Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Intelligent Computing Systems -- 2 Semantic Tools -- Their Use for Knowledge Management in the Public Sector -- Abstract -- 1 Outlines -- 2 Introduction---Presentation of the Field of Interest -- 2.1 E-Government---The Opportunities Through the Semantic Web -- 2.2 Public Open Data for the Transition to `Open Government' -- 3 Related Work -- 4 Semantic Representation of Knowledge -- 4.1 The RDF Data Model -- 4.2 The URI's Use -- 4.3 RDF Schema Specification Language -- 4.4 Web Ontology Language---OWL -- 5 Reasoning Tools -- 5.1 SWRL Rules -- 5.2 The Query Language SQWRL -- 6 Presentation of Our Ontology Through Prot00E9g00E9 -- 6.1 The Ontology Development in Prot00E9g00E9 4.3 -- 6.2 The E-Government Ontology -- 6.2.1 Defining Classes -- 6.2.2 Defining Properties -- 6.3 The Use of RDF, RDFS, OWL and SWRL Through a Case Study -- 7 Data Mining Technology from Ontologies -- 7.1 SPARQL -- 7.2 SPARQL-DL in OWL2 Query Tab of Prot00E9g00E9 -- 7.3 DL Query Tool of Prot00E9g00E9 -- 8 Evaluation of Ontology -- 8.1 Categorization of the Ontology -- 8.2 Basic Principles of Design -- 8.3 Methodology of the Ontology Development -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 From Game Theory to Complexity, Emergence and Agent-Based Modeling in World Politics -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Game Theory in World Politics -- 2.1 A Game Theoretic Approach of Global Environmental Diplomacy -- 3 From Game Theory to Complexity -- 3.1 Emergence in World Politics -- 4 Simulating Complexity with Agent-Based Modeling -- 4.1 Agent-Based Modeling Research in World Politics -- 4.1.1 Political Applications of ABM -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- List of Software Resources -- 4 A Semantic Approach for Representing and Querying Business Processes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Semantic Web Techniques in Management Information Systems -- 2.1 What's Worth in Combining Management Information Systems with Semantic Web Technologies? -- 2.2 Process Models, Conceptual Models and Ontologies -- 2.3 Querying Business Process Models -- 2.4 Related Work -- 3 A BPMN Semantic Process Model -- 3.1 The Research Methodology -- 3.2 Developing Business Process Models -- 3.3 Developing the Ontology -- 3.3.1 The Scope of the BPMN Elements -- 3.3.2 The Scope of the Generic BPMN Alternative Models -- 3.3.3 The Scope of the Agent or Actor Participating in the Process -- 3.4 Validating the Ontology -- 4 Querying Conventional Databases and Semantic Models -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Using Conversational Knowledge Management as a Lens for Virtual Collaboration in the Course of Small Group Activities -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work and Motivation -- 2.1 Conversational Patterns -- 2.2 Design Frames and Technologies for CK Management -- 2.3 Consolidation and Research Focus -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Data Samples and Analysis -- 3.2 Language-Action Models -- 4 Implementation -- 4.1 Transformable Document Templates -- 4.2 The Portlets -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 Spatial Environments for m-Learning: Review and Potentials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 List of Resources -- 3 Classification Criteria -- 4 Exemplary Environments -- 5 Comparison -- 6 Results -- 7 Conclusions/Future Work -- References -- 7 Science Teachers' Metaphors of Digital Technologies and Social Media in Pedagogy in Finland and in Greece -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Background -- 2.1 Approaching Science -- 2.2 The Relationship Between Science and Digital Technology -- 3 The Study -- 3.1 Aims & -- Methods -- 3.2 The Context and the Participants -- 4 Findings -- 4.1 Science as Way of Thinking. , 4.2 Science as Method -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Data Driven Monitoring of Energy Systems: Gaussian Process Kernel Machine for Fault Identification with Application to Boiling Water Reactors -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gaussian Process Kernel Machines -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Application to Monitoring Complex Energy Systems: The Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Case -- 4.1 Problem Statement -- 4.2 Testing Results -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 A Framework to Assess the Behavior and Performance of a City Towards Energy Optimization -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Policy Context -- 3 Current Relevant Initiatives -- 4 Description of the Framework -- 5 Municipal Building Level SCEAF -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 An Energy Management Platform for Smart Microgrids -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Smart Polygeneration Microgrid Pilot Plant -- 3 The Energy Management Platform -- 4 The Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions and Future Research Lines -- References -- List of Resources -- 11 Transit Journaling and Traffic Sensitive Routing for a Mixed Mode Public Transportation System -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Limited Scope of Data -- 1.2 Formal Route Names Versus Informal Headsigns -- 1.3 Insufficient Stop Descriptions -- 1.4 Traffic Sensitivity in Routing/Trip Planning -- 2 Related Work -- 2.1 Crowdsourced Mapping and Real-time Tracking -- 2.2 Activity Detection -- 2.3 Trip Planning/Routing -- 2.3.1 Dijkstra's Algorithm -- 2.3.2 A* Search -- 2.3.3 Raptor -- 2.4 Trip Planning with Real-time Data -- 3 Methodology/Design -- 3.1 The Server/Back-End -- 3.1.1 GTFS Data Pre-processing -- 3.1.2 Server Design -- 3.1.3 The Modified RAPTOR Search Algorithm -- 3.2 The Mobile App -- 3.2.1 Search -- 3.2.2 Results/Journey Displays -- 3.2.3 Recording. , 3.2.4 Traffic Report -- 3.2.5 Results Display -- 3.2.6 Journey Display -- 3.2.7 Journal -- 3.2.8 Stop Editor -- 3.2.9 Route Editor -- 4 Tests and Results -- 4.1 Basic Routing Capacity -- 4.1.1 Survey -- 4.1.2 Demographics -- 4.1.3 Algorithm Evaluation -- 4.2 Traffic Sensitivity -- 4.3 Journey Recorder -- 5 Future Work -- 5.1 Base Estimate Correction -- 5.2 Preference-Weighing System -- 5.3 Traffic Flow Prediction -- 5.4 Further Evaluation of Mapping Ability -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Adaptation of Automatic Information Extraction Method for Environmental Heatmaps to U-Matrices of Self Organising Maps -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Formulation -- 3 HInEx---Heatmap Information Extraction -- 3.1 The Idea -- 3.2 Heatmap Area Isolation -- 3.3 Clustering Image Pixels Based on Colors -- 3.4 Generating Tree Description -- 3.5 The Key Search and Its Analysis -- 3.6 The Axis Search and Their Analysis -- 3.7 