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  • Articles  (412)
  • 2010-2014  (412)
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  • 1
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    THE WAGENINGEN RAINFALL SIMULATOR: SET-UP AND CALIBRATION OF AN INDOOR NOZZLE-TYPE RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR SOIL EROSION STUDIES (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-29
    Description: ABSTRACT The set-up and characterization of an indoor nozzle-type rainfall simulator (RS) at Wageningen University, The Netherlands is presented. It is equipped with 4 Lechler nozzles (two nr. 460.788 and two nr. 461.008). The tilting irrigation plot is 6 m long and 2.5 m wide. An electrical pump supplies the constant flow during the experiments. The spatial distribution of the rainfall was measured with 60 rain gauges equally distributed on the experimental plot. Thies® Laser Precipitation Monitor (LPM) was used to measure the size and falling velocity of the raindrops. Four different flow rates were applied (Q1-4). From the collected data spatial rainfall intensity and spatial kinetic energy distribution maps were created, Christiansen Uniformity coefficient (CU) was calculated for each flow rate. The results of the experiments revealed that the rainfall parameters (spatial rainfall intensity, kinetic energy, raindrop size distribution, fall velocity) in the RS are not homogeneous (CU ranges from 68.5% to 83.2%). Accordingly the whole plot can only be irrigated irregularly applying a wide range of intensities and rainfall energies. The RS offers good opportunity to study great variety of process intensities such as splash erosion, runoff generation, soil aggregate stability, organic matter migration and scaled landscape development. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
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    EFFECTS OF THINNING AND INDUCED DROUGHT ON MICROBIOLOGICAL SOIL PROPERTIES AND PLANT SPECIES DIVERSITY AT DRY AND SEMIARID LOCATIONS (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-29
    Description: ABSTRACT Soil properties and plant species diversity are key elements of forest ecosystem functioning, and are affected directly by climate change. The aim of this work was to study plant species diversity, physicochemical and soil microbiological properties and enzymatic activities after induced drought conditions and thinning at semiarid (Calasparra) and dry (Yeste) Pinus halepensis Mill. forest stands. Different plots affected by a wildfire event 17 years ago, with or without thinning 5 years after the fire event, were selected. A 15% rainfall reduction over 3 years was also carried out. Physicochemical soil properties (soil texture, pH, carbonates, total organic carbon, electrical conductivity, total N and P), soil enzymes (urease, phosphatase, β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase activities), carbon mineralisation and soil microbial biomass carbon were analysed in the selected study areas. Shannon and Simpson indices were calculated, and total plant cover and plant species richness were evaluated. The results showed no differences in microbiological soil properties and soil enzyme activities when comparing thinned and unthinned plots; conversely, plant species diversity indices were affected by thinning. Induced drought affected only total cover and species richness, which were lower at Yeste. Significant site variation was also observed in soil properties, species richness and total plant cover, as opposed to the plant species diversity indices. We conclude soil properties recover in the mid-term after thinning activities and they resist against a 15% rainfall reduction under potential climate change conditions remaining steady after induced drought. The plant community presents different responses to drought depending on the experimental site. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
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    THE EFFECT OF LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION MEASURES IN CHANGING LANDSCAPE PATTERNS: A CASE STUDY IN MEDITERRANEAN MOUNTAINS (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-21
    Description: ABSTRACT Mediterranean mountain landscapes have high ecological and cultural values. However, since 1950 a large number of these landscapes have been subject to degradation as a consequence of land abandonment. Some regional administrations have enacted measures that favor the regeneration of pasturelands through scrubland clearing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consequences of clearing and the regeneration of pasturelands on landscape structure and the recovery of extensive livestock in La Rioja. The results indicate that between 1986 and 2011 an area of 29,659 ha was cleared in the mountains of La Rioja, although 62.6% of this was cleared in the period 2000–2011. In 1956 the landscape was dominated by cultivated fields, but by 2001 much of the agricultural area had been abandoned and replaced by scrubland, natural woods and reforested areas. Furthermore, the landscape was more fragmented in 1956 than in 2001. The landscape structure varied following clearing, with a doubling in the number of patches and an increase in heterogeneity. The consequences of clearing have included an increase in the area of pastureland and the number of large animals. In addition, the number of farms has decreased but their mean size has increased. Clearing is an appropriate way for spatial reorganization in marginal mountain areas. It does not require excessive investment, but favors the reintegration of abandoned fields and an increase in pasturelands. The results of this study contribute to the debate about reclaiming mountain landscapes affected by human activities and subject to intense degradation processes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
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    IMPACT OF MEADOW DEGRADATION ON SOIL WATER STATUS AND PASTURE MANAGEMENT - A CASE STUDY IN TIBET (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-20
