based colorants -- 8.7.4 Bioadsorbent -- 8.7.5 Biofertilizer -- 8.7.6 Bio-based high value-added products -- 8.7.7 Enzymes production from FW and their application -- 8.8 Conclusion and recommendations -- References -- Chapter 9 Thermochemical conversion methods of bio-derived lignocellulosic waste molecules into renewable fuels -- 9.1 Introduction. , 9.2 Lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.2.1 Sources of lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.2.2 Properties and composition of lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.3 Pretreatment techniques -- 9.3.1 Physical pretreatment technique -- 9.3.2 Chemical pretreatment technique -- 9.3.3 Physiochemical pretreatment technique -- 9.3.4 Biological pretreatment technique -- 9.3.5 Combination pretreatment technique -- 9.4 Thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.4.1 Thermochemical lignocellulosic biorefineries -- 9.4.2 Biochemical refineries for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass -- 9.4.3 Hybrid biorefineries -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using ionic liquids as catalyst -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Recent trends -- 10.3 Waste cooking oil -- 10.4 Transesterification of WCO -- 10.5 Experimental analysis -- 10.5.1 Catalytic ethanolysis of waste cooking soybean oil using the IL [HMim][HSO4] -- 10.5.2 Preparation of a supported acidic IL on silica-gel and its application to the synthesis of biodiesel from WCO -- 10.5.3 Improving biodiesel yields from WCO using ILs as catalysts with a microwave heating system -- 10.5.4 Biodiesel production from WCO by acidic IL as a catalyst -- 10.5.5 Biodiesel production process by using new functionalized ILs as catalysts -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Valorization of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel using acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Biodiesel synthesis -- 11.2.1 Feedstock used for biodiesel synthesis -- 11.2.2 FFAs and their effect on biodiesel synthesis -- 11.2.3 Types of catalysts and its significance -- 11.3 Cavitation -- 11.3.1 Acoustic cavitation -- 11.3.2 HC and its mechanism -- 11.4 Review of current status of utilization of WCO for synthesis of biodiesel -- 11.4.1 Synthesis of biodiesel using AC. , 11.4.2 Synthesis of biodiesel using HC -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Production of biochar from renewable resources -- 12.1 Biochar definition -- 12.2 Biochar applications -- 12.3 Biochar production -- 12.3.1 Pyrolysis -- 12.3.2 Gasification -- 12.3.3 Hydrothermal carbonization -- 12.3.4 Other processes -- 12.4 Factors affecting biochar production -- 12.4.1 Feedstocks of biochar -- 12.4.2 Thermochemical temperature -- 12.5 Mechanism of biochar production -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 Microbial fuel cell technology for bio-electrochemical conversion of waste to energy -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 MFC technology -- 13.2.1 Technological background, performance indicators, and operating parameters -- 13.3 Role of microbial species and mechanism of electron transport in MFC -- 13.3.1 Substrate composition in MFC -- 13.3.2 Electrode material -- 13.3.3 MFC design and architecture -- 13.4 Bioenergy production from MFC -- 13.4.1 Simple substrate molecules for electricity generation -- 13.4.2 Complex wastewater used for electricity generation -- 13.4.3 Pitfalls and future prospects -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Case study of nonrefined mustard oil for possible biodiesel extraction: feasibility analysis -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Materials and methods -- 14.2.1 Catalyst preparation -- 14.2.2 Collection of nonrefined mustard oil -- 14.2.3 Design of experiment using Taguchi -- 14.2.4 Transesterification -- 14.2.5 Characterization of catalyst -- 14.3 Results and discussion -- 14.3.1 Characterization of catalyst -- 14.3.2 ANOVA and RSM -- 14.3.3 Effect of operating parameters -- 14.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Waste oil to biodiesel -- 15.1 Second-generation feedstock for biodiesel production -- 15.1.1 Used cooking oil -- 15.1.2 Grease -- 15.1.3 Animal fat -- 15.1.4 Soapstock -- 15.1.5 Nonedible oils. , 15.2 Conclusion.

Note: Intro -- Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Solvent Transport Phenomenon of Composite -- Natural Fiber Reinforced Synthetic Polymer Composites -- Ceramic Composites for Aerospace Applications -- Effect of Fiber Orientation and Modification on the Behavior of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced UPE/ESOA Hybrid Composite -- Graphene Composites -- Ionic Polymer Metal Composites -- Carbon Nanotube Composites -- Polymer Electrolyte Membranes -- Thermo Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Composites -- Ionic Transport in Sol-Gel Derived Organic-Inorganic Composites -- Membrane Transport for Gas Separation -- Mass Transport through Composite Asymmetric Membranes -- Transport Phenomenon of Nanoparticles in Animals and Humans -- Sorption and Diffusion Properties of Wood/Plastic Composites -- Graphite/UPE Nanocomposite: Transport, Thermal, Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties -- Diffusion of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes into Industrial Polymers -- Diffusion, Transport and Water Absorption Properties of Eco-Friendly Polymer Composites -- Keyword Index -- Author Index.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Multiscale Study of Hydrogen Storage in Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1. Introduction -- 2. DFT study of site characteristics in MOFs for hydrogen adsorption -- 3. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) for gravimetric and volumetric uptakes -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 2 -- Metal Organic Frameworks Based Materials for Renewable Energy Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Need for renewal energy -- 3. Metal organic frameworks -- 4. MOFs for environmental applications and renewable energy -- 5. Metallic organic framework based materials for hydrogen energy applications -- 6. Hydrogen Storage by MOFs -- 7. Storage of gases and separation process by MOFs -- 8. Metal organic frameworks based materials for conversion and storage of CO2 -- 9. Use of MOFs for biogas -- 10. Storage of thermal energy using MOF materials -- 11. Metal organic frameworks based materials for oxygen catalysis -- 12. MOF based materials for rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors -- 13. Metal organic framework based materials in the use of dye sensitized solar cells -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Metal Organic Frameworks Composites for Lithium Battery Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications of MOFs in lithium-ion batteries -- 3. Applications