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  • Articles  (939)
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  • 11
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    Glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in wind-blown material under field conditions. (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Agricultural intensification in fragile arid and semi-arid environments has led to an increase in soil degradation, mainly through wind erosion. Argentina is an agricultural and cattle-farming country, which has increased its productivity in the last few decades, widening the boundaries of farm land and the use of herbicides to control weeds. Glyphosate, which accounts for 65% of the Argentinian pesticides market, is strongly retained in soil. The World Health Organization concluded that there was evidence to classify glyphosate as 'probably carcinogenic to humans'. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the presence and concentration of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in wind-blown material in three areas in Argentine semi-arid regions (Chaco, CH; La Pampa, LP and San Luis, SL). In one hectare (ha) squared plots, left uncovered and levelled, the wind-blown material was collected at heights of 13.5, 50 and 150 cm during 18 erosion events. The wind-blown material carried by the wind at a height of 150 cm had concentrations of 247μg kg -1 and 218μg kg -1 of glyphosate and AMPA, respectively.This material was enriched 60 times in glyphosate and 3 times in AMPA as compared to the original soil. This shows that the eroded material can, potentially, have a negative impact on the ecosystem and also on human health, depending on the proportion of this material released into the atmosphere in suspension as particulate matter. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to report concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA in wind-blown material under field conditions.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 12
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    TO DAM, OR NOT TO DAM? ABOLISHMENT OF FURTHER FLOODING IMPEDES THE NATURAL REVEGETATION PROCESSES AFTER LONG-TERM FLUVIAL DEPOSITION OF COPPER TAILINGS (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Long-term potentials and constraints of Nature to spontaneously recover after severe degradation by toxic mine waste, and general principles of mutual modifications of spontaneous vegetation and soils during this process, have remained widely unknown. This study investigates the effect of flooding on natural regeneration of a model locality in Eastern Serbia, complexly degraded by fluvial deposition of sulphidic copper (Cu) mine tailings deposited during 70 years in a floodplain along 80 km of the polluted river flow. We analysed multivariate response of forest vegetation (floristic and structural parameters) together with physical and chemical properties of concomitant soils and sediments. Floods strongly modify the interactions between soil and vegetation. Three very different types of forest vegetation constitute the response of the Nature to key soil adverse factors (excessive Cu availability, low nutrients and low pH); combined with drought, these constraint completely inhibit revegetation. Continual flooding after mine closure, despite the pollution it still brings in, fosters the faster development of highly specialized vegetation, and most importantly faster buildup of soil organic matter necessary for phytostabilization of substantial amounts of Cu tailings present in the floodplain. We show that enhanced nutrient fluxes facilitated by natural flooding regime might overrun the constraining effect of deposited Cu also natural vegetation.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 13
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    EVALUATING THE NEW SOIL EROSION MAP OF HUNGARY – A SEMI-QUANTITATIVE APPROACH (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-28
    Description: Soil erosion by water is one of the most significant forms of soil degradation not just globally, but also in Europe. A new soil erosion risk map of Hungary has been compiled and published recently, using the combined outputs of the USLE and PESERA models. Our study aimed at providing evaluation of the map by using semi-quantitative validation data obtained from the Hungarian Soil Degradation Subsystem (TDR) of the National Environmental Information System (OKIR). The TDR database contained information at farm level as well as indicators based on laboratory data for 5 ha representative plots. Based on the semi-quantitative analysis, the map results align well with the farm-based degradation data, and provide viable information not only at the regional scale, but also at the farm scale. However, indicators from representative plots did not support model results, indicating possible conflict between farm level and plot level data. Cross-comparison of these indicators showed only limited correlation between farm and plot level indicators.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 14
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    THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON CARBON SEQUESTRATION, SOIL PROPERTIES AND CROP YIELDS FROM A LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT UNDER A SWISS CONVENTIONAL FARMING SYSTEM (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-28
