Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Section I Single Use Plastics -- Chapter 1 Scientometric Analysis of Microplastics across the Globe -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Trends in Scientific Production and Citations -- 1.3.2 Top Funding Agencies -- 1.3.3 Top 10 Global Affiliations -- 1.3.4 Top Countries -- 1.3.5 Top 10 Databases and Journals -- 1.3.6 Top 10 Published Articles -- 1.3.7 Top 10 Author Keywords and Research Areas -- 1.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans - A Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Plastics -- 2.1.2 Plastic Pollution -- 2.1.3 Microplastics -- 2.1.4 Importance of Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans -- 2.2 Polar Regions -- 2.2.1 General -- 2.2.2 Sea Ice -- 2.2.3 Water -- 2.2.4 Sediments -- 2.2.5 Biota -- 2.3 Future Perspectives -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Microplastics - Global Scenario -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Environmental Issues of Plastic Waste -- 3.3 Coprocessing of Plastic Waste in Cement Kilns -- 3.3.1 Cost of Plants to Convert Plastic Waste to Refused-Derived Fuel (RDF) -- 3.4 Disposal of Plastic Waste Through Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT) -- 3.4.1 Merits of PPT -- 3.5 Constraints on the Use of Plastic Waste Disposal Technologies -- 3.6 Alternate to Conventional Petro-based Plastic Carry Bags and Films -- 3.7 Improving Waste Management -- 3.7.1 Phasing Out Microplastics -- 3.7.2 Promoting Research into Alternatives -- 3.7.3 Actions and Resolutions -- References -- Chapter 4 The Single-Use Plastic Pandemic in the COVID-19 Era -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Data Sources -- 4.2.2 Estimation of the General population's Daily Use of Face Masks. , 4.2.3 Estimation of the Daily Amount of Medical Waste in Hospitals -- 4.3 Trends in Production and Consumption of SUPs during the Pandemic -- 4.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment -- 4.3.2 Packaging SUPs -- 4.3.2.1 Trends in Plastic Waste Generation, Management, and Environmental Fate during the COVID-19 Era -- 4.4 SUP Waste from the Pandemic -- 4.4.1 Environmental Impacts from SUP Waste -- 4.4.2 Management of SUP Waste -- 4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Section II Microplastics in the Aerosphere -- Chapter 5 Atmospheric Microplastic Transport -- 5.1 The Phenomenon of Microplastic Transport -- 5.2 Factors Affecting Microplastic Transport -- 5.2.1 Types of MPs -- 5.2.2 Characteristics and Sources of Microplastics Emitters -- 5.2.3 Meteorological Conditions -- 5.2.4 Altitude and Surface Roughness -- 5.2.5 Microplastic Deposition Processes in the Ocean -- 5.2.6 Microplastics Deposition Processes in the Air -- 5.3 Microplastic Transport Modelling -- 5.3.1 Eulerian Method -- 5.3.2 Lagrangian Method -- References -- Chapter 6 Microplastics in the Atmosphere and Their Human and Eco Risks -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 6.2.1 Size, Shapes, and Colours -- 6.2.2 Chemical Composition -- 6.2.3 Sources of Microplastics -- 6.2.4 Spatial Distribution and Rate of Deposition -- 6.2.5 Effects of Climatic Conditions on MP Distribution -- 6.2.6 Transport Pathways -- 6.2.7 Pollutants Associated with MPs -- 6.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health and the Eco Risk -- 6.3.1 Impact on Human Health -- 6.3.2 Eco Risk -- 6.4 Strategies to Minimise Atmospheric MPs through Future Research -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Sampling and Detection of Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classification -- 7.3 Sampling Microplastics -- 7.3.1 Sampling Airborne Microplastics. , 7.3.2 Sediment -- 7.3.3 Water -- 7.3.4 Biota -- 7.4 Sample Preparation -- 7.5 Detection and Characterisation of MPs in the Atmosphere -- 7.5.1 Microscopic Techniques for Detecting MPs -- 7.5.1.1 Stereomicroscopy -- 7.5.1.2 Fluorescence Microscopy -- 7.5.1.3 Polarised Optical Microscopy (POM) -- 7.5.1.