of MOFs in lithium sulphur batteries. -- 4. Summary and outlook -- References -- 4 -- Metal-Organic-Framework-Quantum Dots (QD@MOF) Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Metal-organic frameworks -- 1.2 Quantum dots -- 1.3 Gold QDs (AuQDs) -- 2. QD polymeric materials -- 2.1 Integration of QDs -- 2.2 Methods of encapsulating QD to polymer matrices -- 2.3 Incorporation into premade polymers -- 2.4 Suspension polymerization -- 2.5 Encapsulation via emulsion polymerization -- 2.6 Encapsulation via miniemulsion polymerization -- 3. QD hybrid materials. , 3.1 Strategies to generate QD hybrid materials -- 3.2 Exchanging ligand between polymer and QDs -- 3.3 Polymer grafting to QDs -- 3.4 Polymer grafting from QDs -- 3.5 Polymer capping into QDs -- 3.6 QDs growth within polymer -- 3.7 Challenges in biocompatible polymer/QDs -- 4. Applications of QD composites -- 4.1 Bio-imaging -- 4.2 Photo-thermal therapies -- 4.3 Opto-electric applications -- 4.3.1 QD LEDs -- 4.3.2 Polymer QD liquid crystal displays -- 4.3.3 QD polymer photo-voltaic devices -- 5. Metallic NCs -- 5.1 Classification of metallic NCs -- 5.2 Production of metallic NCs -- 5.2.1 Metallic NCs synthesis methods -- 5.3 Applications of metallic nano-particles -- 5.3.1 Silver NCs -- 5.3.2 Pbs QDs -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Designing Metal-Organic-Framework for Clean Energy Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction to MOF Composites & -- Derivatives -- 1.2 Chemistry of MOFs -- 2. Applications of MOF in clean energy -- 2.1 Hydrogen Storage -- 2.2 Carbon dioxide capture -- 2.3 Methane storage -- 2.4 Electrical energy storage and conversion -- 2.4.1 Fuel cell -- 2.5 MOFs for supercapacitor applications -- 2.6 NH3 removal -- 2.7 Benzene removal -- 2.8 NO2 removal -- 2.9 Photocatalysis -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- Nanoporous Metal-Organic-Framework -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Fundamental stabilities of nano MOFs -- 1.1.1 Chemical stability -- 1.1.2 In water medium -- 1.1.3 In acid/base condition -- 1.1.4 Thermal Stability -- 1.1.5 Mechanical Stability -- 1.2 Synthesis -- 1.2.1 Modulated synthesis -- 1.2.2 Post-synthetic modification (PSM) -- 1.3 Applications of MOFs -- 1.3.1 Gas separations and storage -- 1.3.2 Catalysis -- 1.3.2.1 Lewis acid catalysis -- 1.3.2.2 Bronsted acid catalysis -- 1.3.2.3 Redox Catalysis -- 1.3.2.4 Photocatalysis -- 1.3.2.5 Electrocatalysis -- 1.3.3 Water treatment -- 1.4 Other applications. , 1.4.1 Sensors -- 1.4.2 Supercapacitors -- 1.4.3 Biomedical applications -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 -- Metal-Organic-Framework-Based Materials for Energy Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Role of MOF in supercapacitor -- 1.2 Role of MOF in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 2. Synthesis of Ni3(HITP)2 MOF -- 3. Characterization of Ni3(HITP)2 MOF -- 4. Ni3(HITP)2MOF as supercapacitor electrode for EDLC : -- 5. Two electrode measurements -- 6. Electrochemical impedance (EIS) measurements -- 7. Device performance -- 8. Hybrid Co3O4C nanowires electrode for OER process -- 9. Synthesis of hybrid Co3O4C nanowires -- 10. Characterization of hybrid Co3O4C nanowires -- 11. Hybrid Co3O4C nanowires MOF electrode for oxygen evolution reaction -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- Metal-Organic-Framework Composites as Proficient Cathodes for Supercapacitor Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MOFs: Structure, properties and strategies for SCs -- 3. Single-metal MOFs -- 4. Bimetal or doped MOFs -- 5. Hybrids and composites -- 6. Flexible or freestanding SCs -- Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 9 -- Metal-Organic Frameworks and their Therapeutic Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metal-organic frameworks -- 2.1 Usage areas of metal-organic frameworks -- 2.1.1 Controlled drug release -- 2.1.2 Antibacterial activity of MOFs -- 2.1.3 Biomedicine -- 2.1.4 Chemical sensors -- Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- 10 -- Significance of Metal Organic Frameworks Consisting of Porous Materials -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Definition of porosity -- 2. Inferences obtained from the wide range of relevant research articles -- 2.1 Introduction to porous MOFs -- 2.2 Zeolites - an amorphous & -- inorganic porous material -- 2.3 Activated carbon - an organic porous material -- 2.4 Formation of pores in MOFs -- 2.5 Types of pores. , 2.6 Characterization of porous MOFs -- 2.7 Checking for permanent porosity -- 2.8 Advantages of MOF porous materials -- 2.9 Porous MOFs in separation of gases -- 2.10 Nanoporous MOFs -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 -- Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF's) for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. In vitro MOF complex sensors -- 2.1 DNA-RNA-MOF complex sensor -- 2.2 Enzyme-MOF complex -- 2.2.1 Enzymatic-MOF complex -- 2.2.2 Non-enzymatic-MOF complex -- 2.3 Fluorescent-MOF complex -- 3. In-vivo MOF complex sensors -- 3.1 MR complex -- 3.2 CT complex -- Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- 12 -- Nanoscale Metal Organic Framework for Phototherapy of Cancer -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nanoscience and nanotechnology -- 2.1 Tumor ablation and nanotechnology in cancer treatment -- 3. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) -- 4. Photothermal therapy (PTT) -- 5. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) -- 6. Historical development of phototherapy -- 7. Mechanism of phototherapy -- 7.1 Basic elements of photodynamic therapy -- 7.1.1 Singlet oxygen -- 7.1.2 Light sources -- 8. Photosensitizers (PSs) -- 8.1 First generation photosensitizers -- 8.2 Second generation photosensitizers -- 8.3 Third generation photosensitizers -- 8.4 Introduction of tumor cells and intracellular localization of photosensitizer -- 9. Cell death in phototherapy -- 10. nMOFs for PDT -- 11. nMOFs for PTT -- 11.1 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) mechanism and plasmonic photothermal treatment (PPTT) method -- 11.1.1 Mie theory -- 11.1.2 Gold nanostructures -- 11.1.3 Photothermal properties of different gold nanostructures -- 11.1.4 Gold nanospheres used in photothermal therapy -- 11.1.5 Gold nanocages and nanorods used in photothermal therapy -- 11.1.6 Bioconjugation of gold nanostructures used in photothermal therapy -- 11.1.7 Determination of temperature changes in gold surface. , 12. Results and Perspectives -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Thermoset Composites: Preparation, Properties and Applications -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Energy Absorption of Natural Fibre Reinforced Thermoset Polymer Composites Materials for Automotive Crashworthiness: A Review -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Materials -- 1.3 Thermoset and thermoplastic composites -- 1.4 Matrix -- 1.5 Test methodologies -- 1.5.1 Quasi-static test -- 1.5.2 Dynamic test -- 1.6 Crashworthiness design -- 1.7 Crashworthiness prerequisites -- 1.8 Energy-absorbing thermoset composite structures -- 1.9 Assessing factors of energy absorption capability -- 1.9.1 Crush force efficiency (CFE) -- 1.9.2 Stroke efficiency (SE) -- 1.9.3 Initial failure indictor (IFI) -- 1.9.4 Specific energy absorption ES -- 1.10 Volumetric Energy absorption capability -- 1.11 Energy absorption -- 1.12 Literature survey -- 1.13 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 -- Wood Flour Filled Thermoset Composites -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Wood polymer composites -- 2.3 Wood flour composites (WFCs) -- 2.3.1 Processing of WFCs -- 2.3.2 Properties of WFCs -- 2.3.2.1 Mechanical properties -- 2.3.2.2 Surface roughness and wettability -- 2.3.2.3 Water absorption tests -- 2.3.2.4 Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) -- 2.3.2.5 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) -- 2.3.2.6 Dynamic mechanical tests (DMA) -- 2.3.2.7 Creep test -- 2.3.2.8 Flammability characteristics -- 2.3.2.9 Tomography -- 2.3.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis -- 2.4 Practical applications -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 -- Experimental and Analysis of Jute Fabric with Silk Fabric Reinforced Polymer Composites -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and methods -- 3.3 Preparation of composites -- 3.4 Experimentation -- 3.5 Results and discussions on experimentation -- 3.6 Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- 4. , Biosourced Thermosets for Lignocellulosic Composites -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Urea, also a natural material for wood adhesives -- 4.3 Tannin thermoset binders for wood adhesives -- 4.4 New technologies for industrial tannin adhesives -- 4.5 Tannin-Hexamethylenetetramine (Hexamine) adhesives and adhesives with alternative aldehydes -- 4.6 Hardening by tannins autocondensation -- 4.7 Lignin adhesives -- 4.8 Protein adhesives -- 4.9 Carbohydrate adhesives -- 4.10 Unsaturated oil adhesives -- Conclusions -- References -- 5 -- Hybrid Bast Fibre Strengthened Thermoset Composites -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Bast fibre -- 5.2.1 Surface morphology and elemental composition analysis -- 5.2.2 Structural composition and the physical properties of the bast fibre -- 5.2.3 Composition and the properties of the different bast fibre -- 5.3 Advantage and limitation of bast fibre as reinforcing material -- 5.4 Surface modification of bast fibres -- 5.5 Methods for surface modification of natural fibres -- 5.3.1 Physical methods -- 5.5.2 Chemical methods -- 5.5.2.1 Alkali treatment -- 5.5.2.2 Graft copolymerization -- 5.5.2.3 Acetylation -- 5.5.2.4 Treatment with isocyanate -- 5.5.2.5 Other chemical treatments -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- Nano-Carbon/Polymer Composites for Electromagnetic Shielding, Structural Mechanical and Field Emission Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Shielding parameters of GNCs/Polyurethane nanocomposites -- 6.2.2 Characterizations and measurements -- 6.2.3 Analysis of microwave parameters -- 6.2.4 E cient microwave absorbing properties: -- 6.3 Nanocomposite approach for structural engineering -- 6.3.1 GNCs as effective nanofiller -- 6.3.2 Dispersibility investigations: homogeneous distribution vs agglomeration and interfacial adhesion of GNCs -- 6.3.3 Raman mapping of GNCs nanocomposites -- 6.3.4 Optical imaging. , 6.3.5 Mechanical properties of GNCs/nanocomposites -- 6.3.3 Fracture mechanisms using fractography -- 6.3.4 Thermal and physical properties -- 6.4 MWNTs/nylon composite nanofibers by electrospinning -- 6.4.1 Synthesis of composite -- 6.4.2 Characterizations -- 6.4.3 I-V characteristic of the nanofiber composite -- 6.5 Carbon nanotube composite: Dispersion routes and field emission parameters -- 6.5.1 Synthesis of thin multiwall carbon nanotube composite -- 6.5.2 Characterization -- 6.3.3 Field emission parameters for the t-MWCNT-composite -- Summary -- References -- 7 -- Conductive Thermoset Composites -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical background of thermoset polymers -- 7.3 Method of Composite processing -- 7.4 Different types of CTC -- 7.4.1 Epoxy Based CTC -- 7.4.2 Polyurethane based CTC -- 7.4.3 Polyester based CTC -- 7.4.4 Polybenzoxanines based CTC -- 7.5 Properties of CTC -- 7.5.1 Thermal properties -- 7.5.2 Mechanical properties -- 7.5.3 Electrical properties -- 7.6 Applications of conductive thermoset composites -- 7.6.1 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding -- 7.6.2 Anti-corrosive coatings -- 7.6.3 Shape memory application -- 7.6.4 Other applications -- 7.7 Problems and solution associated with CTC -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 -- Waterborne Thermosetting Polyurethane Composites -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.1 Inorganic oxide based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.1.1 Silica-based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.1.2 Titania (TiO2) based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.1.3 Zinc oxide (ZnO) based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.1.4 Other inorganic oxide-based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.2 PUD thermosetting composites with metal (Ag and Au) nanoparticles -- 8.2.3 PUD/clay thermosetting composites -- 8.2.4 PUD/Carbohydrate thermosetting composites. , 8.2.4.1 Cellulose-based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.4.2 Starch reinforced PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.5 PUD thermosetting composites reinforced with nanocarbon materials -- 8.2.5.1 Graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.5.2 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced PUD thermosetting composites -- Summary -- Abbreviations -- References -- 9 -- Classical Thermoset Epoxy Composites for Structural Purposes: Designing, Preparation, Properties and Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methods for modifying liquid epoxy compositions -- 9.2.1 Chemical modification of liquid epoxy compositions -- 9.2.2 Physico-chemical modification of liquid epoxy compositions -- 9.2.3 Methods of physical modification of liquid epoxy compositions -- 9.3 Physico-chemical aspects of the modification of epoxy polymers by dispersed and continuous fibrous fillers -- 9.3.1 Features of the formation of clusters in a polymer composite -- 9.3.2 Analysis of the surface interaction of fillers with epoxy oligomers -- 9.3.2.1 Surface interaction of inorganic fillers with epoxy oligomers -- 9.3.2.2 Surface interaction of organic fillers with epoxy oligomers -- 