Complete Heatmap Description -- 4 SOM Cluster Number Extraction Based on U-Matrix -- 4.1 The Idea of HInEx Application to SOM U-Matrix -- 4.2 Clustering -- 4.3 Extracting a U-Matrix Cell Corresponding to a Single Distance Between Neurons -- 4.4 Searching a Color Representing the Minimal Neuron Distance in SOM -- 4.5 Threshold-like Operation -- 4.6 Dilatation and Erosion-like Operations -- 4.7 Searching for the Number of Groups in SOM -- 5 SOM Generator Description -- 6 Experimental Study -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Evolutionary Computing and Genetic Algorithms: Paradigm Applications in 3D Printing Process Optimization -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Evolutionary Optimization -- 3 Determination of the Pareto-Optimal Build Orientations in Stereolithography -- 3.1 Orientation Selection in SL -- 3.2 Algorithm Configuration and Implementation -- 3.3 Build Orientation Case Study. , 4 Determination of the Optimum Packing Layout in Stereolithography Machine Workspace -- 4.1 Optimization Scheme -- 4.2 Packing Layout Construction Process -- 4.3 Packing Layout Case Studies -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Car-Like Mobile Robot Navigation: A Survey -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 RRT-Based Methods -- 2.1 Unsafe Path Planning -- 2.2 Safe Path Planning -- 2.3 Rapidly Exploring Random Tree Algorithm on Rough Terrains (RRT-RT) -- 2.4 RRT Motion Planning Subsystem -- 2.5 Partial Motion Planning -- 2.6 Sensor-Based Random Tree (SRT) -- 2.7 RRT* Algorithm -- 2.8 Voronoi Fast Marching (VFM) and Fast Marching (FM2) -- 2.9 SBL Algorithm -- 2.10 Single-Query Motion Planning -- 2.11 Dynamic-Domain RRT -- 2.12 Transition-Based RRT -- 2.13 Parallelizing Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree (RRT) Algorithm on Large-Scale Distributed-Memory Architectures -- 2.14 Obstacle Sensitive Cost Function for Navigating Car-Like Robots -- 3 Methods Based on Fuzzy Logic -- 3.1 Distributed Active-Vision Network-Space System -- 3.2 Internet-Based Smart Space Navigation Using Fuzzy-Neural Adaptive Control -- 4 Sensor-Based Methods -- 4.1 Dynamic Window Approach (DWA) -- 4.2 Generalized Voronoi Graph (GVG) Theory -- 4.3 Navigation in Dynamic Environments Using Trajectory Deformation -- 4.4 Probabilistic Velocity Obstacle (PVO) -- 5 SLAM-Based Methods -- 5.1 On-line Path Following -- 5.2 The CyCab: A Car-Like Robot Navigating Autonomously and Safely Among Pedestrians -- 5.3 V-Slam -- 5.4 SLAM-Based Turning Strategy in Restricted Environments -- 5.5 L-Slam -- 6 Conclusions and Future Work -- 6.1 Future Directions in Autonomous Robot Navigation and Obstacle Perception -- 6.2 Future Directions in Applications of Autonomously-Navigating Robots -- References -- 15 Computing a Similarity Coefficient for Mining Massive Data Sets -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Related Work.

Note: Intro -- Adaptation and Evolution in Marine Environments,Volume 2 -- Preface -- Letter from the Editorial Team -- Editorial Introduction -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Biodiversity Evolution and DataManagement -- 1 The Census of Antarctic Marine Life: The First Available Baseline for Antarctic Marine Biodiversity -- 1.1…History of the Project -- 1.1.1 The IPY Proposal -- 1.1.2 CAML Organization -- 1.1.3 CAML Scientific Targets -- 1.2…CAML Coordination Effort -- 1.2.1 CAML Main Expeditions -- 1.3…CAML Main Results -- 1.3.1 Distributional Records -- 1.3.2 Coordination with SCAR-MarBIN -- 1.3.3 DNA Barcoding -- 1.3.4 Published Results and Journal Special Issues -- 1.3.5 Workshop Organisation -- 1.4…The CAML Legacy -- 1.5…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- 2 Connecting Biodiversity Data During the IPY: The Path Towards e-Polar Science -- 2.1…IPY and the Need for Data Sharing -- 2.2…The Antarctic Biodiversity Data Ecosystem -- 2.3…Findings and Motivations -- 2.4…The Biodiversity Data Paper Concept -- 2.5…The Future: Towards True Integration -- 2.6…Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II Evolution: A Molecular Perspective -- 3 Southern Ocean Evolution in a Global Context: A Molecular Viewpoint -- 3.1…A Brief Climatic, Oceanographic and Tectonic History of the Southern Ocean -- 3.2…The Antarctic Circumpolar Current as a Barrier -- 3.3…Connectivity with Other Oceans -- 3.3.1 Southern Ocean: Source and Sink? -- 3.3.2 Difficulties in Dating Evolutionary Events to Relate Them to Climate Change -- 3.3.3 Cosmopolitan Species -- 3.3.4 Bipolar Species -- 3.4…Connectivity within the Southern Ocean -- 3.4.1 The Southern Ocean as a Biodiversity Hotspot -- 3.4.2 Cryptic Species -- 3.4.3 Eurybathy and Circumpolarity -- 3.5…Summary and Future Directions for Molecular Work -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 4 Pole-to-Pole Gene Flow in Protozoan Ciliates -- 4.1…Backgrounds -- 4.2…Ciliate Biodiversity at the Poles -- 4.3…Ciliate Mating Systems -- 4.4…Collection Sites and Polar Euplotes Species -- 4.5…Phylogenetic Relationships -- 4.6…Mating and Breeding Interactions -- 4.7…Preliminary Evidence of Pole-to-Pole Gene Flow in Nature -- 4.8…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Excess Oxygen in Polar Evolution: A Whole Organism Perspective -- 5.1…Living Conditions in Antarctic Marine Waters -- 5.2…A Unifying Concept: Oxygen and Capacity Limitation of Thermal Tolerance -- 5.3…Antarctic Challenges: Physiological Pathways of Adapting to Cold -- 5.3.1 Marine Crustaceans -- 5.3.2 At the Doorstep to Antarctica: Sub-Antarctic Stone Crabs -- 5.4…Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Catalysis and Protein Folding in Extreme Temperature Environments -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…The Thermophiles -- 6.2.1 The Stability Problem -- 6.2.2 Activity and Stability -- 6.2.3 Folding at High Temperature -- 6.2.3.1 GroEL/GroES -- 6.2.3.2 DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE -- 6.2.3.3 The Trigger Factor -- 6.2.4 Partial Conclusion -- 6.3…The Psychrophiles -- 6.3.1 Enzyme Activity at Low Temperatures -- 6.3.2 Folding at Low Temperatures -- 6.4…Conclusions -- References -- Part III Monitoring and Management -- 7 Changing the Look on Seals from Pole to Pole with Satellite Technology -- 7.1…Satellites in Seal Research -- 7.2…Antarctic Seals -- 7.2.1 Crabeater Seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) -- 7.2.2 Ross Seal (Ommatophoca rossii) -- 7.2.3 Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) -- 7.2.4 Spatial Segregation of Antarctic Phocid Seals -- 7.3…Arctic Seals -- 7.3.1 Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) -- 7.3.1.1 Greenland Sea -- 7.3.1.2 White Sea -- 7.3.2 Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata) -- 7.4…Adaptations to Diving -- References. , 8 Environmental