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 7.5.1.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 7.5.1.6 Hot Needle Technique -- 7.5.1.7 Digital Holography -- 7.5.2 Spectroscopic Techniques for Analysing MPs -- 7.5.2.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy -- 7.5.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy -- 7.5.3 Thermal Analysis -- 7.5.3.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- 7.5.3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 7.5.3.3 Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS) -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Funding -- References -- Chapter 8 Sources and Circulation of Microplastics in the Aerosphere - Atmospheric Transport of Microplastics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Occurrence and Abundance of Atmospheric MP -- 8.1.2 Plastic Polymers and Their Properties -- 8.1.3 Sources and Pathways of MPs in the Atmosphere -- 8.2 Temporal and Spatial Trends in MP Accumulation -- 8.2.1 Roadside MPs -- 8.2.2 Agricultural Fields and Soil -- 8.2.3 Wastewater and Sludge -- 8.2.4 Ocean/Marine Debris -- 8.3 Formation of MPs -- 8.3.1 Physical Weathering -- 8.3.2 Chemical Weathering -- 8.3.3 Biodegradation -- 8.3.4 Photo-thermal Oxidation -- 8.3.5 Thermal Degradation -- 8.4 Atmospheric Circulation, Transport, Suspension, and Deposition -- 8.4.1 Wet Deposition -- 8.4.2 Dry Deposition -- 8.4.3 Urban Dust -- 8.4.4 Suspended Atmospheric MPs -- 8.5 Atmospheric Chemistry of MPs -- 8.6 Predicting MP Dispersion and Transport -- 8.7 Eco-Environmental Impacts -- 8.7.1 Impacts on Human and Wildlife Health -- 8.7.2 Impacts on the Climate -- 8.8 Future Perspectives -- References. , Section III Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment -- Chapter 9 Interaction of Chemical Contaminants with Microplastics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Interactions -- 9.3 Mechanisms -- 9.3.1 Interactions between Organic Contaminants and Microplastics -- 9.3.2 Interactions between Heavy Metals and Microplastics -- 9.3.3 Kinetics of the Sorption Process -- 9.3.4 Pseudo-First-Order Model -- 9.3.5 Pseudo-Second-Order Model -- 9.3.6 Intraparticle Diffusion Model -- 9.3.7 Film Diffusion Model -- 9.3.8 Isotherm Models -- 9.3.9 Langmuir Model -- 9.3.10 Freundlich Model -- 9.4 Environmental Burden of Microplastics -- 9.5 Future Approaches -- References -- Chapter 10 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Microplastics in Rivers and Tributaries -- 10.3 Microplastics in Lakes -- 10.4 Microplastics in Groundwater Sources -- 10.5 Microplastics in Glaciers and Ice Caps -- 10.6 Microplastics in Deltas -- 10.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 11 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate: Flow and Transport -- 11.1 Plastics and Microplastics -- 11.2 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate -- 11.3 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment - Effects on Ocean Carbon Sequestration and Sustenance of Marine Life -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment -- 12.2.1 Major Sources -- 12.2.2 Chemical Nature and Distribution Processes -- 12.2.2.1 Chemical Nature -- 12.2.2.2 Distribution Processes -- 12.3 Microplastics and Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.1 Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.2 Effect of Microplastics on Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.2.1 Effect on Phytoplankton Photosynthesis and Growth -- 12.3.2.2 Effect on Zooplankton Development and Reproduction -- 12.3.2.3 Effect on the Marine Biological Pump -- 12.4 Microplastics and Marine Fauna. , 12.4.1 Effects on Corals -- 12.4.2 Effects on Fisheries and Aquaculture -- 12.4.2.1 Shrimp -- 12.4.2.2 Oysters