9.3.2.3 The mechanism of molecular interaction between epoxy polymer and filler -- 9.4 Effect of ultrasonic treatment regimes on the properties of epoxy polymers -- 9.4.1 Technological and operational properties of epoxy polymers -- 9.4.2 Physico-mechanical and technological properties of sonificated epoxy matrices -- 9.5 Ultrasonic intensification of prepregs formation -- 9.5.1 Process of capillary impregnation -- 9.5.2 Effect of ultrasonic modification regimes on the kinetics of impregnation of continuous fibrous fillers -- 9.6 Ultrasonic processing devices for liquid polymer systems -- 9.7 Modeling of the structure of oriented and woven fibrous materials. , 9.7.1 Physical models of a capillary-porous medium based on oriented fibrous fillers -- 9.8 Modeling of technical means for production of polymer composite materials -- 9.8.1 The technology of ultrasonic production of long-length epoxy composites -- 9.8.2 Modeling of technical means for thermoplastic production -- 9.9 Other applications of ultrasonic in the production of thermosets and thermoplastic -- 9.9.1 The effectiveness of ultrasonic treatment for the production of epoxy nanocomposites -- 9.9.2 Pepair technologies for the maintenance and restoration of polyethylene pipelines -- Conclusions -- References -- 10 -- A Review on Tribological Performance of Polymeric Composites Based on Natural Fibres -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Natural fibres -- 10.3 Polymer -- 10.4 Composite -- 10.5 Tribology -- 10.6 Friction and wear -- Summary -- Future Developments -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Front Cover -- Nanomaterials-based Electrochemical Sensors: Properties, Applications, and Recent Advances -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 Introduction: nanomaterials and electrochemical sensors -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Voltammetric methods -- 1.3 Cyclic voltammetry -- 1.4 Differential pulse voltammetry -- 1.5 Square wave voltammetry -- 1.6 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy -- 1.7 Electronic tongue: concepts, principles, and applications -- 1.8 Future prospects -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Nanomaterial properties and applications -- 2.1 Nanomaterials -- 2.2 History -- 2.3 Nanomaterial type -- 2.3.1 According to their dimension -- 2.3.2 According to origin -- 2.3.3 According to chemical composition -- 2.3.4 Carbon-based nanomaterials -- 2.4 Metal nanomaterials -- 2.4.1 Bimetallic nanomaterials -- 2.5 Metal oxide nanomaterials -- 2.5.1 Composite nanomaterials -- 2.5.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 2.5.3 Silicates -- 2.6 Properties of nanomaterials -- 2.6.1 Optical properties -- 2.6.2 Electronics properties -- 2.6.3 Mechanical Properties -- 2.6.4 Magnetic properties -- 2.6.5 Thermal properties -- 2.6.6 Physiochemical properties -- 2.7 Application -- 2.7.1 As a chemical catalyst -- 2.7.2 In food and agriculture -- 2.7.3 In energy harvesting -- 2.7.4 In medication and drug -- 2.7.5 Applications in electronics -- 2.7.6 In mechanical industries -- 2.7.7 In the environment -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Analytical techniques for nanomaterials -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Different analytical techniques for nanomaterials -- 3.2.1 Electron Microscopy -- 3.2.1.1 Transmission electron microscope -- 3.2.1.2 Scanning electron microscope -- 3.2.2 Dynamic light scattering -- 3.2.2.1 Correlation function -- 3.2.3 Atomic force microscope -- 3.2.4 X-ray diffraction -- 3.2.5 Zeta potential instrument. , 3.2.6 Emmett, Brunauer, and Teller or surface area -- 3.2.7 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -- 3.2.8 Thermogravimetric analysis -- 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Toxicity of nanomaterials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Nanomaterials -- 4.1.2 Effect of physicochemical properties of nanomaterials on toxicity -- 4.2 Toxic effects of nanomaterials on humans and animals -- 4.3 Toxic effects of nanomaterials on microorganisms -- 4.4 Toxic effects of nanoparticles on plants -- 4.5 Assessment of toxicity of nanomaterials -- 4.5.1 Cytotoxic assays -- 4.5.1.1 5-Diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay -- 4.5.1.2 Reactive oxygen species/oxidative assays -- 4.5.1.3 Neutral red uptake assay -- 4.5.1.4 Apoptosis assay -- 4.5.2 Genotoxicity/mutagenicity assays -- 4.5.2.1 In vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test -- 4.5.2.2 In vitro mammalian cell gene mutation tests using the Hprt and xprt Genes -- 4.5.2.3 In vitro mammalian micronucleus test -- 4.5.3 In vivo assessment of nanomaterials -- 4.5.3.1 Mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test -- 4.5.3.2 Mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test (OECD 474-TG) -- 4.5.4 In silico models -- 4.6 Conclusion and future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Electrochemical sensors and their types -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Electroanalytical chemistry -- 5.1.1.1 Electroanalytical techniques -- 5.1.1.2 Recent developments in detection techniques -- 5.1.1.3 Advantages -- 5.1.1.4 Improvements needed -- 5.1.2 Sensors -- 5.1.2.1 Ideal sensor -- 5.1.2.2 Chemical sensors -- 5.1.2.3 Types of chemical sensors -- 5.1.3 Electrochemical sensors -- 5.1.3.1 Construction of electrochemical sensors -- 5.1.3.2 Advantages of electrochemical sensors -- 5.1.3.3 Types of electrochemical sensors -- 5.1.4 Cyclic voltammetry -- 5.1.4.1 Basic principle of cyclic voltammetry -- 5.1.5 Applications of electrochemical sensors. , 5.1.6 Electrochemical sensing of heavy metal ions -- 5.1.6.1 General experimental setup -- 5.1.7 Carbon-based electrode materials -- 5.1.7.1 Glassy carbon electrodes -- 5.1.7.2 Chemically modified electrodes -- 5.1.7.3 Material used for chemical modification of a glassy carbon electrode -- 5.2 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Electrochemical sensors and nanotechnology -- Objectives -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Nanotechnology -- 6.2.1 Drug delivery -- 6.2.2 Nanofilms -- 6.2.3 Water filtration -- 6.2.4 Nanotubes -- 6.2.5 Nanoscale transistors -- 6.2.6 Nanorobots -- 6.2.7 Nanotechnology and space -- 6.2.8 Nanotechnology in electronics: nanoelectronics -- 6.2.9 Nanotechnology in medicine -- 6.3 Electrochemical sensors -- 6.3.1 Carbonaceous materials-based electrochemical sensors -- 6.3.2 Metal-derived materials-based electrochemical sensors -- 6.3.3 Nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors -- 6.4 Nanosensing technology -- 6.5 Challenges -- 6.6 Future perspective -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Sensing methodology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Advancements in nanotechnology -- 7.1.2 Development of nanomaterials -- 7.1.3 2-Dimensional nanomaterials -- 7.2 