Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Solitons as particles -- 1.2 A brief history of topological solitons -- 1.3 Bogomolny equations and moduli spaces -- 1.4 Soliton dynamics -- 1.5 Solitons and integrable systems -- 1.6 Solitons - experimental status -- 1.7 Outline of this book -- 2 Lagrangians and fields -- 2.1 Finite-dimensional systems -- 2.2 Symmetries and conservation laws -- 2.3 Field theory -- 2.4 Noether's theorem in field theory -- 2.5 Vacua and spontaneous symmetry breaking -- 2.6 Gauge theory -- 2.7 The Higgs mechanism -- 2.8 Gradient flow in field theory -- 3 Topology in field theory -- 3.1 Homotopy theory -- 3.2 Topological degree -- 3.3 Gauge fields as differential forms -- 3.4 Chern numbers of abelian gauge .elds -- 3.5 Chern numbers for non-abelian gauge fields -- 3.6 Chern-Simons forms -- 4 Solitons - general theory -- 4.1 Topology and solitons -- 4.2 Scaling arguments -- 4.3 Symmetry and reduction of dimension -- 4.4 Principle of symmetric criticality -- 4.5 Moduli spaces and soliton dynamics -- 5 Kinks -- 5.1 Bogomolny bounds and vacuum structure -- 5.2 Phi4 kinks -- 5.3 Sine-Gordon kinks -- 5.4 Generalizations -- 6 Lumps and rational maps -- 6.1 Lumps in the O(3) sigma model -- 6.2 Lumps on a sphere and symmetric maps -- 6.3 Stabilizing the lump -- 7 Vortices -- 7.1 Ginzburg-Landau energy functions -- 7.2 Topology in the global theory -- 7.3 Topology in the gauged theory -- 7.4 Vortex solutions -- 7.5 Forces between gauged vortices -- 7.6 Forces between vortices at large separation -- 7.7 Dynamics of gauged vortices -- 7.7.1 Second order dynamics -- 7.7.2 Gradient flow -- 7.7.3 First order dynamics -- 7.8 Vortices at critical coupling -- 7.9 Moduli space dynamics -- 7.10 The metric on MN -- 7.11 Two-vortex scattering. , 7.12 First order dynamics near critical coupling -- 7.13 Global vortex dynamics -- 7.14 Varying the geometry -- 7.14.1 Volume of moduli space -- 7.14.2 Toroidal geometry - the Abrikosov lattice -- 7.14.3 Vortices on the hyperbolic plane -- 7.15 Statistical mechanics of vortices -- 8 Monopoles -- 8.1 Dirac monopoles -- 8.2 Monopoles as solitons -- 8.3 Bogomolny-Prasad-Sommerfield monopoles -- 8.4 Dyons -- 8.5 The Nahm transform -- 8.6 Construction of monopoles from Nahm data -- 8.7 Spectral curves -- 8.8 Rational maps and monopoles -- 8.9 Alternative monopole methods -- 8.10 Monopole dynamics -- 8.11 Moduli spaces and geodesic motion -- 8.12 Well separated monopoles -- 8.13 SU(m) monopoles -- 8.14 Hyperbolic monopoles -- 9 Skyrmions -- 9.1 The Skyrme model -- 9.2 Hedgehogs -- 9.3 Asymptotic interactions -- 9.4 Low charge Skyrmions -- 9.5 The rational map ansatz -- 9.6 Higher charge Skyrmions -- 9.7 Lattices, crystals and shells -- 9.8 Skyrmion dynamics -- 9.9 Generalizations of the Skyrme model -- 9.10 Quantization of Skyrmions -- 9.11 The Skyrme-Faddeev model -- 10 Instantons -- 10.1 Self-dual Yang-Mills fields -- 10.2 The ADHM construction -- 10.3 Symmetric instantons -- 10.4 Skyrme fields from instantons -- 10.5 Monopoles as self-dual gauge fields -- 10.6 Higher rank gauge groups -- 11 Saddle points - sphalerons -- 11.1 Mountain passes -- 11.2 Sphalerons on a circle -- 11.3 The gauged kink -- 11.4 Monopole-antimonopole dipole -- 11.5 The electroweak sphaleron -- 11.6 Unstable solutions in other theories -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- 1 Evolutionary origins -- IDENTIFYING COOPERATIVE BREEDING AND THE ISSUE OF HOMOLOGY -- EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN VERSUS EVOLUTIONARY MAINTENANCE -- EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF COOPERATIVE BREEDING -- The origins of altriciality -- Origins of sociality in certain lineages of cooperative breeders -- Origins of alloparental behavior -- EVOLUTIONARY MAINTENANCE OF COOPERATIVE BREEDING -- Regular cooperative breeders -- Irregular cooperative breeding -- ECOLOGY AND COOPERATIVE BREEDING: PROBLEMS OF CAUSE AND EFFECTS -- PHYLOGENETIC PATTERNS AND COOPERATIVE BREEDING -- Cooperative breeding in non-passerine birds -- Cooperative breeding in passerine birds -- PRIMITIVE VERSUS DERIVED COOPERATIVE BREEDING -- Cooperative breeding appears to be the primitive condition -- Woodhoopoes, family Phoeniculidae -- Bee-eaters, family Meropidae -- Cooperative breeding is the derived condition -- Red-cockaded woodpecker -- Brown-headed and pygmy nuthatches -- Recent transitions -- Western scrub-jay -- Cactus wren -- Lanius shrikes -- LIMITATIONS OF PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 2 Delayed dispersal -- PHYLOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS -- THE UNCOUPLING OF DELAYED DISPERSAL FROM COOPERATIVE BREEDING -- Delayed dispersal: where to wait -- Dispersal decisions prior to the age of first reproduction -- Environmental and life-history correlates of cooperative breeding -- BENEFITS OF DELAYED DISPERSAL -- Increased access to high-quality territories or mates -- Increased survival: the value of the natal site -- Increased survival: nepotism -- Nepotistic concession of food -- Nepotism in defense -- Nepotism at roosts -- The relative importance of nepotism versus territory