Processes, Biodiversity and Changes in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Environmental Processes -- 8.2.1 Atmosphere -- 8.2.2 Terrestrial Environment -- 8.2.3 Marine Environment -- 8.2.3.1 Physical Setting -- 8.2.3.2 Hydrochemistry -- 8.2.3.3 Geophysics and Geochemistry -- 8.2.3.4 Marine Life -- 8.3…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Environmental Assessment of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…Study Area -- 9.3…Environmental Assessment -- 9.3.1 Atmospheric Environment -- 9.3.2 Terrestrial Environment -- 9.3.3 Marine Environment -- 9.4…Monitoring Strategy Proposal -- 9.4.1 Terrestrial Environment Indicators -- 9.4.2 Marine Environment Indicators -- 9.5…Final Considerations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Anthropogenic Impacts on Sub-Antarctic and Antarctic Islands and the Adjacent Marine Environments -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Southern Ocean: Anthropogenic Pressures -- 10.2.1 Climate Change -- 10.2.2 Human Activity in Antarctica -- 10.2.3 Sealing, Whaling and Fisheries -- 10.2.4 Tourism -- 10.2.5 Invasive Species -- 10.2.6 Offshore Exploration, Military and Scientific Activities -- 10.3…Marine Environmental Management -- 10.4…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Polar Monitoring: Seabirds as Sentinels of Marine Ecosystems -- 11.1…The Global Importance of Polar Monitoring -- 11.2…Seabirds as Bio-Indicators -- 11.2.1 High Trophic Level Position -- 11.2.2 Diversity of Species and Food Web Interactions -- 11.2.3 Wide Sampling Range -- 11.2.4 Autonomous Environmental Samplers -- 11.3…Understanding Seabird Responses to Environmental Patterns Can Help Us Gauge the Adaptive Capacities to Future Climate Changes -- 11.3.1 Phenotypic Flexibility and Plasticity -- 11.3.1.1 Phenology -- 11.3.1.2 Foraging Strategies. , 11.3.1.3 Dispersal -- 11.3.2 Microevolutionary Processes -- 11.3.2.1 Selection -- 11.3.2.2 Genetic Drift -- 11.3.2.3 Genetic Flow -- 11.3.3 Integrating Phenotypic and Microevolutionary Approaches -- 11.4…Polar Life Observatories to Track Changes of Polar Ecosystems -- 11.4.1 What are Life Observatories? -- 11.4.1.1 Demographic Monitoring -- 11.4.1.2 Genetic Assessment and Monitoring -- 11.4.1.3 Bio-Monitoring Pollution -- 11.4.1.4 Foraging Monitoring -- 11.4.2 Innovative Technology Development and Ethics -- 11.5…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Conclusions -- Perspectives and Implications.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Section I Single Use Plastics -- Chapter 1 Scientometric Analysis of Microplastics across the Globe -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Trends in Scientific Production and Citations -- 1.3.2 Top Funding Agencies -- 1.3.3 Top 10 Global Affiliations -- 1.3.4 Top Countries -- 1.3.5 Top 10 Databases and Journals -- 1.3.6 Top 10 Published Articles -- 1.3.7 Top 10 Author Keywords and Research Areas -- 1.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans - A Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Plastics -- 2.1.2 Plastic Pollution -- 2.1.3 Microplastics -- 2.1.4 Importance of Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans -- 2.2 Polar Regions -- 2.2.1 General -- 2.2.2 Sea Ice -- 2.2.3 Water -- 2.2.4 Sediments -- 2.2.5 Biota -- 2.3 Future Perspectives -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Microplastics - Global Scenario -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Environmental Issues of Plastic Waste -- 3.3 Coprocessing of Plastic Waste in Cement Kilns -- 3.3.1 Cost of Plants to Convert Plastic Waste to Refused-Derived Fuel (RDF) -- 3.4 Disposal of Plastic Waste Through Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT) -- 3.4.1 Merits of PPT -- 3.5 Constraints on the Use of Plastic Waste Disposal Technologies -- 3.6 Alternate to Conventional Petro-based Plastic Carry Bags and Films -- 3.7 Improving Waste Management -- 3.7.1 Phasing Out Microplastics -- 3.7.2 Promoting Research into Alternatives -- 3.7.3 Actions and Resolutions -- References -- Chapter 4 The Single-Use Plastic Pandemic in the COVID-19 Era -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Data Sources -- 4.2.2 Estimation of the General population's Daily Use of Face Masks. , 4.2.3 Estimation of the Daily Amount of Medical Waste in Hospitals -- 4.3 Trends in Production and Consumption of SUPs during the Pandemic -- 4.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment -- 4.3.2 Packaging SUPs -- 4.3.2.1 Trends in Plastic Waste Generation, Management, and Environmental Fate during the COVID-19 Era -- 4.4 SUP Waste from the Pandemic -- 4.4.1 Environmental Impacts from SUP Waste -- 4.4.2 Management of SUP Waste -- 4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Section II Microplastics in the Aerosphere -- Chapter 5 Atmospheric Microplastic Transport -- 5.1 The Phenomenon of Microplastic Transport -- 5.2 Factors Affecting Microplastic Transport -- 5.2.1 Types of MPs -- 5.2.2 Characteristics and Sources of Microplastics Emitters -- 5.2.3 Meteorological Conditions -- 5.2.4 Altitude and Surface Roughness -- 5.2.5 Microplastic Deposition Processes in the Ocean -- 5.2.6 Microplastics Deposition Processes in the Air -- 5.3 Microplastic Transport Modelling -- 5.3.1 Eulerian Method -- 5.3.2 Lagrangian Method -- References -- Chapter 6 Microplastics in the Atmosphere and Their Human and Eco Risks -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 6.2.1 Size, Shapes, and Colours -- 6.2.2 Chemical Composition -- 6.2.3 Sources of Microplastics -- 6.2.4 Spatial Distribution and Rate of Deposition -- 6.2.5 Effects of Climatic Conditions on MP Distribution -- 6.2.6 Transport Pathways -- 6.2.7 Pollutants Associated with MPs -- 6.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health and the Eco Risk -- 6.3.1 Impact on Human Health -- 6.3.2 Eco Risk -- 6.4 Strategies to Minimise Atmospheric MPs through Future Research -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Sampling and Detection of Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classification -- 7.3 Sampling Microplastics -- 7.3.1 Sampling Airborne Microplastics. , 7.3.2 Sediment -- 7.3.3 Water -- 7.3.4 Biota -- 7.4 Sample Preparation -- 7.5 Detection and Characterisation of MPs in the Atmosphere -- 7.5.1 Microscopic Techniques for Detecting MPs -- 7.5.1.1 Stereomicroscopy -- 7.5.1.2 Fluorescence Microscopy -- 7.5.1.3 Polarised Optical Microscopy (POM) -- 7.5.1.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 7.5.1.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 7.5.1.6 Hot Needle Technique -- 7.5.1.7 Digital Holography -- 7.5.2 Spectroscopic Techniques for Analysing MPs -- 7.5.2.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy -- 7.5.