    Description: ABSTRACT Alpine meadow dominated by Kobresia pygmaea forms both an important ecosystem and the main pasture resource on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and its degradation is detrimental to ecosystem health and the pastoral economy. This paper reports research on the impacts of possible degradation on soil and biological properties related to water status, as water availability is fundamental to grass productivity. It also considers herders' perceptions towards, and adaptation to, the changing environment. The research was carried out in and around Kema village in Nagqu Prefecture, Northern Tibet. The biotic and abiotic properties of the Kobresia pygmaea meadow are significantly different in patches with diverse soil and vegetation combinations, that include normal meadow, crusted meadow and bare soil. Change of species composition, low species diversity, coarsening of soil, and lack of soil moisture and organic matter are found under bare soil after erosion of the turf layer. Low infiltration rates and reduced dew deposition are found under crusted meadow. Herders have witnessed some aspects of the deterioration of meadow quality, and have noticed some climatic variations. However, they do not consistently link changing meadow quality to climate change, and rarely have a clear idea of what overgrazing is, as although their mobility has been reduced, they may think that they are still using pastures periodically as in transhumance. Adapting current privatisation policies by considering herders' traditions and needs, and balancing scientific knowledge with local perception and knowledge, will help to guarantee long-term benefits through sustainable use of the fragile alpine meadow resource. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
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    BIOPHYSICAL CONTROLLING FACTORS IN UPPER CATCHMENTS AND BRAIDED RIVERS IN DRYLANDS: THE CASE OF A MARGINAL GRABEN OF THE ETHIOPIAN RIFT VALLEY (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: ABSTRACT The Raya graben is a marginal graben of the Ethiopian Rift Valley located in North Ethiopia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of biophysical factors in the headwater catchments on the morphology of braided rivers in the graben bottom over the period between 1972 and 2010. In this study 20 representative catchments on the escarpment were selected to analyze the relationship between the morphology (length, area) of the braided rivers in the graben bottom and the biophysical controls in upper catchments (vegetation cover, extremely degraded land, catchment area, compactness, and slope gradient in both the steep upper catchments, and the gentle graben bottom). Landsat imagery was used to calculate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and to map vegetation cover and the total length of the braided rivers. Spot CNES imagery available from Google Earth was used to quantify the total area of the braided rivers in 2005. In regression analyses, both length of braided rivers in the graben bottom (p 〈 .0001, R 2  = 0.549, n = 100) and area occupied by the braided rivers in the graben bottom (p = .0001, R 2  = 0.585, n = 20) were positively correlated with upper catchment area. The NDVI in the upper catchments shows an increasing trend ( R 2  = 0.73, p  = 0.067) over the last 40 years. The trend in the NDVI and the length of the braided rivers show an inverse relationship. Hence, upper catchment area and vegetation cover are important factors of the morphology of braided rivers in drylands. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
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    SUCCESSIONAL TRAJECTORY OVER 10 YEARS OF VEGETATION RESTORATION OF ABANDONED SLOPE CROPLANDS IN THE HILL-GULLY REGION OF THE LOESS PLATEAU (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: ABSTRACT Revegetation has been the primary management approach for solving the problems caused by severe soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. The objectives of this work were to explore the successional trajectory of the different types of restoration and discuss their potential effectiveness for the control of soil erosion. Presence and coverage of plants in 40 permanent plots were investigated during two periods (2003-2006 and 2013). The naturally and artificially revegetated communities studied in the two surveys were classified using Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), and their relationships were analyzed using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). Under natural revegetation, the communities succeed in the following order: annual plants   perennial plants   short rhizome tufts and sub-shrubs. Under artificial revegetation, succession was interrupted by artificial planting, and a Gramineae herb layer persisted through the years with few changes in species composition. Additionally, species richness, diversity and evenness increased while ecological dominance decreased during succession in both revegetation types. Succession rate was rapid at the initial stage, and then slowed down gradually. Succession followed different trajectories under natural and artificial revegetation, and based on the potential effects of the two approaches on soil erosion and soil desiccation, we suggest that natural revegetation is preferable over artificial revegetation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    ANALYSING PERCEPTIONS, ATTITUDES AND RESPONSES OF WINEGROWERS ABOUT SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL SPAIN (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-10
    Description: ABSTRACT This study provides a better understanding of the perspective and attitudes of farmers towards sustainable land management (SLM) practices in central Spain. Farmer's willingness to change from conventional tillage to cover crops in vineyards is seen as an indicator for adoption of sustainable agriculture. Two complementary approaches were used: open interviews (n = 25) and surveys (n = 64). The portrait of these winegrowers is of mature farmers, owners of their lands, and conscious of soil erosion problems (81%), although not on their own lands. They observe soil degradation (45%), however, they are more conscious of problems in their vines or grapes (64%). Only 32% would be willing to use cover crops to avoid erosion. The barriers for adoption were mainly related to water constraints, lack of knowledge, and inability to accept production decreases. Results indicate an underlying lack of information on SLM. They show confusion or mistakes regarding the relationship between tillage and erosion. Young farmers are more prone to change practices. Scientific results are not effectively communicated; there are no efficient local structures to provide them with knowledge and advice in their work, including guidance on environmental issues. The EU agri-environment payments cover the costs of SLM practices for avoiding erosion or compaction and increasing SOC. In spite of that, participants do not apply for subsidies to compensate the income foregone. Policy makers, extension services and scientists have to face this situation to tackle the limited knowledge transfer revealed in this study. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