quality -- COSTS OF DELAYED DISPERSAL FOR OFFSPRING -- COSTS OF DELAYED DISPERSAL FOR PARENTS. , CONCLUSION -- 3 Fitness consequences of helping -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON KIN-DIRECTED HELPING AT THE NEST -- Why stay? -- Why help? -- Direct fitness benefits -- Indirect fitness benefits -- CAN HELPING AND STAYING BE UNCOUPLED? -- STEPWISE REPRODUCTIVE DECISION-MAKING AND KIN-DIRECTED HELPING -- THE IMPORTANCE OF BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY: REDIRECTED HELPING AS A ROUTE TO KIN-BASED COOPERATIVE BREEDING -- LONG-TAILED TITS: A CASE STUDY OF REDIRECTED HELPING -- POPULATION CONSEQUENCES OF REDIRECTED HELPING… -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 4 Parental care, load-lightening, and costs -- THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM -- THE BENEFITS OF ALLOPARENTAL CARE -- HOW COSTLY IS CARE? -- SHORT- VERSUS LONG-TERM COSTS OF CARE -- A GENERAL MODEL OF ALLOPARENTAL CARE -- SIMPLE MODEL -- PARTIAL-COMPENSATION MODEL -- Breeder's perspective -- Helper's perspective -- IMPLICATIONS OF THE MODEL -- SUPPORT FOR THE MODEL -- Cost curves affect help and survival -- Benefit curves affect help and how it is used -- Combined effects of costs and benefits -- A LIFE-HISTORY APPROACH TO THE PROVISION OF HELP -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 5 Mating systems and sexual conflict -- TOWARDS A CLASSIFICATION OF MATING SYSTEMS IN COOPERATIVE BREEDERS -- What is a cooperative breeder? -- Who participates in the mating system? -- SEXUAL-CONFLICT THEORY -- Female choice -- MATING SYSTEMS -- Type 1: joint-nesting polygyny -- Type 2: egalitarian polygynandry -- Type 3: flexible polygynandry -- Type 4: plural breeding -- Type 5: egalitarian polyandry -- Type 6: contextual polyandry -- Type 7: hidden leks -- Type 8: true monogamy with helpers -- Type 9: unattached helpers -- CONCLUSIONS -- What are the main benefits females derive from mate choice? -- What is the evidence that males negotiate mating access?. , What is the evidence that males and females negotiate mating access to resolve sexual conflict? -- Do females choose genetic benefits? -- Where now? -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 6 Sex-ratio manipulation -- CLASSIC SEX-ALLOCATION THEORY -- The major ideas -- Difficulties applying the theory to birds -- SEX-RATIO BIAS AT THE POPULATION AND INDIVIDUAL LEVEL -- SEX-ALLOCATION THEORY AND COOPERATIVE BREEDING -- SEX-RATIO BIAS IN COOPERATIVE BREEDERS -- The population level -- The facultative level -- EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO ADAPTIVE SEX ALLOCATION -- MECHANISMS AND COSTS OF SEX-RATIO CONTROL -- LIMITATIONS OF PAST APPROACHES -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 7 Physiological ecology -- PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS: THE NON-BREEDING SEASON -- Food and foraging -- Diet -- Group hunting -- Food storage -- Solar-enhanced digestion -- Development of foraging skills -- Thermoregulation -- Communal roosting -- Communal nest structure -- Vigilance -- PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS: THE BREEDING SEASON -- Indirect evidence -- Direct evidence -- Pied kingfisher -- Acorn woodpecker -- Florida scrub-jay -- Arabian babbler -- DRAWING THE LINK BETWEEN ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND FITNESS PARAMETERS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 8 Endocrinology -- BACKGROUND -- Reproductive hormones -- Stress hormones -- Parental hormones -- Hormones and behavior: fundamental questions -- CASE STUDIES -- Pied kingfisher -- Florida scrub-jay -- Mexican jay -- White-browed sparrow-weaver -- Australian magpie -- Harris's hawk -- Bell miner -- Red-cockaded woodpecker -- Superb fairy-wren -- CONCLUSIONS -- Prolactin -- Endocrinology and the unselected hypothesis -- Corticosterone -- Reproductive hormones -- Final thoughts -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 9 Incest and incest avoidance -- CASE EXAMPLES -- Mexican jays: the danger of demographic inference -- Pukeko: incest down under?. , Fairy-wrens: independence between the social and genetic mating system -- Green woodhoopoes: incidental inbreeding? -- Naked mole-rats: incest underground? -- Dwarf mongooses: inbreeding without cost? -- Seychelles warblers: island incest following a bottleneck -- Common moorhens: incest as making the best of a bad job? -- MECHANISMS OF INCEST AVOIDANCE -- Long-tailed tits: avoiding incest by divorce -- Red-cockaded woodpecker: dispersal and incest avoidance -- Acorn woodpeckers: incest avoidance at a cost -- Incest avoidance mechanisms in cooperative breeders -- CONSEQUENCES OF INCEST AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS -- Incest avoidance and reproductive skew -- Demographic consequences of incest avoidance -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 10 Reproductive skew -- TRANSACTIONAL MODELS -- Concession model -- Restraint model -- Concession and restraint: the zone of stability and conflict -- Modifications -- Competitive ability, fighting, and peace incentives -- Bribery -- Cost of reproduction for