and Mussels -- 12.4.2.3 Fish -- 12.4.3 Effects on Sea Turtles and Sea Birds -- 12.4.4 Effects on Marine Mammals -- 12.5 Microplastic Pollution, Climate Change, and Antibiotic Resistance - A Unique Trio -- 12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section IV Microplastics in Soil Systems -- Chapter 13 Entry of Microplastics into Agroecosystems: A Serious Threat to Food Security and Human Health -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Sources of Microplastics in Agroecosystems -- 13.2.1 Plastic Mulching -- 13.2.2 Plastic Use in Modern Agriculture -- 13.2.3 Application of Sewage Sludge/Biosolids -- 13.2.4 Compost and Fertilizers -- 13.2.5 Wastewater Irrigation -- 13.2.6 Landfill Sites -- 13.2.7 Atmospheric Deposition -- 13.2.8 Miscellaneous Sources -- 13.3 Implications of Microplastic Contamination on Agroecosystems -- 13.3.1 Implications for Soil Character -- 13.3.2 Implications for Crop Plants and Food Security -- 13.4 Human Health Risks -- 13.5 Knowledge Gaps -- 13.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 Migration of Microplastic-Bound Contaminants to Soil and Their Effects -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Microplastics as Sorbing Materials for Hazardous Chemicals -- 14.3 Types of Microplastic-Bound Contaminants in Soils -- 14.3.1 Heavy Metals and Metalloids - Inorganic Contaminants Adsorbed to MPs -- 14.3.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, Antibiotics, Pesticides, and Other Organic Contaminants Adsorbed to MPs -- 14.4 Effects of Exposure and Co-exposure in Soil - Consequences of Contaminant Sorption for MP Toxicity and Bioaccumulation -- 14.5 Microplastic-Bound Contaminants in Soils as Potential Threats to Human Health -- 14.6 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 15 Plastic Mulch-Derived Microplastics in Agricultural Soil Systems.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Section 1 Geochemistry and Health -- Chapter 1 Medical Geology: Biosphere, Geosphere, and Noosphere Interface -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Medical Geology in Russia and Newly Independent States (NIS) -- 1.2.1 Linking Geology to Soils - Minerals and HealthCare (Medicine) -- 1.3 Medicinal Value of Metals in Ancient Indian System of Medicine (After Charaka Samhita) -- 1.3.1 Parada (Mercury) -- 1.3.2 Swarna (Gold) Bhasma -- 1.3.3 Rajata (Silver) Bhasma -- 1.3.4 Tamra (Copper) Bhasma -- 1.3.5 Aayasa or Loha (Iron) -- 1.3.6 Mandura Bhasma -- 1.3.7 Naga/Sisaka (lead) Bhasma -- 1.3.8 Vanga/Trapu (tin) Bhasma -- 1.3.9 Pittala (Brass) -- 1.4 Linking Geology to Medicine? -- 1.5 Mineral-Enriched Yeast: Vehicles of Nutrition -- 1.6 Trace Elements/Functional Foods -- 1.6.1 Antidiabetic Plants - The Chromium Connection -- 1.6.2 Lithium -- 1.7 Public Health Informatics (PHI) -- 1.7.1 Medicinal-Mineral Resources -- 1.7.2 Balneotherapy -- 1.8 Use of Clay Minerals in Water Purification -- 1.9 Bathing in Radioactive Monazite-Rich Sands -- Glossary -- References -- Chapter 2 Biogeochemistry: Essential Link Between Geosphere and Biosphere -- 2.1 Introduction to Biogeochemistry -- 2.2 Geosphere: Formation, Evolution, and Isotopes -- 2.2.1 Evolution of the Geosphere -- 2.3 Biosphere -- 2.3.1 Evolution of the Biosphere -- 2.3.2 Bacteria: The Most Primitive Organisms on Earth -- 2.4 Natural Biogeochemistry Cycles (C, N, P, and S) -- 2.4.1 Carbon Cycle -- 2.4.2 Nitrogen Cycle -- 2.4.3 Phosphorous Cycle -- 2.4.4 Sulfur Cycle -- 2.5 Artificial Biogeochemistry Cycles -- 2.6 Soil Biogeochemistry -- 2.6.1 Introduction to Soil Biogeochemistry -- 2.6.2 Soil Formation and Evolution -- 2.6.3 Soil and Ecosystem Balancing. , 2.7 Impact of Natural and Anthropogenic Activities on Biogeochemical Processes -- 2.7.1 Landslide -- 2.7.2 Volcanic Eruptions -- 2.7.3 Industrial Activities -- 2.7.4 Intensive Agriculture -- 2.7.5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 2.7.6 Ocean Acidification -- 2.