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    MAGNITUDE AND OCCURRENCE PROBABILITY OF SOIL LOSS: A RISK ANALYTICAL APPROACH FOR THE PLOT SCALE FOR TWO SITES IN LOWER AUSTRIA (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-09
    Description: ABSTRACT Long-term contribution of soil loss events depends on both - the magnitude and the occurrence probability - but oftentimes a limited observation period impedes the assessment of the temporal soil loss distribution. In this research, the event based soil loss from two plot-locations in Lower Austria (Mistelbach and Pixendorf) was linked with the event based rainfall erosivity (EI 30 ) to assess the temporal soil loss distribution using long-term rainfall data from two meteorological stations in Lower Austria. For both plot-locations a risk analysis was performed to i) assess the long-term average annual soil loss and to ii) evaluate the contribution of incremental erosion events according to different event return periods. The risk analysis showed that in Pixendorf, the events 〈 20 years return period dominatingly contribute to long-term soil loss, since the contribution of the events 〉 20 years return period is progressively reduced through the low occurrence probability. On the contrary, in Mistelbach the soil loss magnitudes of the extreme events overcome the effect of the low occurrence probability and consequently the contribution of the extreme events (〉 20 years return period) is dominant. The spatially variable contribution of the erosion events reveals the need for spatially customized soil conservation strategies. A risk analytical approach may help to allocate the driving events and thus to define proper event design-magnitudes for local soil conservation planning. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
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    SOIL PROPERTY CHANGES AFTER THE CONVERSION FROM FOREST TO PASTURE IN THE MOUNT SACINKA, ARTVIN, TURKEY (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-07
    Description: ABSTRACT Turkey's forests have been continuously facing conversion into both agriculture and pasturelands causing not only degradation and fragmentation of forested lands but also negative changes in soil properties that have not been thoroughly investigated. In order to determine possible changes in some physical and hydro-physical soil parameters along with dispersion ratio between natural coppice forests and the neighboring forest-to-grassland converted areas, a foothill of Mount Sacinka in Artvin was chosen as a research area. Besides land use, possible effects of elevation change on soil properties due to the mountainous and moderately steep landscape of the region was also taken into consideration. The soil samples were analyzed for soil texture, permeability, field capacity, bulk density, organic matter, pH and dispersion ratio. The results indicated that while permeability (43.05 mm/hr in forest, 18.82 mm/hr in pasture), field capacity (43.45% in forest, 38.08% in pasture) and organic matter (6.36% in forest, 5.34% in pasture) values turned out to be higher in forest soils, bulk density (0.91 gr/cm 3 in forest, 1.06 gr/cm 3 in pasture) and pH (5.89 in forest, 6.55 in pasture) values were low in grassland soils, meaning that conversion has negative effects on soil properties. Additionally, the mean dispersion ratios of 27.55% and 33.58% for forest and pastureland soils, respectively, indicated soil erosion problems in both land uses. In addition, as for elevation effect, especially forest soils showed better characteristics at higher elevations with high permeability, field capacity and organic matter and low pH and dispersion ratio. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
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    FLOW AND SEDIMENT CONNECTIVITY IN SEMIARID LANDSCAPES IN SE SPAIN: PATTERNS AND CONTROLS (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-07
    Description: ABSTRACT Much of the water and sediment flux in semi-arid catchments is found to be highly concentrated in localised pathways. Identifying the location of these pathways in the landscape is important for management and restoration. Measures can then be targeted so as to minimise the potential for erosion and sediment flux along these pathways. A method of repeat field mapping of flow and sediment pathways suitable for Mediterranean type agricultural catchments is presented. Several small catchments in Cárcavo basin, SE Spain, differing in topographic and land use characteristics, were monitored under several events. Morphometric properties of pathways were analysed and compared with rainfall characteristics. Number and length of pathways varied with rainfall characteristics but also antecedent conditions. In low rainfall events, runoff sources and main pathways were disconnected, but in a larger event the network of pathways became fully connected. The pathway patterns showed that man-made lines such as terrace embankments and tracks have a major influence on sediment connectivity. Micro-topographic factors, soil moisture and the presence of vegetation are highly influential on pathways and the frequency of water and sediment fluxes. Runoff and erosion hotpots for the development of pathways were identified, which should be targeted for mitigation and restoration measures using vegetation. The relevance of local scale factors emphasises the importance of repeat field observations to understand connectivity and pathways development in the landscape. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
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    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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