females -- Relatedness symmetry -- Bidding -- Manipulation -- Social queuing and adult survival -- Multi-member groups -- COMPROMISE AND SYNTHETIC MODELS -- Tug-of-war model -- Compromise within a transaction framework: the synthetic model -- OTHER INFLUENCES ON REPRODUCTIVE SHARING -- Female choice and sexual conflict -- Incest avoidance -- CONFOUNDING VARIABLES AND THE PROBLEM OF TESTING THE MODELS -- CASE STUDIES -- White-browed scrubwrens: simple groups formed by natal philopatry -- Acorn woodpeckers: multiple breeders, incest avoidance, and constrained random mating -- Pukekos: geographic variation in ecological constraints -- White-winged choughs: obligate cooperation and annual variation in constraints -- PROSPECTS -- Control by dominants and knowledge of sharing -- Group size and productivity -- Kin discrimination -- Benefits of grouping and cooperation -- Incest. , Female control of skew among males -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 11 Joint laying systems -- REVIEW OF JOINT-FEMALE NESTING SPECIES -- Ratites -- Mating system -- Nesting behavior -- Fitness effects -- Conclusions -- Magpie goose -- Mating system -- Nesting behavior -- Fitness effects -- Conclusions -- Pukeko, Tasmanian native hen, and common moorhen -- Mating system -- Nesting behavior -- Fitness effects -- Conclusions -- Acorn woodpecker -- Mating system -- Nesting behavior -- Fitness effects -- Conclusions -- Crotophagines -- Mating system -- Nesting behavior -- Fitness effects -- Conclusions -- PASSERINES -- Helper species with occasional cobreeding -- Taiwan yuhina -- DISCUSSION -- Conspecific brood parasitism and the evolution of joint nesting -- Multiple contexts for the evolution of joint nesting -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 12 Conservation biology -- THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF COOPERATIVELY BREEDING BIRDS -- CAUSES OF EXTINCTION -- HABITAT LOSS -- HABITAT DEGRADATION -- HABITAT FRAGMENTATION -- Dispersal patterns among cooperative breeders -- Dispersal behavior and response to habitat fragmentation -- SMALL POPULATIONS OF COOPERATIVE BREEDERS -- Population dynamics -- Genetic structure -- THE SYMBOLIC VALUE OF COOPERATIVE BREEDERS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 13 Mammals: comparisons and contrasts -- DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY -- WHY DELAY DISPERSAL? -- Habitat saturation in mammals -- Delayed dispersal in vegetarians -- Delayed dispersal in carnivores -- Synthesis: when to delay dispersal -- WHY NOT BREED? -- Reproductive skew among social mammals -- Mechanisms of reproductive skew -- Synthesis: theories explaining reproductive skew -- WHY HELP? -- Effects of help on recipients -- Benefits to parents -- Benefits to offspring -- Fitness benefits -- Indirect fitness benefits -- Direct fitness benefits -- Costs of helping. , Contributions to cooperation.

Note: Cover -- The Scientific Revolution -- Foreword -- Preface -- A -- Academies and Scientific Societies -- Accademia dei Lincei -- Accademia del Cimento -- Acosta, José de -- Acoustics -- Acta Eruditorum -- Agricola, Georgius -- Agriculture -- Air Pumps -- Alchemy -- Aldrovandi, Ulisse -- Algebra -- Anatomy -- Apothecaries and Pharmacology -- Arabic Science -- Aristotelianism -- Art -- Astrology -- Astronomy -- Atomism -- B -- Bacon, Francis (Lord Verulam) -- Baconianism -- Ballistics -- Barometers -- Beeckman, Isaac -- Bernoulli Family -- Bible -- Blood Transfusions -- Book of Nature -- Books of Secrets -- Botanical Gardens -- Botany -- Boyle, Robert -- Boyle Lectures -- Brahe, Tycho -- Bruno, Giordano -- Bureau of Address -- C -- Cabala -- Calculus -- Calendar -- Cambridge University -- Campanella, Tommaso -- Capitalism -- Cardano, Girolamo -- Cartesianism -- Cartography -- Cassini, Gian Domenico -- Causation -- Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle -- Celestial Spheres -- Chemistry -- Chronology -- Circulation of the Blood -- Clavius, Christoph -- Clitoris -- Clocks and Watches -- Clockwork Universe -- Collegio Romano -- Comets -- Compasses -- Conway, Anne -- Copernicanism -- Copernicus, Nicolaus -- Correspondence -- Courts -- Croll, Oswald -- Cunitz, Maria -- Cycloid -- D -- Decimals -- Dee, John -- Demonstrations and Public Lectures -- Descartes, René -- Digby, Sir Kenelm -- Dissection and Vivisection -- Dynamics -- E -- East Asian Science -- Education -- Elements -- Embryology -- Epicureanism -- Epigenesis -- Experiments -- Exploration, Discovery, and Colonization -- F -- Fermat, Pierre de -- Flamsteed, John -- Fludd, Robert -- Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bouvier de -- Force -- Fossils -- G -- Galenism -- Galilei, Galileo -- Gassendi, Pierre -- Gender -- Geography -- Geology -- Geometry -- Gilbert, William -- God -- Gravity. , Great Chain of Being -- Greenwich Observatory -- Gregorian Reform of the Calendar -- Gresham College -- Grew, Nehemiah -- H -- Halley, Edmond -- Harriot, Thomas -- Hartlib Circle -- Harvey, William -- Helmont, Francis Mercury van -- Helmont, Johannes Baptista van -- Herbals -- Hermeticism -- Hernández, Francisco -- Hevelius, Johannes -- Hobbes, Thomas -- Hooke, Robert -- Humanism -- Humors -- Huygens, Christiaan -- I -- Illustration -- Impetus -- Indian Science -- Inertia -- Infinity -- Instruments -- J -- Jesuits -- Jewish Culture -- Journal des scavans -- K -- Kabbalah -- Kepler, Johannes -- Kirch née Winkelmann, Maria -- Kircher, Athanasius -- L -- Laboratories -- Laws of Nature -- Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van -- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm -- Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence -- Libavius, Andreas -- Libraries -- Literature -- Locke, John -- Logarithms -- London College of Physicians -- Longitude -- M -- Magic -- Magnetism -- Malebranche, Nicholas -- Malpighi, Marcello -- Mathematics -- Matter -- Mechanical Philosophy -- Mechanics -- Medicine -- Medieval Science -- Merian, Anna Maria Sibylla -- Mersenne, Marin -- Meteorology -- Microscopes -- Midwives -- Millenarianism -- Mining -- Monsters -- Museums and Collections -- Music -- N -- National Differences in Science -- Natural History -- Natural Magic -- Natural Philosophy -- Natural Theology -- Nature, Images of -- Navigation -- Neoplatonism -- New Star of 1572 -- Newton, Isaac -- Newtonianism -- O -- Observatories -- Oldenburg, Henry -- Optics -- Oratorians -- Orta, García d' -- Oxford University -- P -- Papacy -- Paracelsianism -- Paracelsus -- Paris Observatory -- Pascal, Blaise -- Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de -- Periodicals -- Personifications and Images of Nature -- Perspective -- Pharmacology -- Philosophical Transactions -- Physicians -- Physics -- Physiology -- Planetary Spheres and Orbits. , Platonism -- Political Arithmetic -- Politics and Science -- Popularization of Science -- Porta, Giambattista della -- Preformationism -- Printing -- Priority -- Probability -- Prodigies -- Ptolemaicism -- Puritanism and Science -- R -- Race -- Ramism -- Ray, John -- Religion and Science -- Renaudot, Theóphraste -- Rhetoric -- Rosicrucianism -- Royal Academy of Sciences -- Royal Society -- Royal Touch -- Rudbeck, Olof -- Rudolf II -- Rumph, Georg Eberhard -- S -- Salons -- Scholasticism -- Sexual Difference -- Skepticism -- Slide Rules -- Spinoza, Baruch -- Spontaneous Generation -- Starkey, George -- Statistics -- Steno, Nicolaus -- Stevin, Simon -- Stoicism -- Surgeons and Surgery -- Swammerdam, Jan -- Sydenham, Thomas -- T -- Technology and Engineering -- Telescopes -- Telesio, Bernardino -- Thermometers -- Tides -- Trial of Galileo -- U -- Universal Languages -- Universities -- University of Leiden -- University of Padua -- University of Wittenberg -- Uraniborg -- Utopias -- V -- Vacuum -- Vesalius, Andreas -- Viète, Francois -- Void -- W -- Wallis, John -- War -- Weapon Salve -- Weather -- Wilkins, John -- Witchcraft and Demonology -- Women -- Wren, Christopher -- Z -- Zoology -- Chronology -- Bibliography and Web Sites -- Index -- About the Author.

Note: Cover -- Title page -- Contents -- Preface -- Summary report -- Opening remarks -- CODATA work in archiving scientific data -- Archives of electronic material in science: A view from ICSU -- Digital preservation: Overview of current developments -- STM members and digital archiving -- Preserving electronic publications -- Digital object identifiers -- Applying the lessons learned from retrospective archiving to the digital archiving conundrum -- Metadata and preservation -- The preservation problem: Collaborative approaches -- Preserving tomorrow's memory: Preserving digital content for future generations -- Annex 1: Programme of the Seminar -- Annex 2: Useful Web sites.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- PART 1 Theory -- 1. Phenomenology -- 1.1 Normal-state Boltzmann kinetics -- 1.2 London theory -- 1.3 Flux quantization -- 1.4 Ogg's pairs -- 1.5 Pippard and London superconductors -- 1.6 Ginzburg-Landau theory -- 1.6.1 Basic equations -- 1.6.2 Surface energy and thermodynamic critical field -- 1.6.3 Single vortex and lower critical field -- 1.6.4 Upper critical field -- 1.6.5 Vortex lattice -- 1.6.6 Critical current -- 1.7 Josephson tunnelling -- 2. Weak coupling theory -- 2.1 BCS Hamiltonian -- 2.2 Ground state and excitations -- 2.3 Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect -- 2.4 BCS gap, critical temperature and single-electron tunnelling -- 2.5 Isotope effect -- 2.6 Heat capacity -- 2.7 Sound attenuation -- 2.8 Nuclear spin relaxation rate -- 2.9 Thermal conductivity -- 2.10 Unconventional Cooper pairing -- 2.11 Bogoliubov equations -- 2.12 Landau criterion and gapless superconductivity -- 2.13 Andreev reflection -- 2.14 Green's function formulation of the BCS theory, T = 0 -- 2.15 Green's functions of the BCS superconductor at finite temperatures -- 2.16 Microscopic derivation of the Ginzburg-Landau equations -- 3. Intermediate-coupling theory -- 3.1 Electron-phonon interaction -- 3.2 Phonons in metal -- 3.3 Electrons in metal -- 3.4 Eliashberg equations -- 3.5 Coulomb pseudopotential -- 3.6 Cooper pairing of repulsive fermions -- 4. Strong-coupling theory -- 4.1 Electron-phonon and Coulomb interactions in the Wannier representation -- 4.2 