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  • Articles  (939)
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  • Articles  (939)
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  • 21
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    Functional metabolic diversity of the bacterial community in undisturbed resource island soils in the southern Sonoran Desert (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-15
    Description: Resource Islands (RIs), a natural re-vegetation phenomenon in arid lands, consist of a single nurse tree or few large shrubs and numerous understory nurslings. We analyzed 18 individual mesquite RIs for plant diversity and richness, area, trunk diameter (reflecting age), soil characteristics, physiological functionality of microbial populations, and interactions among these variables. Nursing capacity reflected the availability of habitat and was positively correlated to plant richness, but not to plant diversity. No relationship between plant diversity and bacterial diversity was found. The structure of the bacterial communities of RIs differed from the bacterial communities of bare areas, which showed greater richness and diversity compared to those of RIs. The Nursing Capacity of the RIs was related to plant richness and accompanied by variations in soil properties. A high correlation was found by substrate utilization analysis between metabolic parameters of bacteria and diversity and richness of plants in the RIs. RI bacterial communities were more metabolically active and could degrade different carbon sources than bare area communities. RI bacterial communities contained species with greater capability to metabolize diverse carbon substrates in soil with more organic matter. Bacteria from low, medium, and high plant diversity areas were cultured and found to belong to four bacterial families. This study demonstrates that numerous parameters interact, but not every parameter significantly affected bacterial activity in the RI. (222 words)
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 22
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    Cover Image, Volume 29, Issue 2 (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-15
    Description: The cover image, by Jian Sun et al., is based on the Research Article Grazing enhances soil nutrient effects: Trade-offs between aboveground and belowground biomass in alpine grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau , DOI 10.1002/ldr.2822 .
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 23
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    Issue Information (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-15
    Description: No abstract is available for this article.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 24
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    The impact of grazing on land degradation: A common problem with many driving forces (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-15
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 25
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    The Application of Natural Landform Analogy and Geology Based Spoil Classification to Improve Surface Stability of Elevated Spoil landforms in the Bowen Basin, Australia – A Review. (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-14
    Description: Large-scale open cut mining has occurred within the Bowen Basin for over four decades, transitioning from shallow mining depths and limited spoil elevation to increased mining depths, pre-stripping and increasingly elevated mesa-like landforms. As a result of this evolution, the stabilization of modern constructed landforms is no longer assured through the establishment of vegetation alone. The selection of resilient fragmental spoil types for the construction of final landform surfaces, and as cladding for stabilizing steep erosive batters, is a practical methodology that has the potential to significantly improve rehabilitation outcomes, by increasing surface rock cover, roughness and infiltration and reducing erodibility. An understanding of the properties and behavior of individual spoil materials disturbed during mining is required. Relevant information from published literature on the geological origins, lithology and weathering characteristics of individual strata within the Bowen Basin Coal Measures (and younger overlying weathered strata) has been reviewed, related to natural landforms and applied to the surface stability of major strata types when disturbed by mining. A spoil classification derived from geological characteristics and weathering behavior of identifiable lithologic components has been reviewed and refined, demonstrating the application of use of geological information. This classification system is a tool for the allocation of spoil types and use of categories which have application in pre-mine feasibility investigations, landform design and material selection and placement. The logic of classifying materials based on their stability in the natural landscape has wider relevance to other mining areas where elevated landforms of sedimentary material are constructed.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 26
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    Recent greening (1981-2013) in the Mu Us dune field, north-central China, and its potential causes (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-14
    Description: Desertification of arid and semi-arid land is a severe environmental problem. Better understanding of the desertification process, in the context of changing climate and growing human activities, is essential for policy-making on desertification control strategies and land-use management in these environmentally sensitive areas. In this study, we analyze vegetation change and dune activity over the years 1981-2013 in Mu Us, a semi-arid dune field in north-central China, using remote sensing techniques and geomorphic analysis. During this period, we have observed an increasing trend in vegetation greenness, indicated by the NDVI, which is consistent with the decreasing trend of the dune mobility index. Changes in dune morphologies in the study area indicate that dunes are being stabilized under vegetation growth, and this morphological change could potentially be used to detect the long-term trend in desertification. Based on a detailed analysis of both climatic and socioeconomic data, we found that the decadal changes in wind strength have significant impact on the long-term vegetation rehabilitation in the study area, and that the short-term variations in vegetation growth are associated with interannual fluctuations in precipitation. Policy-driven, large ecological restoration projects implemented in recent decades can exert a positive impact on vegetation restoration, especially under favorable climatic conditions. This study implies that such climatic conditions may offer a window of opportunity for land regeneration in semi-arid northern China.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 27
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    Establishing and Validating a Root Water Uptake Model Under the Effects of Superabsorbent Polymers (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-14