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy -- 7.5.3 Thermal Analysis -- 7.5.3.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- 7.5.3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 7.5.3.3 Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS) -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Funding -- References -- Chapter 8 Sources and Circulation of Microplastics in the Aerosphere - Atmospheric Transport of Microplastics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Occurrence and Abundance of Atmospheric MP -- 8.1.2 Plastic Polymers and Their Properties -- 8.1.3 Sources and Pathways of MPs in the Atmosphere -- 8.2 Temporal and Spatial Trends in MP Accumulation -- 8.2.1 Roadside MPs -- 8.2.2 Agricultural Fields and Soil -- 8.2.3 Wastewater and Sludge -- 8.2.4 Ocean/Marine Debris -- 8.3 Formation of MPs -- 8.3.1 Physical Weathering -- 8.3.2 Chemical Weathering -- 8.3.3 Biodegradation -- 8.3.4 Photo-thermal Oxidation -- 8.3.5 Thermal Degradation -- 8.4 Atmospheric Circulation, Transport, Suspension, and Deposition -- 8.4.1 Wet Deposition -- 8.4.2 Dry Deposition -- 8.4.3 Urban Dust -- 8.4.4 Suspended Atmospheric MPs -- 8.5 Atmospheric Chemistry of MPs -- 8.6 Predicting MP Dispersion and Transport -- 8.7 Eco-Environmental Impacts -- 8.7.1 Impacts on Human and Wildlife Health -- 8.7.2 Impacts on the Climate -- 8.8 Future Perspectives -- References. , Section III Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment -- Chapter 9 Interaction of Chemical Contaminants with Microplastics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Interactions -- 9.3 Mechanisms -- 9.3.1 Interactions between Organic Contaminants and Microplastics -- 9.3.2 Interactions between Heavy Metals and Microplastics -- 9.3.3 Kinetics of the Sorption Process -- 9.3.4 Pseudo-First-Order Model -- 9.3.5 Pseudo-Second-Order Model -- 9.3.6 Intraparticle Diffusion Model -- 9.3.7 Film Diffusion Model -- 9.3.8 Isotherm Models -- 9.3.9 Langmuir Model -- 9.3.10 Freundlich Model -- 9.4 Environmental Burden of Microplastics -- 9.5 Future Approaches -- References -- Chapter 10 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Microplastics in Rivers and Tributaries -- 10.3 Microplastics in Lakes -- 10.4 Microplastics in Groundwater Sources -- 10.5 Microplastics in Glaciers and Ice Caps -- 10.6 Microplastics in Deltas -- 10.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 11 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate: Flow and Transport -- 11.1 Plastics and Microplastics -- 11.2 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate -- 11.3 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment - Effects on Ocean Carbon Sequestration and Sustenance of Marine Life -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment -- 12.2.1 Major Sources -- 12.2.2 Chemical Nature and Distribution Processes -- 12.2.2.1 Chemical Nature -- 12.2.2.2 Distribution Processes -- 12.3 Microplastics and Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.1 Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.2 Effect of Microplastics on Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.2.1 Effect on Phytoplankton Photosynthesis and Growth -- 12.3.2.2 Effect on Zooplankton Development and Reproduction -- 12.3.2.3 Effect on the Marine Biological Pump -- 12.4 Microplastics and Marine Fauna. , 12.4.1 Effects on Corals -- 12.4.2 Effects on Fisheries and Aquaculture -- 12.4.2.1 Shrimp -- 12.4.2.2 Oysters and Mussels -- 12.4.2.3 Fish -- 12.4.3 Effects on Sea Turtles and Sea Birds -- 12.4.4 Effects on Marine Mammals -- 12.5 Microplastic Pollution, Climate Change, and Antibiotic Resistance - A Unique Trio -- 12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section IV Microplastics in Soil Systems -- Chapter 13 Entry of Microplastics into Agroecosystems: A Serious Threat to Food Security and Human Health -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Sources of Microplastics in Agroecosystems -- 13.2.1 Plastic Mulching -- 13.2.2 Plastic Use in Modern Agriculture -- 13.2.3 Application of Sewage Sludge/Biosolids -- 13.2.4 Compost and Fertilizers -- 13.2.5 Wastewater Irrigation -- 13.2.6 Landfill Sites -- 13.2.7 Atmospheric Deposition -- 13.2.8 Miscellaneous Sources -- 13.3 Implications of Microplastic Contamination on Agroecosystems -- 13.3.1 Implications for Soil Character -- 13.3.2 Implications for Crop Plants and Food Security -- 13.4 Human Health Risks -- 13.5 Knowledge Gaps -- 13.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 Migration of Microplastic-Bound Contaminants to Soil and Their Effects -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Microplastics as Sorbing Materials for Hazardous Chemicals -- 14.3 Types of Microplastic-Bound Contaminants in Soils -- 14.3.1 Heavy Metals and Metalloids - Inorganic Contaminants Adsorbed to MPs -- 14.3.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, Antibiotics, Pesticides, and Other Organic Contaminants Adsorbed to MPs -- 14.4 Effects of Exposure and Co-exposure in Soil - Consequences of Contaminant Sorption for MP Toxicity and Bioaccumulation -- 14.5 Microplastic-Bound Contaminants in Soils as Potential Threats to Human Health -- 14.6 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 15 Plastic Mulch-Derived Microplastics in Agricultural Soil Systems.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Contents -- Part IBuilding Forest Inventory Institutions -- 1 The Growing Mandate of Forest Inventories -- 1.1…Emerging Environmental Problems -- 1.2…The Road from Stockholm to Rio -- 1.3…Global Forest Resources Assessments During 2000--2010 -- 1.4…The Existing Capacity in the Tropical Regions -- 1.5…The Purpose and Organization of the Book -- 1.5.1 Purpose of the Book -- 1.5.2 Organization of the Book -- 1.5.3 The Information Sources -- Recommended Further Reading -- On Web -- 2 Forest Inventory Problem Formulation -- 2.1…Linking Forest Inventory with the Problem -- 2.2…The Changing Demand for Forest Inventory Information -- 2.3…Problem-Oriented Classification of Forest Inventories -- 2.4…Identification of Information Needs -- 2.5…Identification and Assessment of Environmental Functions of Forests -- Recommended Further Reading -- 3 Organizing Existing Information -- 3.1…The Role of Existing Information -- 3.2…The Existing Forest Inventories Data and Reports -- 3.3…The Existing Forest Research Data -- 3.4…National/International Libraries and Journals -- 3.5…Forest Dynamics Plots (FDP) -- 3.6…FAO FORIS: An Example of Organizing Country Data -- Recommended Further Reading -- 4 Technology Transfer and Applications -- 4.1…The Role of Technology in Forest Inventory -- 4.2…A Classification of Emerging Technologies -- 4.3…Strategy for Adopting New Technologies -- 4.3.1 Strengthening Core Competence -- 4.4…Special Considerations in Technology