Breakdown of Migdal-Eliashberg theory in the strong-coupling regime -- 4.3 Polaron dynamics -- 4.3.1 Polaron band -- 4.3.2 Damping of the polaron band -- 4.3.3 Small Holstein polaron and small Fröhlich polaron -- 4.3.4 Polaron spectral and Green's functions -- 4.4 Polaron-polaron interaction and bipolaron. , 4.5 Polaronic superconductivity -- 4.6 Mobile small bipolarons -- 4.6.1 On-site bipolarons and bipolaronic Hamiltonian -- 4.6.2 Inter-site bipolaron in the chain model -- 4.6.3 Superlight inter-site bipolarons -- 4.7 Bipolaronic superconductivity -- 4.7.1 Bipolarons and a charged Bose gas -- 4.7.2 Bogoliubov equations in the strong-coupling regime -- 4.7.3 Excitation spectrum and ground-state energy -- 4.7.4 Mixture of two Bose condensates -- 4.7.5 Critical temperature and isotope effect -- 4.7.6 Magnetic field expulsion -- 4.7.7 Charged vortex and lower critical field -- 4.7.8 Upper critical field in the strong-coupling regime -- 4.7.9 Symmetry of the order parameter -- PART 2 Applications to high-T[sub(c)] superconductors -- 5. Competing interactions in unconventional superconductors -- 5.1 High-T[sub(c)] superconductors: different concepts -- 5.2 Band structure and essential interactions in cuprates -- 5.3 Low Fermi energy: pairing is individual in many cuprates -- 5.4 Bipolaron bands in high-T[sub(c)] perovskites -- 5.4.1 Apex bipolarons -- 5.4.2 In-plane bipolarons -- 5.5 Bipolaron model of cuprates -- 6. Normal state of cuprates -- 6.1 In-plane resistivity and Hall ratio -- 6.2 Normal- state resistivity below T[sub(c)] -- 6.3 Lorenz number: evidence for bipolarons -- 6.4 Spin pseudogap in NMR -- 6.5 c-axis transport and charge pseudogap -- 6.6 Infrared conductivity -- 7. Superconducting transition -- 7.1 Parameter-free description of T[sub(c)] -- 7.2 Isotope effect on T[sub(c)] and on supercarrier mass -- 7.3 Specific heat anomaly -- 7.4 Universal upper critical field of unconventional superconductors -- 8. Superconducting state of cuprates -- 8.1 Low-temperature penetration depth -- 8.2 SIN tunnelling and Andreev reflection -- 8.3 SIS tunnelling -- 8.4 ARPES -- 8.4.1 Photocurrent. , 8.4.2 Self-energy of one-dimensional hole in a non-crossing approximation -- 8.4.3 Exact spectral function of a one-dimensional hole -- 8.4.4 ARPES in Y124 and Y123 -- 8.5 Sharp increase of the quasi-particle lifetime below T[sub(c)] -- 8.6 Symmetry of the order parameter and stripes -- 9. Conclusion -- A: Bloch states -- A.1 Bloch theorem -- A.2 Effective mass approximation -- A.3 Tight-binding approximation -- B: Quantum statistics and Boltzmann kinetics -- B.1 Grand partition function -- B.2 Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distribution functions -- B.3 Ideal Fermi gas -- B.3.1 Fermi energy -- B.3.2 Specific heat -- B.3.3 Pauli paramagnetism, Landau diamagnetism and de Haas-van Alphen quantum oscillations -- B.4 Ideal Bose gas -- B.4.1 Bose-Einstein condensation temperature -- B.4.2 Third-order phase transition -- B.5 Boltzmann equation -- C: Second quantization -- C.1 Slater determinant -- C.2 Annihilation and creation operators -- C.3 & -- Psi -- -operators -- D: Analytical properties of one-particle Green's functions -- E: Canonical transformation -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- PREFACE -- EDITOR -- CONTRIBUTORS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Chapter 1 -- I. Introduction -- A. THE NEED FOR AN ECOSYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE -- B. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT AND THE & -- #8220 -- SYSTEMS APPROACH& -- #8221 -- -- II. RISK-BASED ANALYSIS -- A. Introduction -- 1. Risk Analysis -- 2. Risk Assessment -- 3. Risk Management -- 4. Risk Communications -- 5. Risk-Based Corrective Action -- B. OVERVIEW OF RISK-BASED ANALYSIS -- C. RISKS AND REWARDS -- III. OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS -- A. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT -- B. INTERFACING THE ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT, AND COMMUNICATION OF RISK -- C. THE PRACTICE OF RISK-BASED ANALYSIS -- D. APPENDICES -- 1. Appendix A. Evolution of the Risk Paradigm -- 2. Appendix B. Evaluating Financial Liability Implications of Environmental Risks -- 3. Appendix C. Risk Communication Basics -- 4. Appendix D. Risk-Based AnalysisWorkbook -- 5. Appendix E. Acronyms and Glossary -- Chapter 2 -- I. Introduction -- II. HOW RISK IS DEFINED -- A. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION: A CORPORATE CAUSE C& -- #201 -- L& -- #200 -- BRE -- 1. As a Health and Ecological Peril and Concern -- 2. As a Legal Concern -- 3. As an Image Concern -- 4. As a Financial Concern -- B. EVOLUTION OF THE REGULATORY RISK ASSESSMENT/ MANAGEMENT/COMMUNICATION PARADIGM -- C. THE CURRENT & -- #8220 -- RISK-BASED& -- #8221 -- MOVEMENT -- D. THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE -- III. THE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK -- A. CLASSICAL RISK MANAGEMENT -- B. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT -- C. THE PROBLEM: MANAGING HOW RISK IS DEFINED -- IV. A MULTIDIMENSIONAL VIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPAIRMENT AND THE ASSOCIATED RISKS -- A. VIEWING RISK FROM MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES -- 1. Risk and Rationality -- 2. Framing -- 3. Shared Understanding and Legitimization -- B. INTEGRATING A BIPOLAR ISSUE -- V. MANAGING THE DEFINITION OF THE RISK. , A. DEFINING LOSS EXPOSURE AS HAZARD, RISK, AND COST -- B. DEFINING RISK SYNOPTICALLY -- 1. Risk Importance -- 2. Risk as Harm -- 3. Risk Significance -- 4. Appreciating Uncertainty -- C. MANAGING THE DEFINITION OF RISK -- Chapter 3 -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. RISK ASSESSMENT: THE JOB EVERYONE HATES -- A. HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT -- 1. The View from Toxicology -- 2. Defining Exposure -- 3. Characterizing Risk -- B. ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT -- 1. Problem Formulation -- 2. Hazard Identification -- 3. Exposure Assessment -- 4. Toxicity Assessment -- 5. Risk Characterization -- C. ACKNOWLEDGING UNCERTAINTY: THE RISE OF PROBABILISTIC RISK ASSESSMENT -- D. INFORMATION DEVELOPMENT, NOT PROBLEM SOLVING -- 1. Use in Developing Environmental Site Assessment Plans -- 2. What Risk Assessment Does and Does Not Tell You -- 3. Use in Determining the Need for Remediation or Corrective Action -- 4. Use in Developing Cleanup Goals -- 5. Use in Selecting Potential Remedial Alternatives -- 6. Use in Evaluating the Risk of Remedy -- 7. Use in Planning of Post-Remediation Activities -- III. RISK MANAGEMENT: THE JOB EVERYONE WANTS -- A. THE REGULATOR& -- #8217 -- S JOB -- B. THE VIEW OF OTHERS -- C. THE RISK MANAGER IS A PROCESS, NOT A PERSON -- IV. RISK COMMUNICATION: THE JOB NOBODY WANTS -- A. NECESSARY AND DIFFICULT -- B. MEETING THE CHALLENGE -- V. MANAGING THE INTERFACE -- & -- #197 -- . ENVIRONMENTAL NEGOTIATIONS -- B. KNOWLEDGE-BASED NETWORKS -- C. THE VALUE OF RISK-BASED ANALYSIS -- Chapter 4 -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. PROBLEM FORMULATION -- A. DEFINE: PROBLEM, DECISION, DATA AND PROCESS -- B. DEFINE THE PROBLEM -- 1. Assemble Available Background Information -- 2. Analyze the Problem -- 3. Conceptual Modeling to Aid Problem Definition -- C. DEFINE THE DECISION -- D. INFORM THE DECISION: DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES -- E. PLAN THE REST OF THE PROCESS. , III. SITUATION ANALYSIS -- A. INTEGRATING PERSPECTIVE, ANTICIPATING ISSUES -- B. PLAYERS -- C. ISSUES -- D. PROBLEM FORMULATION UPDATE -- IV. MANAGING THE RISK ASSESSMENT -- V. RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS -- A. BASIS FOR ACTION -- B. GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND ENDPOINTS -- C. REMEDIAL OPTIONS -- D. VALUE CREATION -- VI. DEVELOPING RISK ARGUMENTS -- VII. REDEVELOPMENT AS REMEDIATION OR ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC FUSION -- A. OVERHAULING CONVENTION -- 1. Economically Viable Sites -- 2. Marginal Sites -- 3. Upside-Down Sites -- B. UPSIZING SITES: OUTSIDE-THE-BOX THINKING -- C. NEW PARADIGM: VALUE CREATION -- 1. Identifies Barriers -- 2. Considers Economic Catalysts -- 3. Benefits of Upsizing -- D. THE FUTURE IS IN THE PAST AND THE GAIN IS IN THE LOSS -- Appendix A -- I. HISTORICAL CONTEXT -- II. THE NAS & -- #8220 -- RED BOOK& -- #8221 -- -- III. RISE OF THE RISK-BASED CORRECTIVE ACTION CONCEPT -- IV. THE NAS & -- #8220 -- BLUE BOOK& -- #8221 -- -- V. UNDERSTANDING RISK: INFORMING DECISIONS IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY -- A. DECISION-DRIVEN: INFORMING CHOICES, SOLVING PROBLEMS -- B. CONSIDER RELEVANT LOSSES, HARMS, OR CONSEQUENCES -- C. APPLY AN ANALYTIC-DELIBERATIVE PROCESS -- D. STARTWITH PROVISIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE DECISION -- E. NEED FOR PROBLEM FORMULATION -- F. A MUTUAL AND ITERATIVE PROCESS -- G. DEVELOPING ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY -- VI. FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT -- A. DEFINING THE PROBLEM -- B. ANALYZING RISKS -- C. EXAMINING OPTIONS -- D. MAKING A DECISION -- E. TAKING ACTION -- F. EVALUATING RESULTS -- VII. USEPA& -- #8217 -- S REMEDY SELECTION RULES OF THUMB -- A. RISK ASSESSMENT RULES OF THUMB -- 1. Conceptual Site Model -- 2. Exposure Pathways -- 3. Data Needs -- 4. Site-Specific Risk Calculations -- 5. Other Measures of Risk -- 6. Exposed Populations -- 7. Ecological Risk Assessment. , B. RISK MANAGEMENT RULES OF THUMB -- 1. Basis for Action -- 2. Preliminary Remediation Goals& -- #8212 -- Carcinogens -- 3. Preliminary Remediation Goals& -- #8212 -- Non-carcinogens -- 4. Chemical-Specific ARARs -- 5. Background Concentrations -- 6. Selecting Remedial Action -- 7. Timing -- VIII. ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT GUIDANCE -- IX. COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT -- A. DIALOGUE -- B. PARTNERSHIPS -- C. ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE -- D. STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT -- X. PROBABILISTIC RISK ASSESSMENT -- XI. PERSPECTIVES FROM STATE INITIATIVES AND VOLUNTARY CLEANUP PROGRAMS -- XII. INTERNATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT PERSPECTIVE -- Appendix B -- I. A FINANCIAL PERSPECTIVE -- II. FINANCING ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT -- A. CAPITAL EXPENDITURES -- B. OPERATING EXPENSES -- C. RESERVE EXPENDITURES -- D. COMPARISON OF FINANCING TYPES -- III. BUILDING SHAREHOLDER VALUE FROM PROJECT COSTS -- IV. COMPARING AND OPTIMIZING STRATEGIES -- V. EVALUATING A CORPORATE PORTFOLIO -- VI. THE NEED FOR BETTER ANALYSIS -- Appendix C -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. & -- #8220 -- THE RULES& -- #8221 -- -- RULE 1. Once brought into the public eye because of your association with a -- RULE 2. The & -- #8220 -- facts of life& -- #8221 -- of Rule 1 lead to the second rule of -- RULE 3. The third rule is the hardest for most engineers and executives to -- III. THE FOUR PRIORITIES OF PUBLIC COMMUNICATION -- A. FOR EACH AUDIENCE, DEFINE THE RISK -- B. DESCRIBE ACTIONS THAT MITIGATE THE RISK -- C. IDENTIFY THE CAUSE OF THE RISK -- D. DEMONSTRATE RESPONSIBLE MANAGEMENT ACTION -- IV. DECISION PRIORITIES -- A. TO WHOM MUST WE COMMUNICATE AND IN WHAT PRIORITY? -- B. WHAT ARE THE KEY POINTS FOR EACH OF THE DIFFERENT PUBLICS? -- C. WHEN DOES THE COMPANY FIRST COMMUNICATE? -- D. WHAT VEHICLE SHOULD BE USED TO COMMUNICATE? -- E. WHO SHOULD DO THE COMMUNICATING?. , F. WHAT IS THE APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND FOR EACH AUDIENCE? -- G. FROM WHERE DO YOU COMMUNICATE? -- H. ARE AUTHORITIES LIMITING COMMUNICATIONS (EITHER CONTENT, TIMING, SCOPE, OR MEDIA), AND SHOULD THE COMPANY COOPERATE WITH THESE LIMITATIONS? -- I. WHAT IS THE DECISION OR APPROVAL PROCESS FOR STATEMENTS THAT THE COMPANY MAY MAKE? -- V. DEVELOPING A COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY AND PLAN -- Appendix D -- Table D.1 Risk-Based Analysis: Five Progressive, Knowledge-Building Value Points -- Table D.2 Problem Formulation Background Information Checklist -- Table D.3 Problem Formulation Initial Problem Statement -- Table D.4 Problem Formulation Conceptual Site Model -- Table D.5 Problem Formulation Defining the Decision: Issues Analysis -- Table D.6 Problem Formulation Defining the Decision: Objective Issue Typology -- Table D.7 Problem Formulation Defining the Decision -- Table D.8 Problem Formulation Informing the Decision -- Table D.9 Problem Formulation Planning the Rest of the Process -- Table D.10 Situation Analysis Defining the Decision: Players -- Table D.11 Situation Analysis Defining the Decision: Issues -- Table D.12 Situation Analysis Defining the Decision: Subjective Issue Typology -- Table D.13 Situation Analysis Problem Formulation Update -- Table D.14 Managing the Risk Assessment Rules-of-Thumb for a Baseline Assessment -- Table D.15 Managing the Risk Assessment -- Table D.16 Risk Management Options Rules-of-Thumb -- Table D.17 Integrating Remedial/Corrective Action and Redevelopment Plans -- Table D.18 Risk Arguments -- Appendix E -- I. ACRONYMS -- II. GLOSSARY -- REFERENCES.

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- William Petty -- Robert Boyle -- William Molyneux -- Nicholas Callan -- William Parsons, Earl of Rosse -- Humphrey Lloyd -- Thomas Grubb and Howard Grubb -- William Rowan Hamilton -- James MacCullagh -- Thomas Andrews -- George Gabriel Stokes -- John Tyndall -- Samuel Haughton -- William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) -- George Johnstone Stoney -- George Francis FitzGerald -- John Joly -- Joseph Larmor -- Frederick Thomas Trouton -- John Sealy Edward Townsend -- John A McClelland -- Erwin Schro¨dinger -- Cornelius Lanczos -- John Synge -- John Desmond Bernal -- Ernest Walton -- Walter Heitler -- Sir William McCrea -- Cormac O ´ Ceallaigh -- David Bates -- John Stewart Bell -- Lochlainn O ´ Raifeartaigh -- Back Cover.

Note: FRONT COVER -- PREFACE -- ABSTRACTION -- ADMINISTRATION OF SCIENCE -- AESTHETICS -- AGE OF SCIENCE -- ANALOGY -- ANSWER -- ANTI-SCIENCE -- APPLIED SCIENCE -- AXIOMS -- BEAUTY -- BOOKS -- CHAOS -- COMMON SENSE -- COMMUNICATION IN SCIENCE -- CONCEPTS -- DATA -- DEFINITION -- DISCOVERY -- DOGMA -- ERROR -- ETHICS -- EXPERIENCE -- EXPERIMENT -- FACTS -- FAILURE -- FORMULA -- FUNDING -- GOD -- HISTORY OF SCIENCE -- HYPOTHESIS -- IMAGINATION -- INDUCTION -- INFORMATION -- INSTRUMENTS -- INTUITION -- INVENTION -- IRRATIONAL -- KNOWLEDGE -- LANGUAGE -- LAWS -- LITERATURE -- LOGIC -- MAGIC -- MAN OF SCIENCE -- MEASUREMENT -- METAPHOR -- METHOD -- MYTH -- OBSERVATION -- OCCAM'S RAZOR -- PARADIGM -- PARADOX -- PRAYER -- PREDICTION -- PROBABLE ERROR -- PROBLEMS -- PROGRESS OF SCIENCE -- PROOF -- PROPOSITIONS -- PUBLICATIONS -- QUESTIONS -- REALITY -- REASON -- RELATIONS -- RESEARCH -- RULES -- SAVANT -- SCIENCE -- SCIENCE AND ART -- SCIENCE AND FREEDOM -- SCIENCE AND GOD -- SCIENCE AND MORALS -- SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY -- SCIENCE AND POETRY -- SCIENCE AND POLITICS -- SCIENCE AND RELIGION -- SCIENCE AND WOMEN -- SCIENTIFIC -- SCIENTIFIC GLOSSARY -- SCIENTIFIC PAPERS -- SCIENTIST -- SOLUTION -- TECHNOLOGY -- TEMPLE OF SCIENCE -- THEORY -- TRUTH -- UNDERSTANDING -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- PERMISSIONS -- SUBJECT BY AUTHOR INDEX -- AUTHOR BY SUBJECT INDEX -- BACK COVER.