Sensing methodology -- 7.2.1 Electrochemical biosensors -- 7.2.2 Electrochemical sensors -- 7.3 Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for biomedical applications -- 7.3.1 Types of nanotechnologies used in the medical field -- 7.3.1.1 Carbon nanotubes -- 7.3.1.2 Metal nanoparticles -- 7.3.1.3 Nanotubes -- 7.4 Nanomaterials-based electrochemical biosensors for tumor cell diagnosis -- 7.4.1 Nanoshells and quantum dots -- 7.4.2 Electrochemical biosensor in cancer cell detection -- 7.4.3 Electrochemical immunosensors in cancer cell detection -- 7.4.4 Electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors in cancer cell detection -- 7.5 Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for environmental applications. , 7.5.1 Sensor applications for pollution detection and environmental contaminants -- 7.5.1.1 Emerging contaminants and toxic gases -- 7.5.1.2 Screen-printed electrodes -- 7.5.1.3 Nanowires -- 7.5.2 Electrochemical sensors for toxic gas detection -- 7.5.2.1 Components and working of electrochemical sensors -- 7.5.2.2 Configurations of electrochemical sensors -- 7.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Fabrication of biosensors -- 8.1 Introduction to biosensors -- 8.2 Components of biosensors -- 8.3 Biosensor transducers -- 8.3.1 Optical biosensors -- 8.3.2 Piezoelectric biosensors -- 8.3.3 Calorimetric biosensors -- 8.4 Electrochemical biosensor -- 8.4.1 Potentiometric biosensors -- 8.4.2 Amperometric biosensors -- 8.5 Electrode fabrication technologies -- 8.5.1 Fabrication of nanomaterial-based biosensors -- 8.5.1.1 Coating-based methods -- 8.5.1.2 Deposition-based methods of biosensor fabrication -- 8.5.1.3 Printing-based methods -- 8.6 Direct growth -- 8.7 Self-powered implantable biosensor -- 8.7.1 Glucose detection -- 8.8 Conclusion and outlook -- References -- 9 Metal oxide and their sensing applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Metal-oxides-based chemical sensors -- 9.1.2 Metal oxides-based biosensors -- 9.2 Overview of metal oxides for different applications -- 9.2.1 ZnO-based sensors -- 9.2.2 Indium oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.3 Nickel oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.4 Titanium oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.5 Copper oxides-based sensors -- 9.2.6 Tin oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.7 Cerium oxide-based sensors -- 9.2.8 Iron oxide-based sensors -- 9.3 Different sensing techniques for sensing applications -- 9.3.1 Electrochemical sensing technique -- 9.3.1.1 Cyclic voltammetry -- 9.3.1.2 Linear sweep voltammetry -- 9.3.1.3 Amperometry -- 9.3.1.4 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy -- 9.3.2 Colorimetric technique. , 9.3.3 Fluorescence technique -- 9.3.4 Quartz crystal microbalance technique -- 9.3.5 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering technique -- 9.3.5.1 Electromagnetic process -- 9.3.5.2 Chemical process -- 9.4 Electrochemical sensing based on metal oxides -- 9.5 Colorimetric and fluorometric sensing based on metal oxides -- 9.6 Fluorescent and chemiluminescent sensing based on metal oxides -- 9.7 Issues and drawbacks -- 9.8 Conclusion and Future prospective -- References -- 10 RFID sensors based on nanomaterials -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Nanomaterials for RFID sensors -- 10.3 Inkjet printing of nanomaterial-based RFID sensors -- 10.4 Applications of RFID nanosensors -- 10.4.1 Energy -- 10.4.2 Food industry -- 10.4.3 Biomedical applications -- 10.4.4 Structural health -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 Biological and biomedical applications of electrochemical sensors -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Components of electrochemical sensors -- 11.2.1 Hydrophobic membrane -- 11.2.2 Electrodes -- 11.2.3 Electrolyte -- 11.2.4 Filters -- 11.3 Working principle of electrochemical sensors -- 11.4 Fabrication of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensor -- 11.4.1 Magnetic nanomaterials -- 11.4.2 Polymer -- 11.4.3 Metal oxide -- 11.4.4 Noble metals -- 11.4.4.1 Gold nanoparticles -- 11.4.4.2 Silver nanoparticles -- 11.4.5 Carbon nanotubes -- 11.4.5.1 Graphene -- 11.5 Biological and biomedical applications of electrochemical sensors -- 11.5.1 In Metabolite -- 11.5.1.1 Glucose -- 11.5.2 Body fluid ketones -- 11.5.3 Recognition of H2O2 from breast cancer cells -- 11.5.4 Quantitation of neurochemicals -- 11.5.5 Electrochemical detection of antibiotics in biological samples -- 11.5.6 Measurement of biomolecules -- 11.5.7 Electrochemical detection of nitrogen oxide in human beings -- 11.5.8 Electrochemical detection of nitrogen oxide in plants. , 11.5.9 Electrochemical sensors for detecting pathogens.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Bioinspired Polydopamine and Composites for Biomedical Applications -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Synthesis of Polydopamine -- 1.2.1 Polymerization of Polydopamine -- 1.2.2 Synthesis of Polydopamine Nanostructures -- 1.3 Properties of Polydopamine -- 1.3.1 General Properties of Polydopamine -- 1.3.2 Electrical Properties of Polydopamine -- 1.4 Applications of Polydopamine -- 1.4.1 Biomedical Applications of Polydopamine -- 1.5 Conclusion and Future Prospectives -- References -- Chapter 2 Multifunctional Polymer-Dilute Magnetic Conductor and Bio-Devices -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Magnetic Semiconductor-Nanoparticle-Based Polymer Nanocomposites -- 2.3 Types of Magnetic Semiconductor Nanoparticles -- 2.3.1 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles -- 2.3.2 Ferrites -- 2.3.3 Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors -- 2.3.4 Manganites -- 2.4 Synthetic Strategies for Composite Materials -- 2.4.1 Physical Methods -- 2.4.2 Chemical Methods -- 2.5 Biocompatibility of Polymer/Semiconductor-Particle-Based Nanocomposites and Their Products for Biomedical Applications -- 2.5.1 Biocompatibility -- 2.6 Biomedical Applications -- References -- Chapter 3 Polymer-Inorganic Nanocomposite and Biosensors -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Nanocomposite Synthesis -- 3.3 Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites -- 3.3.1 Mechanical Properties -- 3.3.2 Thermal Properties -- 3.4 Electrical Properties -- 3.5 Optical Properties -- 3.6 Magnetic Properties -- 3.7 Application of Polymer-Inorganic Nanocomposite in Biosensors -- 3.7.1 DNA Biosensors -- 3.7.2 Immunosensors -- 3.7.3 Aptamer Sensors -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Conducting Polymer Composites for Biosensing Applications -- 4.1 Introduction. , 4.2 Biosensor: Features, Principle, Types, and Its Need in Modern-Day Life -- 4.2.1 Important Features of a Successful Biosensor -- 4.2.2 Types of Biosensors -- 4.2.3 Need for Biosensors -- 4.3 Common Carbon Nanomaterials and Conducting Polymers -- 4.