Applications -- 4.5…FAO Remote Sensing Surveys of Tropical Forests -- 4.5.1 Background -- 4.5.2 Methodology -- 4.5.3 Main Findings -- Recommended Further Reading -- On Web -- 5 Capacity Building in Planning and Forest Assessments -- 5.1…The Problem Formulation -- 5.2…Areas for Capacity Development in Forest Assessments. , 5.3…Integration of Planning with Forest Inventory: An Important Issue -- 5.3.1 Long-Term Forestry Planning (Strategic Forestry Planning) -- 5.3.2 Medium and Short-Term Forestry Planning (or Forest Management Planning) -- 5.4…Sustainable Non-Timber Forest Management: An Emerging Area -- 5.5…European Experience with Capacity Development -- 5.6…The Role of International/Regional Cooperation -- Geomatics Center of the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department, Hyderabad, India -- Recommended Further Reading -- Geomatics Center of the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department, Hyderabad, India (contd.)An Analysis of Causes for the Success: The subject is complex to analyze, but some of the contributory factors are briefly touched upon. Initially, FAO provided a vision for the GIS development, application and its institutional growth on a continuing basis including establishing a main center at Dullapalli, close to Hyderabad, and the vision of the three regional sub-centers by ecological zone. All these are real -- Part IIPractice of Forest Inventory -- 6 Statistical Planning -- 6.1…The Purpose of Statistical Planning -- 6.2…Role of the Forest Statistician -- 6.3…Main Steps in the Sample Survey Design -- 6.4…Some Commonly Used Designs for Forest Assessments -- 6.4.1 A Brief Description of Designs -- 6.5…Survey of Trees Outside Forests -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 The Formulation of Survey Objectives -- 6.5.3 Defining Survey Universe -- 6.5.4 Survey Methodology -- 6.5.5 Bangladesh National Inventory of Village Forests -- 6.5.6 Survey of Trees Outside Forests in India -- 6.5.7 Distance Method for Study of Discontinuous Vegetation of Andhra Pradesh, India -- 6.6…A Forest Inventory Planning Checklist -- Recommended Further Reading -- On Web -- 7 Special Studies -- 7.1…The Scope of Special Studies -- 7.2…The Planning of Special Studies -- 7.3…Development of Volume Equations. , 7.4…Biomass Functions -- 7.5…Non-Wood Forest Products -- 7.5.1 Fruit/Seed/Pulp Yield -- Recommended Further Reading -- 8 Data Collection -- 8.1…Classification of Data Sources -- 8.2…Field Plan and Logistics -- 8.3…Field Manual and Field Forms -- 8.4…Special Studies -- 8.5…Check-Crew Work -- 8.6…Computer-Assisted & -- !nbsp -- Editing & -- !nbsp -- and & -- !blank -- Data & -- !nbsp -- Archival & -- !nbsp -- Routines -- Recommended Further Reading -- 9 Data Processing -- 9.1…Roles of Data Processing -- 9.2…Data Processing Operations in a Forest Inventory -- 9.2.1 Phase I: Manual and Computer-Assisted Editing of Field Forms -- 9.2.2 Phase II: Development of Volume Functions -- 9.2.3 Phase III: Tree Volume Estimation and Plot Level Summaries for Error Calculation -- 9.2.4 Phase IV: Estimation of Means and Standard Errors -- 9.2.5 Phase V: Final Tabulations and Database Storage and Archival Routines -- 9.3…Some Strategic Data Processing Questions -- 9.4…Generalized Versus Tailor-Made EDP Systems -- 9.5…Case Study of FAO Forest Inventory Data Processing System (FIDAPS) -- 9.5.1 Output and Input Specifications -- 9.5.2 PC-FIDAPS documentation -- 9.5.3 Concluding Remarks -- 10 The Report Writing -- 10.1…General Comments on Reporting -- 10.2…Forest Inventory Problem Formulation -- 10.3…The Statistical Planning -- 10.3.1 The Sampling Design -- 10.3.2 Special Studies -- 10.4…Main Findings of the Survey -- 10.4.1 The Land Cover and Forest Changes -- 10.4.2 The Condition of the Forest Floor -- 10.4.3 Trees Outside Forests -- 10.4.4 Comparison with Other Forests in the District -- 10.4.5 Livelihood and Resource-Use Pattern -- 10.4.6 Fuelwood Gathering and Sal Leaf Plucking -- 10.5…Survey Evaluation and Recommendations -- Recommended Further Reading -- Part IIISouth-South Cooperation -- 11 Common Patterns of Spatial Variations in the Tropics. , 11.1…Similarities in Forest Formations Across the Continents -- 11.2…Macro-Variation Patterns and Their Significance for Stratification -- 11.3…Meso-Variation Patterns and Their Significance for the Sampling Design -- 11.4…Micro-Variation Patterns and Their Significance for Plot Size and Shape -- 11.5…Rain Forest Loss and Change -- Recommended Further Reading -- 12 Remote Sensing Applications in Forest Inventory -- 12.1…On Rapid Developments in Remote Sensing Technology -- 12.2…Lidar Potentials in Forest Inventory -- 12.3…Applications of Aerial Photographs in Forest Inventory -- 12.3.1 Complete Photo Interpretation -- 12.3.2 Point Photo Interpretation -- 12.4…Estimating Cost-Effectiveness of Remote Sensing -- 12.5…A Case Study of FSI State of Forest Report -- 12.5.1 Assessment Method -- 12.5.2 Accuracy Assessment -- Recommended Further Reading -- 13 Growth and Yield Studies -- 13.1…Special Growth and Yield Conditions in the Tropics -- 13.2…Growth and Yield of Tropical Plantations -- 13.2.1 Methods of Study -- 13.2.2 The Current State of Knowledge -- 13.3…Growth and Yield Research in the Temperate Zone -- 13.3.1 The Current Status -- 13.3.2 Forest Plantation's Development Modeling -- Increment and Volume Relation -- 13.4…Growth and Yield of Mixed Tropical Forests -- 13.5…Growth and Yield of Individual Trees -- 13.5.1 Methods of Research -- 13.5.2 Stump and Stem Analysis -- 13.5.3 Increment Borings -- 13.6…Applications of G& -- Y Research in Forest Management Planning -- 13.6.1 Hill Dipterocarp Forests of Malaysia -- 13.6.2 Mixed Tropical Forests, Indonesia -- Recommended Further Reading -- 14 Estimating Potential Productivity of Forests -- 14.1…The Need for Potential Productivity Estimation -- 14.2…Description of Climatic Indices -- 14.2.1 Paterson Climate--Vegetation--Productivity Index -- 14.2.2 Validation of Paterson Index for India. , 14.2.3 Weck Productivity Index (WPI) -- 14.2.4 Validation of Weck Productivity Indices -- 14.3…Recent Availability of Climatic Data for the Tropics -- 14.3.1 Temperature -- 14.3.2 Growing Season -- 14.3.3 Relative Humidity -- 14.3.4 Day Length -- 14.3.5 Precipitation -- 14.4…The Areas of Further Research on Forest--Climate Relation -- 14.4.1 Productivity Indices -- 14.4.2 Annual Growth Indices -- 14.4.3 Hardness Index -- 14.4.4 Suggestions for a Climatic Index -- 14.5…South--South Cooperation in Climate--Change Research -- Recommended Further Reading -- 15 Land Evaluation Techniques for Forestry Planning -- 15.1…The Purpose of Land Evaluation -- 15.2…Description of Land Evaluation Techniques -- 15.3…Applications of Land Evaluation Techniques in Forestry -- 15.4…Land