    Description: The effects of mineral fertilizers and organic amendments on soil properties, carbon (C) sequestration, and crop yields are studied in a 37-year field experiment, Phosphorus – Potassium (PK)-balanced design, in Switzerland. Treatments included a control (mineral fertilization) without nitrogen (N) fertilizers ( Min-N0 ) and with optimal N ( Min-Nopt) and five organic amendments [green manure ( Gm ), cereal straw ( Str ), fresh cattle manure in two doses 35 and 70 t ha -1 ( Ma35 and Ma70 ) and cattle slurry ( Slu )] all receiving the same optimal N fertilization as Min-Nopt . All mineral and organic treatments received optimum P-K fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization ( Min-Nopt vs. Min-N0 ) increased soil organic C (SOC), microbial activity and microporosity, but decreased pH, magnesium and macroporosity. All organic treatments with optimal mineral N resulted in higher SOC content compared to Min-Nopt , however these effects were significant only for the highest dose of manure. The organic amendments supplied 25 to 80 % additional C input to the soil compared to Min-Nopt , and their amendment-C retention coefficients ranged from 1.6 % ( Gm ) to 13.6 % ( Ma70 ). Chemical, physical and biological soil properties were not or slightly significantly different among organic treatments. Nevertheless, soils fertilized with farmyard manure produced generally higher grain yield (up to 7.3%) compared to Min-Nopt while the opposite effect was noted for Gm (-2.2%) and Str (-5.2%) treatments due to their negative effect on N availability. In conclusion, Gm and Str treatments were as effectives as Ma35 and Slu treatments to prevent soil degradation, but required higher chemical fertilizer to maintain crop yield.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 15
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    Stabilized biomass ash as a sustainable substitute for commercial P-fertilizers. (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-28
    Description: The reuse of biomass ash as a fertilizer is generally recognized as good practice with several environmental benefits. However, the possible presence of leachable heavy metals in this ash limits the potential extent of its application and the implementation of an appropriate legal framework. For the first time, a method to stabilize wood ash based on the use of other by-products (coal fly ash and rice husk ash) is presented. No commercial chemicals are employed in the procedure. The results show that despite the initial presence of leachable heavy metals in the ash, the final obtained material is stable. In addition, the lowering of pH (from 13.5 to approximately 7.5) due to carbonation reactions and the addition of Ca-rich ash increases the phosphorous availability compared to the starting wood ash and makes the obtained material suitable for use in soil fertilization. The sustainability of the new proposed technology is quantitatively discussed with regard to the differences in embodied energy and CO 2 footprint of phosphorous between raw materials and stabilized wood ash. This work shows that the prospects for energy saving and CO 2 footprint reduction using stabilized wood ash as a substitute for inorganic commercial P-fertilizers are significant and offers a new way to reach these objectives. The simplicity of the method and the general availability of the by-products employed in the stabilization also render the procedure suitable for applications in developing countries.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 16
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    The Influence of Trees, Shrubs and Grasses on Micro-Climate, Soil Carbon, Nitrogen and Co2 Efflux: Potential Implications of Shrub Encroachment for Kalahari Rangelands (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-25
    Description: Shrub encroachment is a well-documented phenomenon affecting many of the world's drylands. The alteration of vegetation structure and species composition can lead to changes in local microclimate and soil properties which in turn affect carbon cycling. The objectives of this paper were to quantify differences in air temperatures, soil carbon, nitrogen, and CO 2 efflux under trees ( Vachellia erioloba ), shrubs ( Grewia flava), annual and perennial grasses ( Schmidtia kalahariensis and Eragrostis lehmanniana ) collected over three seasons at a site in Kgalagadi District, Botswana, in order to determine the vegetation-soil feedback mechanism affecting the carbon cycle. Air temperatures were logged continuously and soil CO 2 efflux was determined throughout the day and evening using closed respiration chambers and an infrared gas analyser. There were significant differences in soil carbon, total nitrogen, CO 2 efflux, light and temperatures beneath the canopies of trees, shrubs and grasses. Daytime air temperatures beneath shrubs and trees were cooler compared to grass sites, particularly in summer months. Night time air temperatures under shrubs and trees were, however, warmer than at the grass sites. There was also significantly more soil carbon, nitrogen and CO 2 efflux under shrubs and trees compared to grasses. Whilst the differences observed in soils and microclimate may reinforce the competitive dominance of shrubs and present challenges to strategies designed to manage encroachment they should not be viewed as entirely negative. Our findings highlight some of the dichotomies and challenges to be addressed before interventions aiming to bring about more sustainable land management can be implemented.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 17
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    DISTRIBUTION OF CADMIUM, COPPER, LEAD AND ZINC IN MUDFLAT SALT-SOILS AMENDED WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-23
    Description: Applying sewage sludge to mudflat salt-soils can rapidly improve soil physicochemical properties while enhance pollution potential. Nevertheless, the heavy metal distribution in leachate and mudflat salt-soils with sludge amendment remains unclear. The present work was aimed primarily at investigating the fates of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in mudflat salt-soils amended by sludge. A leaching column experiment in a greenhouse was conducted to analyze the leaching losses of the metals in the sludge-amended soils, and to evaluate the uptake of these metals by maize ( Zea mays L.) seedling, using a mudflat salt-soil amended with 0, 30, 75, 150, and 300 g sludge per kg soil. The results indicated that metal concentrations were significantly correlated negatively with pH and positively with dissolved organic carbon concentration in leachate of sludge-amended soils. The sewage sludge application enhanced metal uptake without inhibiting the growth of maize. The sludge treatments enhanced metal concentrations in top layer (0-20 cm) of soil in the leaching column, but did not change metal concentrations in soil layer of 20-40 cm ( p 〉0.05). Immobile fraction of Pb and mobile fraction of Cd, Cu, Zn increased with increasing rates of sludge addition. Long-term field studies are required for further evaluation of the impacts of recycling sludge on heavy metal behaviors including leaching, accumulation and dynamic change of metal fractions in mudflat salt-soils.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 18