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphene (GN) -- 4.3.2 Conducting Polymers -- 4.4 Processability of CNTs and GN with Conducting Polymers, Chemical Interactions, and Mode of Detection for Biosensing -- 4.5 PANI Composites with CNT and GN for Biosensing Applications -- 4.5.1 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Sensors -- 4.5.2 Glucose Biosensors -- 4.5.3 Cholesterol Biosensors -- 4.5.4 Nucleic Acid Biosensors -- 4.6 PPy and PTh Composites with CNT and GN for Biosensing Applications -- 4.7 Conducting Polymer Composites with CNT and GN for the Detection of Organic Molecules -- 4.8 Conducting Polymer Composites with CNT and GN for Microbial Biosensing -- 4.9 Conclusion and Future Research -- References -- Chapter 5 Graphene and Graphene Oxide Polymer Composite for Biosensors Applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Polymer-Graphene Nanocomposites and Their Applications -- 5.2.1 Polyaniline -- 5.2.2 Polypyrrole -- 5.3 Conclusions,Challenges, and Future Scope -- References -- Chapter 6 Polyaniline Nanocomposite Materials for Biosensor Designing -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Importanceof PANI-Based Biosensors -- 6.3 Polyaniline-Based Glucose Biosensors -- 6.4 Polyaniline-Based Peroxide Biosensors -- 6.5 Polyaniline-Based Genetic Material Biosensors -- 6.6 Immunosensors -- 6.7 Biosensorsof Phenolic Compounds -- 6.8 Polyaniline-Based Biosensor for Water Quality Assessment -- 6.9 Scientific Concerns and Future Prospects of Polyaniline-Based Biosensors -- 6.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Recent Advances in Chitosan-Based Films for Novel Biosensor -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Chitosanas Novel Biosensor -- 7.3 Application. , 7.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8 Self Healing Materials and Conductivity -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 What Is Self-Healing? -- 8.1.2 History of Self-Healing Materials -- 8.1.3 What Can We Use Self-Healing Materials for? -- 8.1.4 Biomimetic Materials -- 8.2 Classification of Self-Healing Materials -- 8.2.1 Capsule-Based Self-Healing Materials -- 8.2.2 Vascular Self-Healing Materials -- 8.2.3 Intrinsic Self-Healing Materials -- 8.3 Conductivity in Self-Healing Materials -- 8.3.1 Applications and Advantages -- 8.3.2 Aspects of Conductive Self-Healing Materials -- 8.4 Current and Future Prospects -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Electrical Conductivity and Biological Efficacy of Ethyl Cellulose and Polyaniline-Based Composites -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Conductivity of EC Polymers -- 9.2.1 Synthesis of EC-Inorganic Composites -- 9.2.2 Conductivity of EC-Based Composites -- 9.3 Conductivity of PANI Polymer -- 9.3.1 Synthesis of PANI-Based Comp -- 9.3.2 Conductivity of PANI-Based Composites -- 9.4 Biological Efficacy of EC and PANI-Based Composites -- 9.5 Summary and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Synthesis of Polyaniline-Based Nanocomposite Materials and Their Biomedical Applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biomedical Applications of PANI-Supported Nanohybrid Materials -- 10.2.1 Biocompatibility -- 10.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity -- 10.2.3 Tissue Engineering -- 10.3 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 11 Electrically Conductive Polymers and Composites for Biomedical Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Conducting Polymers -- 11.2.1 Conducting Polymer Synthesis -- 11.2.2 Types of Conducting Polymer Used for Biomedical Applications -- 11.3 Conductive Polymer Composite -- 11.3.1 Types of Conductive Polymer Composite. , 11.3.2 Methods for the Synthesis of Conductive Polymer Composites -- 11.4 Biomedical Applications of Conductive Polymers -- 11.4.1 Electrically Conductive Polymer Systems (ECPs) for Drug Targeting and Delivery -- 11.4.2 Electrically Conductive Polymer System (ECPs) for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine -- 11.4.3 Electrically Conductive Polymer Systems (ECPs) as Sensors of Biologically Important Molecules -- 11.5 Future Prospects -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Intro -- Hybrid Perovskite Composite Materials: Design to Applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Nano-crystalline perovskite and its applications -- 1.1 Common material structures -- 1.2 Nonstoichiometry in perovskites -- 1.3 Crystallography and chemistry of perovskite structures -- 1.3.1 Size effects -- 1.3.2 Effect of the composition variation from the ideal ABO3 -- 1.3.3 Single perovskite -- 1.3.4 Double perovskite -- 1.4 Nano-structured perovskite level -- 1.5 Applications for nano-perovskites -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Preparation and processing of nanocomposites of all-inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystals -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nanocomposites based on conventional semiconductor nanocrystals-Brief overview -- 2.3 Fabrication and processing of nanocomposites of all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals -- 2.3.1 Preparation of silica, titania, zirconia, and siloxane-based perovskite nanocomposites -- 2.3.1.1 Preparation of nanocomposites of LHP NCs/SiO 2 and SiO 2 -related compounds -- 2.3.1.2 Preparation of LHP NCs/titania (TiO 2) composites -- 2.3.1.3 Preparation of LHP NCs/alumina (Al 2 O 3) composites -- 2.3.1.4 Preparation of LHP NCs/zirconia (ZrO 2) composites -- 2.3.1.5 Miscellaneous -- 2.3.2 Preparation of polymer-based perovskite nanocomposites -- 2.3.2.1 Preparation and properties of CsPbX 3 NCs/poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) composites -- 2.3.2.2 Preparation and properties of CsPbX 3 NCs/polystyrene (PS) composites -- 2.3.2.3 Role of polymeric oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) in improving properties of CsPbX 3 NCs -- 2.3.3 Nanocomposites of mixed perovskite phases -- 2.3.4 Miscellaneous -- 2.4 Conclusion and future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Thin films for planar solar cells of organic-inorganic perovskite composites -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.1.1 History of perovskite solar cells -- 3.2 Perovskite solar cells: Architecture, evolution, and thin-film synthesis -- 3.2.1 The architecture of PSCs -- 3.2.2 Evolution of PSC -- 3.2.3 Thin film formation -- 3.2.3.1 Vacuum thermal coevaporation -- 3.2.3.2 Layer-by-layer sequential vacuum sublimation -- 3.2.3.3 Vapor deposition by dual-source -- 3.2.3.4 Spin coating -- 3.2.3.5 Spray coating -- 3.2.3.6 Screen printing -- 3.2.4 Thin-films for perovskite solar cells: A case study -- 3.2.4.1 Fundamentals of photovoltaic devices -- 3.2.4.2 Optical and electrical properties of perovskite solar cells -- 3.3 Future scope of perovskite solar cells -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Perovskite-type catalytic materials for water treatment -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Structure of perovskites -- 4.3 Synthesis methods of perovskites -- 4.3.1 Sol-gel method -- 4.3.2 Coprecipitation method -- 4.3.3 Hydrothermal method -- 4.3.4 Solid-state method -- 4.3.5 Microwave radiation method -- 4.4 Perovskite catalyst for water treatment -- 4.4.1 Process based on advanced oxidation process (AOPs) -- 4.4.1.1 Dye degradation -- 4.4.2 Process based on photocatalysis -- 4.5 Summary and perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Perovskite-based material for sensor applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Synthesis of perovskite materials -- 5.2.1 Solid-state reactions -- 5.2.2 Hydrothermal synthesis -- 5.2.3 Coprecipitation method -- 5.2.4 Sol-gel method -- 5.2.5 Gas phase reaction -- 5.2.6 Microwave synthesis -- 5.2.7 Wet chemical methods -- 5.3 Fabrication of sensors -- 5.3.1 Screen printing -- 5.3.2 Chemical vapor deposition -- 5.3.3 Sol-gel method -- 5.3.4 Spray pyrolysis -- 5.3.5 Physical vapors deposition -- 5.4 Perovskites as sensors -- 5.4.1 Perovskites as temperature sensors. , 5.4.2 Humidity sensors -- 5.4.3 Perovskites as gas sensors -- 5.4.4 Perovskite sensors for explosive species -- 5.5 Conclusions and future outlook -- References -- Further reading -- 6 High-sensitivity piezoelectric perovskites for magnetoelectric composites -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Historical background of ME coupling -- 6.3 Theoretical background -- 6.3.1 Perovskite oxide -- 6.3.2 Key piezoelectric and magnetostrictive parameters -- 6.3.3 ME effect -- 6.4 Factors influencing performance of ME composites -- 6.4.1 Nature of prominent phases -- 6.4.2 Geometrical configurations -- 6.4.3 Selection criteria for ME composites -- 6.5 Perovskite structure-based ME materials -- 6.5.1 Pb-based composites -- 6.5.2 Green ME composites -- 6.5.2.1 Barium titanate-based ME composites -- 6.5.2.2 Bismuth ferrite-based ME composites -- 6.5.2.3 Potassium niobate-based composites -- 6.6 Applications of ME composites -- 6.6.1 ME nanoparticles in nanomedicine -- 6.6.2 Energy harvesters -- 6.6.3 Magnetic sensors -- 6.7 Future directions -- 6.8 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Spectroscopic parameters of red emitting Eu3 +-doped La2Ba3B4O12 phosphor for display and forensic applicatio ... -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Synthesis and characterization of prepared phosphor -- 7.2.1 Materials and methods -- 7.2.2 Experimental details -- 7.3 Results and discussion -- 7.3.1 Phase identification and structural refinement -- 7.3.2 FTIR analysis of prepared LBBO:Eu3 + phosphors -- 7.3.3 Morphology -- 7.3.4 PL excitation and emission spectra for LBBO doped with Eu3 + -- 7.3.4.1 PL excitation studies of Eu3 + in LBBO host matrix -- Charge-transfer (CT) transition -- 7.3.4.2 Emission transitions of Eu3 + in LBBO host matrix -- 7.3.4.3 Concentration quenching -- 7.4 Fingerprint detection in different materials -- 7.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments. , References -- 8 Perovskite's potential functionality in a composite structure -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Structure of perovskites -- 8.2.1 Structure of LaCrO3 -- 8.2.2 Structure of LaFeO3 -- 8.3 Methods of synthesis -- 8.3.1 Pechini method -- 8.3.2 Conventional method -- 8.3.3 Citrate method -- 8.3.4 Oxalate method -- 8.3.5 Microwave-aided method -- 8.3.6 Combustion method -- 8.3.7 Sol-gel method -- 8.3.8 Solid-state oxide reaction method -- 8.3.9 Coprecipitation method -- 8.3.10 Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) -- 8.3.11 Polymer precursor method -- 8.4 Applications of perovskite oxides -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Compositional engineering of perovskite materials -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Synthesis methods for the compositional engineering -- 9.2.1 Solid-state reaction -- 9.2.2 Wet chemical methods -- 9.2.2.1 The chemical coprecipitation methods include two typical strategies -- 9.2.2.2 The sol-gel method -- 9.2.3 Hydrothermal synthesis method -- 9.3 Compositional engineering in BiFeO3-based perovskites -- 9.4 Compositional engineering in bismuth-layered perovskites -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Development of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) composites -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Types of HOIPs -- 10.2.1 Development of ferroelectric HOIPs -- 10.2.1.1 1D-HOIPs -- 10.2.1.2 2D-HOIPs -- 10.2.1.3 3D-HOIPs -- 10.2.2 Development of dielectric HOIPs -- 10.2.3 Development of piezoelectric HOIPs -- 10.2.4 Development of pyroelectric HOIPs -- 10.3 Development in electrochemical and photovoltaic behavior of HOIPs -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- 11 Progress in efficiency and stability of hybrid perovskite photovoltaic devices in high reactive environments -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Progress in efficiency -- 11.3 Progress in stability. , 11.3.1 Factors affecting stability -- 11.3.1.1 Effect of oxygen and moisture -- 11.3.1.2 Effect of Temperature -- 11.3.1.3 Effect of illumination -- 11.3.1.4 Other factors -- 11.4 Summary and future scope -- References -- 12 Enhancement of photoluminescence/phosphorescence properties of Eu3 +-doped Gd2Zr2O7 phosphor -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Experimental -- 12.3 Results and discussion -- 12.3.1 X-ray diffraction analysis -- 12.3.2 SEM images of phosphor -- 12.3.3 Photoluminescence studies of pure and Eu3 +-doped GZO phosphor -- 12.4 PL studies of Eu3 +-doped GZO phosphor -- 12.4.1 CIE coordinate -- 12.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites for optoelectronic and electronic applications -- 13.1 Introduction and general features -- 13.2 Perovskite and perovskite structure -- 13.3 Three-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskites -- 13.3.1 Gold Schmidt's and tolerance factor concept -- 13.4 Low-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid layered halide perovskites -- 13.4.1 Dimensionality -- 13.4.2 Two-dimensional perovskite system -- 13.5 Double perovskite structure -- 13.6 Hybrid halide double perovskite -- 13.7 Applications -- 13.7.1 Electronic applications (photovoltaic and solar cells) -- 13.7.2 Optoelectronic applications -- 13.7.2.1 Light-emitting diode -- 13.7.2.2 Lasers -- 13.7.2.3 Photodetectors -- 13.7.2.4 Water-splitting -- 13.7.2.5 Field effect transistors -- 13.8 Conclusion -- 13.9 Vision for the future -- References -- 14 Hybrid perovskite photovoltaic devices: Architecture and fabrication methods based on solution-processed metal oxide tr ... -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Electron transport layer (ETL) -- 14.1.2 Hole transport layer (HTL) -- 14.2 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of interest -- References. , 15 Composite perovskite-based material for chemical-looping steam methane reforming to hydrogen and syngas.