Evaluation for Forestry Planning at the National Level -- 15.5…Land Evaluation for Forestry Planning at the District Level -- Recommended Further Reading -- Part IVInternational Dimensions of ForestResources Assessments -- 16 Identification and Evaluation of Environmental Functions of Forests -- 16.1…The Problem Formulation -- 16.2…Components of Cultural and Natural Ecosystems -- 16.3…The Ecosystem Dynamics -- 16.4…The Ecosystem Variables and Change Model -- 16.5…Example of a Study Using Ecosystem Approach -- Recommended Further Reading -- 17 Ecological Zoning and Assessments of Biological Diversity in the Tropics -- 17.1…The Need for Ecological Zoning -- 17.2…The Approach for Ecological Zoning -- 17.2.1 The Choice of Parameters -- 17.2.2 The Classification and Mapping of EFZ -- 17.2.3 The Validation Phase -- 17.3…The EFZ Map and the Database -- 17.4…The Tropical Forest Ecosystems Report 1992 -- 17.5…Biodiversity Loss Associated with Tropical Deforestation -- 17.5.1 Problem Formulation -- 17.5.2 Modeling of Biological Diversity Richness Loss: FRA1990 Approach. , 17.5.3 Species Area Relation by Ecological Zone.

Note: Front Cover -- Energy Services Fundamentals and Financing -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Energy services -- 1 Energy services: concepts, applications and historical background -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Energy and population growth -- 1.3 Energy saving in buildings -- 1.4 Energy use in agriculture -- 1.5 Renewable energy technologies -- 1.5.1 Solar energy -- 1.5.2 Efficient bioenergy use -- 1.5.2.1 Briquette processes -- 1.5.2.2 Improved cook stoves -- 1.5.2.3 Biogas technology -- 1.5.2.4 Improved forest and tree management -- 1.5.2.5 Gasification application -- 1.5.3 Combined heat and power -- 1.5.4 Hydrogen production -- 1.5.5 Hydropower generation -- 1.5.6 Wind energy -- 1.6 Energy and sustainable development -- 1.7 Global warming -- 1.8 Recommendations -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Energy financing schemas -- 2 The promotion of renewable energy communities in the European Union -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 The link between the provision of energy services and the increase of energy efficiency -- 2.3 The efficiency gains stemming from distributed generation of energy production -- 2.4 The concept of renewable energy community -- 2.5 The promotion of renewable energy communities in EU law -- 2.6 The promotion of renewable energy communities in the draft National Energy and Climate Plans -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Financial schemes for energy efficiency projects: lessons learnt from in-country demonstrations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The proposed methodology -- 3.3 Innovative financing schemes -- 3.3.1 Crowdfunding -- 3.3.2 Energy performance contracting -- 3.3.3 Green bonds -- 3.3.4 Guarantee funds -- 3.3.5 Revolving funds -- 3.3.6 Soft loans -- 3.3.7 Third-party financing -- 3.4 Case study countries -- 3.4.1 Bulgaria -- 3.4.2 Greece -- 3.4.3 Lithuania -- 3.4.4 Spain -- 3.5 Key actors identification. , 3.6 Knowledge transfer -- 3.6.1 Peer-to-Peer learning -- 3.6.2 Capacity building activities -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Energy systems in buildings -- 4 Energy in buildings and districts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Thermal comfort -- 4.3 User behavior -- 4.4 Weather conditions under climate change and growing urbanization -- 4.5 Envelope and materials -- 4.6 From passive to nearly zero-energy building design -- 4.7 Smart buildings and home automation -- 4.8 From smart buildings to smart districts and cities -- 4.9 Concluding discussion -- References -- 5 Renewable energy integration as an alternative to the traditional ground-source heat pump system -- Nomenclature -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.2.1 Description of the proposed solution -- 5.2.2 Test procedure -- 5.3 Technical calculation -- 5.3.1 Thermal module -- 5.3.1.1 Geothermal energy -- 5.3.1.2 Thermal solar energy -- 5.3.2 Power module -- 5.3.2.1 Photovoltaic solar energy -- 5.3.2.2 Wind energy -- 5.3.3 Contribution of the suggested installation -- 5.4 Economic and environmental analysis -- 5.4.1 Economic analysis -- 5.4.2 Environmental evaluation -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.5.1 Sensitivity analysis -- 5.5.1.1 Electricity price -- 5.5.1.2 Electric rate -- 5.5.1.3 CO2 emission factor -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Energy-saving strategies on university campus buildings: Covenant University as case study -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Energy modeling software for buildings -- 6.1.2 Energy conservation measures in buildings -- 6.2 Materials and methods -- 6.2.1 Study location -- 6.2.2 Procedure for data collection -- 6.2.3 Instrumentation and procedure for data analysis -- 6.2.4 Economic analysis -- 6.2.5 Assessment of environmental impacts -- 6.3 Results and discussions -- 6.3.1 Result of energy audit in cafeterias1 and 2. , 6.3.2 Result of energy audit in Mechanical Engineering building -- 6.3.3 Result of energy audit in university library -- 6.3.4 Result of energy audit in health center -- 6.3.5 Result of energy audit in the students' halls of residence -- 6.3.6 Qualitative recommendation analysis -- 6.3.6.1 Replacement of lighting fixtures with light-emitting diode bulbs -- 6.3.6.2 Installation of solar panels on the roofs of selected buildings -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Energy conversion systems and Energy storage systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Energy systems in buildings -- 7.2.1 Energy generation systems -- 7.2.1.1 Combined heat and power system -- 7.2.1.2 Solar photovoltaic system -- 7.2.1.3 Solar thermal system -- 7.2.1.4 Organic Rankine cycle system -- 7.2.1.5 Geothermal system -- 7.2.1.6 Wind turbine system -- 7.2.2 Energy conversion systems -- 7.2.2.1 Heating systems -- 7.2.2.2 Cooling systems -- 7.2.2.3 Ventilation systems -- 7.2.3 Energy storage systems -- 7.2.3.1 Battery energy storage system -- 7.2.3.2 Thermal energy storage system -- 7.3 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Energy systems in buildings -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Energy-efficient building envelopes -- 8.2.1 Increasing thermal resistance of the building envelope -- 8.2.2 Climate-specific design of energy-efficient envelopes -- 8.3 Renewable energy sources for building energy application -- 8.3.1 Analyzing electrical/thermal loads of a building -- 8.3.2 Consideration of local codes and requirements for renewable energy systems -- 8.3.3 Solar energy systems -- 8.3.3.1 Solar water heating -- 8.3.3.1.1 Flat-plate collectors -- 8.3.3.1.2 