    Description: In-depth understanding of the patterns of root water uptake (RWU) is the key to improving the water-use efficiency (WUE) of plants. Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) can repeatedly absorb and then release water to plants when needed, which substantially increases the WUE of plants in arid and semi-arid farming. However, it also creates a challenge in modeling RWU due to unstable soil hydraulic parameters and the unclear response of root growth to SAP application. A controlled soil column experiment was conducted to investigate the response of two important root indexes, i.e., root length density (RLD) and root nitrogen mass density (RND), to SAP application, as well as their relationships with RWU. The results showed that the use of the SAP caused a steady increase in RND, and it also substantially increased the RLD in the early stage, but the rate of increase gradually slowed over time. The effect of unstable soil hydraulic parameters on RWU was analyzed in a numerical experiment, which indicated that the time-dependent effect of SAP on soil hydraulic parameters should be considered to avoid errors in calculating RWU. A specific method for calculating the RWU source/sink term in the Richards equation was proposed and ultimately used as the theoretical value of RWU to verify the RWU models based on RLD and RND to ensure the best one was selected. The results showed that RND was better able to be used for development of the RWU model to simulate the patterns of RWU under SAP application.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 28
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    Peat Bog and Alluvial Deposits Reveal Land Degradation During 16th and 17th Century Colonisation of the Western Carpathians (Czech Republic) (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-14
    Description: Wallachian (shepherd) colonisation of the upper parts of Carpathians, the second largest mountain range in Europe, provides a unique opportunity to study human-induced ecological changes and subsequent sediment mobilisation within slope and fluvial systems. The Wallachians came to the nearly pristine landscape in the Czech part of the Western Carpathians during the 16–17th Century bringing large scale deforestation and grazing to the upper parts of its ridges. Despite the importance of this event, there is a lack of high-resolution multi-proxy reconstructions to help to decipher the relative influence of anthropogenic and climate factors on this landscape. Here we provide a ca. 2.1 kyr record obtained from a peat bog where, using chronological, sedimentological and pollen analyses, we were able to differentiate between environmental conditions before, during and after colonisation. Prior to colonisation, climate deterioration following the onset of Little Ice Age caused changes in forest composition and erosion events (causing a ~AD 0–1500 gap in the record). Abrupt human-induced deforestation detected in the pollen record, together with the abundant fine-grained minerogenic content of peat deposits between AD ~1640 and AD 1870, correspond to increased runoff and sheet erosion on slopes; enhanced by Little Ice Age climate deterioration. The sedimentary record in alluvial deposits downstream indicates that the colonisation of the mountain slopes in this region not only had a local effect on soil degradation, but it also increased the net aggradation of overbank deposits within valley floors. After reforestation, net aggradation was replaced by river incision into alluvia.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 29
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    Root growth improvement of mesquite seedlings and bacterial rhizosphere and soil community changes are induced by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria and promote restoration of eroded desert soil (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-14
    Description: Soil degradation is an ecological disturbance, usually human-caused, that negatively affects the vegetation and climate of an ecosystem, particularly arid and semi-arid environments. These degraded soils can be restored by using native perennial plants inoculated with specific microorganisms. We studied the changes in root growth and the rhizosphere bacterial community of mesquite seedlings ( Prosopis articulata ) after inoculation with the endophytic bacteria Bacillus pumilus ES4, over three cycles of growth in the same soil under desert climatic conditions and found that inoculation significantly enhanced root biomass during the growth cycles, but not shoot biomass or root and shoot lengths. FISH analysis demonstrated that B. pumilus colonized the root cap, apical meristem, and elongation zone, forming small colonies, on roots from soil-grown mesquite. Inoculation also significantly changed the bacterial community structure of rhizophere and non-rhizosphere (without plants) soils based on DGGE profiles. The changes were highly stable and the bacterial community structure was maintained throughout the experimental period and not affected by plant replacement. 16S rRNA pyrosequencing confirmed the changes on structure of bacterial community and revealed an impact on the top taxonomic levels analyzed. The rhizospheres of inoculated plants showed a significant increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria coupled with a concomitant decrease in Actinobacteria, whereas an opposite response was observed in non-rhizospheric degraded soils. Overall, inoculation with B. pumilus reduced bacterial diversity, but increased the Rhizobium population in the soil. The class Bacilli, despite B. pumilis inoculum, showed minimal variation. (241 words)
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 30
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    Early response of Quercus robur seedlings to soil compaction following germination (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-14
    Description: Logging operations using heavy machinery effect changes in soil characteristics due to compaction; such conditions can negatively influence seedling development. In stands managed on the basis of close-to-nature silviculture or continuous cover forestry, successful establishment of natural regeneration after logging is important to ensure the proper functioning of a forest ecosystem, to promote soil recovery, and to prevent and mitigate land degradation processes (such as soil erosion, mudflow, waterlogging and landslides) related to soil compaction and rutting. This work aimed to assess the early response of Quercus robur seedlings to soil compaction during the first 1.5 months after germination. The study was carried out in a controlled environment using 8-l containers filled with natural alluvial soil. Three levels of soil compaction were applied in a laboratory using a compression-testing machine placed on the top surface of the soil in the containers. The morphological traits of the seedling shoot and root systems were analysed to compare three compaction levels. There were significant differences in seedling traits among the treatments, and they indicated that increasing levels of compaction reduced early seedling growth after emergence. Compaction had a larger impact on the root system, particularly the development at depth (root system depth, main root length), compared with the shoot system. Our results suggest that compaction affects seedling root system growth following the first growth stages after germination; thus, compaction represents an additional critical factor for seedling establishment, particularly in environments where early growth is crucial for overcoming the dry season.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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