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Design of a Proper Recycling Process for Small-Sized E-Waste -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mobile Phones -- 3 LED Lamps -- 4 Computers -- 5 Electrical Wires and Cables -- 6 Final Remarks -- References -- Sustainable Bioprospecting of Electronic Waste via Omics-Aided Biometallurgy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Distribution of E-waste -- 2.1 E-waste Scenario in West Africa -- 3 Composition and Nature of E-waste -- 3.1 Precious Metals -- 3.2 Rare Earth Elements (REE) -- 4 Biometallurgy -- 4.1 Approaches Adopted in Biometallurgy -- 4.2 The Biometallurgical Process -- 5 Bioprospecting of Metal Recovery Microorganisms Using Omics Technologies -- 5.1 Application of Omics in Studying Bioleaching Communities -- 5.2 Omics in Rewiring the Metabolic Pathways -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Diverse Technological Initiatives for E-Waste Management and Its Impact on Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Categories of E-Waste -- 3 Existence Elements in E-Waste -- 4 Generation of E-Waste at Global Level -- 5 Recovering of Valuable Metals from E-Waste -- 6 Biotechnological Recycling of E-Wastes -- 7 Tokyo Olympic 2020 Medals Made from Electronic Scrap: An Initiative for an Innovative Future for All -- 8 Impacts of E-Waste on the Ecosystem -- 8.1 Atmospheric Environment -- 8.2 Terrestrial Environment -- 8.3 Aquatic Environment -- 9 Impacts of E-Waste on Human Health -- 10 E-Waste Management Rules -- 11 Approaches for Regulating of E-Waste -- 11.1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -- 11.2 Material Flow Analysis (MFA) -- 11.3 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) -- 11.4 Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA) -- 12 Biotechnological Approach of E-Waste Recycling and Business Opportunities -- 13 Conclusion -- References -- Persistent Toxic Substances Released from Uncontrolled E-waste Recycling and Action for the Future -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is E-waste?. , 1.2 E-waste Challenges: A Global Scenario -- 1.3 The Role of Informal Sector in E-waste Recycling -- 2 Hazardous Substances Present in Electrical and Electronic Waste -- 3 Hazards Caused by Imprudent E-waste Management -- 3.1 Heavy Metals: Impact on Health and Environment -- 3.2 Hazards Caused by Dioxins on Human and Nature -- 3.3 Noxious Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Impact -- 3.4 Challenges and Opportunities in Substituting Toxicants in E-products -- 3.5 Action to Replace PVC and PBDE -- 4 Future Prospective -- References -- Overview of E-Waste Reverse Logistics: How to Promote the Return of Electronic Waste to the Production Chain -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reverse Logistics System in the World -- 3 Reverse Logistics System in Brazil -- 4 Recycling and Processing of WEEE-Private Companies and Cooperatives -- 5 Final Remarks -- References -- E-Plastic Waste Use as Coarse-Aggregate in Concrete -- 1 Introduction to E-Plastic Wastes -- 2 E-Plastic Types, Composition, and Potential Reuses -- 2.1 Types and Composition of E-Plastics -- 2.2 E-Plastic Waste Application in Construction Industry -- 2.3 Preparation of E-Plastic Waste for Use in Concrete -- 3 Material Properties of E-Plastic Aggregates -- 3.1 Aggregate Crushing Value and Impact Value -- 3.2 Specific Gravity -- 3.3 Bulk Density -- 4 Properties of Concrete Containing E-Plastic Waste Aggregates -- 4.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties -- 4.2 Durability Properties of Concrete Containing E-Plastic Waste Aggregates -- 4.3 Thermal Properties of E-Plastic Concrete -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Recycling of Mobile Phones: Case Study of the Lithium-Ion Cell Phone Batteries in Brazil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Functional Unit -- 2.3 Process Flow -- 2.4 System Boundaries -- 2.5 Leaching LCA -- 3 Results and Discussion. , 3.1 General Composition of Batteries -- 3.2 Application of LCA to Chemical Reprocessing of Cell Phone Batteries -- 3.3 Assessment of Environmental Impacts in the Life Cycle -- 3.4 Potential Environmental Impacts of Acids on Acid Leaching -- 3.5 Potential Impacts on the Recovery of Cobalt and Lithium -- 3.6 Comparison of Potential Environmental Impacts -- 3.7 Sensitivity Analysis -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- A Bibliometric Approach to the Current State of the Art of Risks in E-waste Supply Chains -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 E-Waste Management -- 2.2 Supply Chain Challenges -- 2.3 Bibliometry -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Formulate Research Question -- 3.2 Database Selection -- 3.3 Search Terms Definition -- 3.4 Bibliometric Analysis -- 4 Results of Bibliometric Study -- 4.1 (RQ1) Which are the Leading Research Countries Considering E-waste Management? -- 4.2 (RQ2) Which are the Most Relevant Sources and Main Topics Covered by the Most Cited Papers? -- 4.3 (RQ3) Which are the Main Concepts Associated with E-waste Management? -- 4.4 (RQ4) Which are the Main Research Gaps Considering E-waste Management? -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- E-Waste Management Strategies Across Recycling Industry of Northern India: An Empirical Investigation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Research Design -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Results Discussion of the Findings -- 6 Correlation Analysis -- 7 Regression Analysis -- 8 Conclusions and Limitation -- References -- Circular E-Waste Supply Chains' Critical Challenges: An Introduction and a Literature Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 E-Waste -- 2.2 Strategies for E-Waste Management -- 2.3 E-Waste Supply Chains -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Formulate Research Question -- 3.2 Database Selection -- 3.3 Search Terms Definition -- 3.4 Screening Process. , 4 The Constructs of a Circular WEEE Economy -- 4.1 Circular Economy -- 4.2 E-Waste Management -- 4.3 Closed-Loop Supply Chains -- 4.4 Supply Chain Resilience -- 4.5 Smart Cities -- 4.6 Integrated Framework -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Culture-Customers Must Contribute to the Process -- 5.2 Channel Integration-Omnichannel Approach -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Sustainable Use of Plastic E-Waste with Added Value -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Case Study of Low-Margin High-Turnover Products: Outdoor Luminaries -- 3 Case Study of High-Margin Low-Turnover Products: Design Objects -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References.