Evacuated tube solar thermal collectors -- 8.3.3.1.3 Choice of solar thermal collectors -- 8.3.3.1.3.1 Cost -- 8.3.3.1.3.2 Performance -- 8.3.3.1.3.3 Installation -- 8.3.4 Building-integrated photovoltaic systems -- 8.4 Solar thermal energy storage. , 8.4.1 Types of thermal energy storage technologies -- 8.4.1.1 Sensible heat storage system -- 8.4.1.1.1 Sensible solid heat storage system -- 8.4.1.1.2 Sensible liquid heat storage system -- 8.4.1.2 Sensible cold storage system -- 8.4.1.3 Latent heat storage system -- 8.4.1.4 Thermochemical storage -- 8.5 Wind energy -- 8.5.1 Brief introduction -- 8.5.2 Wind resource assessment -- 8.5.3 Building-integrated/mounted wind turbine -- 8.5.3.1 Building-integrated wind turbines -- 8.5.3.2 Building-mounted wind turbines -- 8.5.3.3 Building-augmented wind turbines -- 8.5.4 Optimizing building-integrated/mounted wind turbine devices -- 8.5.5 Small/micro wind turbines for building application -- 8.6 Heat pumps -- 8.6.1 Air-source heat pumps -- 8.6.2 Ground-source heat pumps -- 8.6.3 Working principles of heat pumps -- 8.6.3.1 The heating cycle -- 8.6.3.2 The cooling cycle -- 8.6.3.3 The defrost cycle -- 8.6.4 Performance measures -- 8.7 Biomass -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- 4 Energy efficiency in industrial sector -- 9 Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources for industrial sector -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Global energy trends -- 9.3 Energy consumption and emissions in industry -- 9.3.1 General trends -- 9.3.2 Energy and carbon-intensive industrial sectors -- 9.4 Energy efficiency in industry for climate change mitigation -- 9.4.1 The need for innovation -- 9.5 Energy efficiency and renewable sources in industry -- 9.5.1 Bioenergy -- 9.5.2 Solar heat -- 9.6 Case study in Turkey -- 9.6.1 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan -- 9.6.2 General overview -- 9.6.3 Industry and technology -- 9.6.4 Aim of the development plans -- 9.7 Policy options -- 9.7.1 Lessons learned -- 9.7.2 International agreements -- 9.7.3 Procurement -- 9.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 Energy efficiency in tourism sector: eco-innovation measures and energy. , 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 State of the arts -- 10.3 Methods and data -- 10.4 Results and discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Energy services markets: development and status quo -- 11 Energy service markets: status quo and development -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The European framework for energy services -- 11.2.1 Legal framework -- 11.2.2 The European Union energy service markets: market volume, offers, and barriers -- 11.3 The German energy service market -- 11.3.1 Legal framework and information sources -- 11.3.2 Market overview -- 11.4 Developments of segments of the service market -- 11.4.1 Advice services -- 11.4.2 Energy management -- 11.4.3 Contracting -- 11.5 Market development -- 11.6 Conclusions: lessons learned from the German case -- References -- 12 Worldwide trends in energy market research -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Data -- 12.3 Results -- 12.3.1 Subjects from worldwide publications -- 12.3.2 Journals metric analysis -- 12.3.3 Countries, affiliations, and their main topics -- 12.3.4 Keywords from worldwide publications -- 12.3.5 Cluster analysis based on keywords -- References -- 13 Which aspects may prevent the development of energy service companies? The impact of barriers and country-specific condi... -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Which are the problems confronted by energy efficiency actions and policy instruments? -- 13.3 Which are the most relevant barriers confronted by energy service companies in different regions? -- 13.4 Removing barriers and promoting energy service companies -- 13.4.1 Actions to remove economic and market barriers -- 13.4.2 Actions to remove funding barriers -- 13.4.3 Enabling frameworks for energy service companies and other energy efficiency actions -- 13.5 Lessons learned and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- International Encyclopedia of Human Geography -- Table of Contents -- Senior Editors -- Section Editors -- Foreword by Mary Robinson -- Foreword by Rob Kitchin and Nigel Thrift -- Permission Acknowledgments -- A -- Activism -- Activist Geographies -- Actor-Network Theory/Network Geographies -- Affect -- Africa -- Ageing and Health -- Ageing and Mobility -- Ageism and Age -- Agglomeration -- Agoraphobia -- Agrarian Transformations -- Agri-Environmentalism and Rural Change -- Agricultural Land Preservation -- Agriculture, Sustainable -- Aid -- von Humboldt, A. -- Aménagement du Territoire: Territorial Development -- Americas -- Anarchism/Anarchist Geography -- Anglo-American/Anglophone Hegemony -- Animal Geographies -- Animal Welfare, Agricultural -- Antarctica -- Anthropogeography (After Ratzel) -- Anthropology and Human Geography -- Anti-Geopolitics -- Anti-Urbanism -- Apartheid/Post-Apartheid -- Applied Geography -- Archives -- Arctic -- Art and Cartography -- Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems -- Asia -- Atlases -- Australasia -- Auto-Photography -- Autobiography -- Autoethnography -- Avant-Garde/Avant-Garde Geographies -- Aviation -- B -- Balkans -- Barnes, T. -- Beaujeu-Garnier, J. -- Becoming -- Behavioral Geography -- Belonging -- Berkeley School -- Berry, B. -- Biodiversity -- Biodiversity Mapping -- Biopolitics -- Bobek, H. -- Body, The -- Borderlands -- Bowman, I. -- Brain Drain -- Brandt Commission -- Brown Agenda -- Buffer Zone -- Business Services -- C -- Capital and Space -- Capitalism -- Capitalism and Division of Labor -- Care/Caregiving -- Cartographic Animation -- Cartography in Islamic Societies -- Cartography, History of -- Case Study Approach -- Cassa per il Mezzogiorno -- Categorical Data Analysis -- Cellular Automata -- Census Geography -- Census Mapping -- Central Business District -- Central Place Theory. , Chaos and Complexity -- Chicago School -- Child Labor -- Children and Mapping -- Children/Childhood -- Chinese Urbanism -- Chinese-Language Geography -- Choice Modeling -- Christaller, W. -- Christian Geography -- Chronic Disease -- Citation Geography -- Citizenship -- Citizenship and Governmentality, Rural -- City Marketing -- City-Region -- Civil Society -- Claval, P. -- Climate Change -- Cloke, P. -- Cognitive Geography -- Cohen, S. -- Cold War -- Colonialism I -- Colonialism II -- Colonialism, Internal -- Color, Mapping -- Commodity Chains -- Communicable Diseases, Globalization of -- Communist and Post-Communist Geographies -- Community -- Competitiveness -- Complementary and Alternative Medicine -- Complexity Theory, Nonlinear Dynamic Spatial Systems -- Computational Human Geography -- Concentrated Deconcentration -- Conservation and Ecology -- Consumption -- Content Analysis -- Corbridge, S. -- Core-Periphery Models -- Corporate Responsibilities -- Corridor and Axis Development -- Cosgrove, D. -- Cosmopolitanism -- Counter-Mapping -- Counterurbanization -- Cox, K. -- Creativity -- Crime/Fear of Crime -- Critical Cartography -- Critical Geography -- Critical Geopolitics -- Critical GIS -- Critical Rationalism (After Popper) -- Critical Realism/Critical Realist Geographies -- Critical Theory (After Habermas) -- Cross-Cultural Research -- Cultural Capital -- Cultural Economy -- Cultural Geography -- Cultural Materialism -- Cultural Politics -- Cultural Studies and Human Geography -- Cultural Turn -- Culture -- Culture/Natures -- Cumulative Causation -- Cyberspace/Cyberculture -- D -- Darby, H. C. -- Darwinism (and Social Darwinism) -- De-Industrialization -- De-Localization -- Dear, M. J. -- Debt -- Deconstruction -- Defensible Space -- Deforestation -- Democracy -- Demography -- Dependency -- Statistics, Descriptive -- Desertification. , Determinism/Environmental Determinism -- Development I -- Development II -- Developmentalism -- Devolution -- Dialectical Reasoning and Dialectical Materialism -- Dialogism (After Bakhtin) -- Diaries (Video, Audio or Written) -- Diaspora -- Dicken, P. -- Difference/Politics of Difference -- Diffusion -- Digital Data, Historical Geography and -- Digital Divide -- Digital Earth -- Disability and Chronic Illness -- Discourse -- Discourse Analysis -- Disease Diffusion -- Disease Mapping -- Distance -- Dudley Stamp, L. -- Dutch Human Geography -- Dwelling -- E -- e-Business and e-Commerce -- East Asian Miracle -- East/West -- Ecological Fallacy -- Ecology -- Economic Crises -- Economic Development, Rural -- Economic Geography -- Economic Geography, Quantitative -- Economics and Human Geography -- Economies, Alternative -- Economies, Borderland -- Economies, Branch Plant -- Economies, Imagined -- Economy, Informal -- Ecotourism -- Edge Cities -- Edge Effects -- Education -- Electoral Cartography -- Electoral Districts -- Electoral Geography -- Embeddedness -- Embodied Knowing -- Emigration -- Emotional Geographies -- Emotional Knowing -- Empire -- Empowerment -- Enlightenment Geography -- Enterprise Discourse -- Entrepreneurship -- Entropy-Maximising Models -- Environment -- Environment, Historical Geography of -- Environmental Hazards -- Environmental Health -- Environmental Justice -- Environmental Policy -- Environmental Regulation -- Environmental Security -- Environmental Studies and Human Geography -- Environmentalism -- Epidemiological Transition -- Equity -- Error (Propagation and Modeling) -- Ethical Issues in Research -- Ethnic Conflict -- Ethnic Economies -- Ethnicity -- Ethnicity and Resistance, Historical Geographies of -- Ethnography -- Ethnomethodology/Ethnomethodological Geography -- Eurocentrism -- Europe -- Europe of Regions. , Evans, E. E. -- Evolutionary Algorithms -- Transnational Elites -- Existentialism/Existential Geography -- Experimental Design -- Exploration -- Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis -- Export Processing Zones -- Extended Metropolitan Region -- F -- Factor Analysis and Principal-Components Analysis -- Fair Trade -- Famine -- Fatherland/Homeland -- Feminism and Work -- Feminism, Maps and GIS -- Feminism/Feminist Geography -- Feminist Geography, Prehistory of -- Feminist Groups within Geography -- Feminist Methodologies -- Feminist Political Economy -- Fertility -- Festival and Spectacle -- Feudalism and Feudal Society -- Field Geographies -- Field Systems and Enclosure -- Fieldwork -- Film -- Finance, Historical Geographies of -- Finance, Offshore -- Financial Centers, International -- Financial Exclusion -- Financial Knowledge -- Financial Risks and Management -- Firms -- First Law of Geography -- First World -- Flâneur, The -- Fluidity-Fixity -- Focus Groups -- Food Networks -- Food Networks, Alternative -- Food Regimes -- Fordism -- Fordism, Post-Fordism and Flexible Specialization -- Foreign Direct Investment -- Foucauldianism -- Fractal Analysis -- Francophone Geography -- Functionalism (Including Structural Functionalism) -- Fuzzy Set and Fuzzy Logic -- G -- Gardens and Gardening -- Garrison, W. -- Gated Communities/Privatopias -- Gay Geographies -- Gender and Health -- Gender and Rurality -- Gender in the City -- Gender, Historical Geographies of -- Genealogy and Family History -- Genealogy Method -- Generalization -- Genetics -- Gentrification -- Gentrification, Rural -- Geocomputation -- Geodemographics -- Geodesy -- Geographical Journals -- Geographical Masking -- Geographically Weighted Regression -- Geography, History of -- Geohistory -- Geomatics -- Geopolitics -- Geopolitics and Religion -- Georeferencing, Geocoding. , Geospatial Intelligence -- Geovisualization -- German-Language Geography -- Gerrymandering -- Ghettos -- GIS and Cartography -- GIS and Society -- GIS, Mobile and Locational Based Services -- GIS, Public Participation -- GIScience and Systems -- Global Commodity Chains -- Global Positioning/GPS -- Global Production Networks -- Globalization and Transnational Corporations -- Transport and Globalization -- Globalization, Cultural -- Globalization, Economic -- Golledge, R. -- Gottmann, J. -- Governance -- Governance, Corporate -- Governance, Good -- Governance, Transport -- Governance, Urban -- Governmentality -- Green Revolution -- Greenfield Development -- Gregory, D. -- Grounded Theory -- Growth Poles, Growth Centers -- H -- Habitus -- Hagerstrand, T. -- Haggett, P. -- Haptic or Touch-Based Knowledge -- Harley, J. B. -- Hartshorne, R. -- Harvey, D. -- Health and Development -- Health Geography -- Health Inequalities -- Health Services Restructuring -- Health Systems and Health Services -- Healthcare Accessibility -- Hegemony -- Heritage -- Heritage and Culture -- Heritage and Economy -- Heritage and Identity -- Heteronormativity -- Hettner, A. -- High-Tech Industry -- Hinterland Development -- Trade, Transport and Communications, Historical Geographies of -- Historical Geographies, Rural -- Historical Geographies, Urban -- Historical Geography -- War, Historical Geography and -- Historical Geography, Evolution of -- Urban Morphologies, Historical -- Historical-Geographical Materialism -- HIV/AIDS in Developed Countries -- HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries -- Home -- Homelessness -- Homelessness, Rural -- Housing -- Housing, Neighbourhoods and Health -- Housing, Rural -- Hub Network Location -- Human Geography -- Urban Planning and Human Geography -- Human Rights -- Human-Nonhuman -- Humanism/Humanistic Geography -- Hybridity -- Hypothesis Testing -- I. , Idealism/Idealist Human Geography.