Note: Front Cover -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- 1. The Pros and Cons of Living In An Oxygen Atmopshere -- 2. Basic Chemistry of Radicals -- 3. Chemistry of Oxygen-Derived Radicals -- 4. Chemistry of Electronically Excited States -- 5. Formation of Reactive Oxygen Metabolites In Vivo -- 6. Reactions of Reactive Oxygen Metabolites With Important Biomolecules -- 7. Nitricoxide -- 8. Antioxidants -- 9. Pathological Processes Involving Reactive Oxygen Metabolites -- Conclusion -- References -- Back Cover.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- List of symbols -- 1 Nonlinear waves in elastic solids -- 1.1 Basic definitions -- 1.1.1 Wave terminology -- 1.1.2 Deformation and strains -- 1.1.3 Stresses -- 1.2 Physical and geometrical sources of nonlinearity -- 1.2.1 Elastic potentials and moduli -- 1.3 Compressibility, dispersion and dissipation in wave guides -- 2 A mathematical description of the general deformation wave problem -- 2.1 Action functional and the Lagrange formalism -- 2.2 Coupled equations of long wave propagation -- 2.3 One-dimensional quasi-hyperbolic equation -- 2.3.1 Derivation of the Doubly Dispersive Equation (DDE) -- 2.3.2 Refinement of the derivation of the DDE -- 2.3.3 Equations for wave in non-uniform highly nonlinear wave guide -- 2.4 Main assumptions and 2-D coupled equations -- 2.5 Waves in a wave guide embedded in an external medium -- 3 Direct methods and formal solutions -- 3.1 Nonlinear hyperbolic and evolution equations -- 3.1.1 Travelling wave solutions to the KdV and the DDE equations -- 3.2 Conservation laws -- 3.2.1 The Hamiltonian structure -- 3.3 Some notices in critical points analysis for an o.d.e. -- 3.4 New approach to a solution for an autonomous dissipative nonlinear equation -- 3.5 A general theorem of reduction -- 3.6 Dissipative equations with polynomial nonlinearity -- 3.6.1 Square and cubic polynomial nonlinearities -- 3.6.2 Physical interpretation of additional conditions for the travelling wave existence -- 3.7 Elliptic function solutions to higher order problems -- 3.8 Example of a nonlinear reaction-diffusion problem -- 3.8.1 Discontinuous solutions -- 3.8.2 Bounded periodical and solitary wave solutions -- 3.8.3 Autosoliton solution -- 3.8.4 Periodic bounded solutions in case Δ > -- 0. , 4 Nonlinear strain waves in elastic wave guides -- 4.1 Features of longitudinal waves in a rod -- 4.2 Experiments in nonlinear waves in solids -- 4.2.1 Strain soliton observation -- 4.2.2 Why is it a soliton? -- 4.2.3 Reflection of a strain soliton -- 4.3 Solitons in inhomogeneous rods -- 4.3.1 Solitons in the non-uniform rod -- 4.3.2 Solitons in the inhomogeneous rod -- 4.4 Experiments in soliton propagation in the non-uniform rod -- 5 Nonlinear waves in complex wave guides -- 5.1 Longitudinal nonlinear waves in an elastic plate -- 5.1.1 Generation and observation of the strain soliton in a plate -- 5.2 Longitudinal waves in rods embedded in a surrounding medium -- 5.2.1 Kinks in a rod in full contact with a surrounding medium -- 5.2.2 Waves in a rod in sliding contact with a surrounding medium -- 5.2.3 Statement and the solution to the problem -- 5.2.4 External stresses on the rod lateral surface -- 5.2.5 Derivation of strain-displacement relationships inside the rod -- 5.2.6 A nonlinear evolution equation for longitudinal strain waves along the rod and its solution -- 5.2.7 The influence of the external medium on the propagation of the strain soliton along the rod -- 5.2.8 A numerical simulation of unsteady strain wave propagation -- 5.2.9 Applications of the theory -- 5.2.10 Conclusions -- 5.3 Nonlinear waves in the layer upon the elastic half space -- 5.3.1 Physical background -- 5.3.2 Basic equations -- 5.3.3 The layer and the half-space contact with slippage -- 5.3.4 The full contact of the layer and the half-space -- 5.3.5 On various mathematical models of nonlinear waves in a layered medium -- 5.3.6 On physical experiments in waves in a layered medium -- 6 Numerical simulation of the solitary waves in solids -- 6.1 Numerical simulation of non-stationary deformation waves -- 6.1.1 Parametrisation of the strain solitary wave. , 6.2 Solitary waves in a homogeneous rod -- 6.3 Solitary waves in a nonuniform rod -- 6.4 Solitary waves in complex rods -- 6.4.1 Strain solitons in a rod with the periodically varied cross section -- 6.4.2 An example of classification using soliton transformation -- Conclusive remarks and tentative applications -- Bibliography -- Appendix -- Index.