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    SOIL SEALING AND UNSEALING: STATE OF THE ART AND EXAMPLES (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-23
    Description: Soil sealing for urban and infrastructure development constitutes the most intense form of land degradation and affects all ecosystem services. Researchers and policy makers have become aware of this fact and call for limiting development and compensating for new soil sealing with unsealing measures. In a literature review, we found that the state of research about the impacts of soil sealing is far more advanced than about the potential and prerequisites of unsealing. In practice, soil restoration after mining and construction activities as well as redevelopment or renaturation of abandoned industrial sites are increasingly important issues, but systematic research on the success of soil unsealing and restoration is rare. In particular, the development of soils and vegetation after unsealing and restoration measures as well as their potential to provide ecosystem services need more detailed investigation. In three case studies, we demonstrate that replacing a sealed surface with soil to restore ecosystem services is always beneficial for humans and nature. An indicator-based mapping approach revealed the potential performance of different ecosystem services at former industrial sites in Switzerland. When unsealed sites are transformed to pioneer habitats, the intended vegetation may successfully be regained, but landscape connectivity is hardly enhanced due to increased overall landscape fragmentation. Our investigations show that with the techniques currently applied, the soil physical parameters in a restored agricultural soil developed favourably for crop growth within 15 years. However, unsealed soils are anthropogenic soils with reduced multifunctionality and protecting natural soil against sealing is always the better option.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 19
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    FINGERPRINTING SEDIMENT SOURCES IN A LARGE AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENT UNDER NO-TILLAGE IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL (CONCEIÇÃO RIVER) (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-18
    Description: Brazil is a leader in the adoption of conservation agriculture practices and technologies. However, the impact of these practices on sediment sources at the catchment scale has not been quantified yet, particularly in grain growing regions, where a conservationist no-tillage system is implemented to protect soils. To address this knowledge gap, a sediment fingerprinting study based on elemental geochemistry was carried out in a large agricultural catchment (804 km 2 ) of Southern Brazil where no-tillage practices dominate. A total of 156 soil samples were taken to characterize the three main potential sediment sources: cropland ( n =79), unpaved roads ( n =41), and channel banks ( n =36). Sediment sampling was performed using a time-integrated sampler ( n =33) and by collecting fine-bed material ( n =34) at five locations across the catchment. Sediment was also sampled during flood events at the catchment outlet ( n =20). Sediment source contributions were calculated using an optimal suite of geochemical properties and a mixing model. Results showed that although the catchment is not particularly sensitive to soil erosion ( i.e. deep clayey soils with gentle slopes), the amount of sediment supplied by cropland to the river network remains very high (up to 1.63 Mg ha −1 yr −1 ). Sediment fingerprinting results showed that even when no-tillage is implemented, cropland remains an important source of sediment, supplying up to 70% of the material transiting the Conceição River. Accordingly, the current conservation farming system in this catchment needs to be improved to further reduce soil erosion and sediment yield.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 20
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    Carbon Balance as Affected by Biosolid Application in Reforestations (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: Soils of Mediterranean drylands are characterized by a low fertility and organic matter content because of past land use and disturbances regime. The restoration of these degraded lands faces at the same time problems related to water scarcity and the unpredictability of precipitations with problems with soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties. Organic amendments may help to improve soil properties and, consequently, enhance planted seedling establishment and performance. In this study, we assessed the C balance of three Mediterranean areas planted with Pinus halepensis Mill. seedlings with different treatments of biosolid application. The assessment was conducted at different times after the establishment of treatments and the C dynamics are discussed. We considered three biosolid types (air-dried, fresh sludge, and composted sludge) in application doses ranging from 10 to 320 Mg (d.w.) ha -1 . We quantified basal area, pine biomass, biomass of spontaneous vegetation, litter, root density and soil organic matter. All three experimental restoration studies improved restoration success in terms of basal area (ranging from 15 to 300 %), especially in composted biosolid at 30 Mg (d.w.) ha -1 , while litter and, especially, root biomass increased with all biosolid treatments and time since application. Soil organic C was higher in application doses above 30 Mg (d.w.) ha -1 due to the organic matter applied with the sludges. The increment in C sequestration rates associated to these restoration treatments ranged between 0.046 to 0.293 kg C m 2 yr -1 . These results confirm the suitability of organic amendments as restoration technique in Mediterranean degraded drylands.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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