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3 Geochemical Release and Environmental Interfaces -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Mineral Release -- 3.1.2 Gas Release -- 3.2 Environmental Interfaces -- 3.2.1 Atmospheric Aerosol Interface -- 3.2.2 Nanomaterial Interfaces -- 3.2.3 Effect of Geochemical Release on Environmental Interfaces -- 3.2.4 Benefits of Geochemical Releases on Environment -- References -- Section 2 Dust Storms and Health -- Chapter 4 Minerogenic Dust and Human Health -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Tree "Bark Pockets" as Pollution Time Capsules -- 4.3 Asbestosis -- 4.4 Phosphogypsum Dust (Anthropogenic Radioactivity) -- 4.5 Silicosis -- 4.6 Volcanic Ash -- 4.7 Dust and Gases from Volcanic Eruptions -- 4.8 Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Activities in Nigeria -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Silicosis and Asbestosis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Silicosis -- 5.2.1 Structure and Properties of Silica -- 5.2.2 Environmental Occurrence of Silica -- 5.2.3 Industrial Applications and Human Exposure to Silica -- 5.2.4 Silicosis and Its Pathologic Mechanisms -- 5.2.5 Prevention and Treatment of Silicosis -- 5.3 Asbestosis -- 5.3.1 Structure of Asbestos -- 5.3.2 Properties of Asbestos -- 5.3.3 Sources of Asbestos Fiber -- 5.4 Industrial Application -- 5.5 Exposure to Mineral Fiber -- 5.6 Disease Description and Mechanisms of Action -- 5.7 Prevention and Treatment Plans -- References -- Chapter 6 Radon and Health -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Radon Chemistry -- 6.3 Sources of Radon -- 6.4 Radon Measurement Units -- 6.5 Safe Radon Levels -- 6.6 Radon Detection Methods. , 6.7 Detection of Radon and Radon Decay Products by Grab Sampling Method -- 6.7.1 Ionization Chambers -- 6.7.2 Scintillation Cell Method -- 6.7.3 Liquid Scintillation Counting (LSC) -- 6.7.4 Gross Alpha Counting -- 6.7.5 Alpha Spectrometry -- 6.8 Detection of Radon and Radon Decay Products by Integrated Measurement Methods -- 6.8.1 Solid-State Nuclear Track Detector -- 6.8.2 Activated Carbon Method -- 6.8.3 Electret-Ionization Chamber (EIC) Method -- 6.8.4 Solid-State Detection Monitors -- 6.9 Detection of Radon and Radon Decay Products by Continuous Monitors -- 6.9.1 Continuous Scintillation Cell Monitor -- 6.9.2 Passive Continuous Radon Monitor -- 6.9.3 Continuous Radon Monitors for Radon Progeny -- 6.10 Health Effects of Radon -- 6.10.1 Lung Cancer -- 6.10.2 Leukemia -- 6.10.3 Skin Cancer -- 6.10.4 Circulatory System Diseases (CSDs) -- 6.11 Prevention and Mitigation of Radon in Indoor Settings -- 6.12 Conclusion -- References -- Section 3 Medical Geology of the Hydrosphere -- Chapter 7 Water-Rock Interactions: Mineral Dissolution -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Congruent (Simple) Dissolution -- 7.2.1 Simple Dissolution of Minerals in Groundwater System -- 7.2.2 Saturation Index -- 7.2.3 Chemical Evolution of Groundwater Controlled by Congruent Dissolution -- 7.3 Incongruent Dissolution -- 7.3.1 Incongruent Dissolution in Aquifer Systems -- 7.3.2 Weathering of Silicates -- 7.3.3 Consequence of Incongruent Dissolution of Silicates -- 7.4 Reductive Dissolution of Fe(III) Oxides -- 7.4.1 Fe(III) Oxide Mineral and Reductive Dissolution -- 7.4.2 Cause of Reductive Dissolution of Fe(III) Oxides -- 7.4.3 Consequence of Reductive Dissolution of Fe(III) Oxides -- 7.5 Conclusion Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Water Hardness and Health -- 8.1 Water Hardness - Overview -- 8.2 Origin of Water Hardness. , 8.3 Water Hardness and Health Influence - Background -- 8.3.1 Cardiovascular Diseases and Water Hardness -- 8.3.2 Prevention Mechanism of CVD by Water Hardness -- 8.3.3 Kidney Disease and Water Hardness -- 8.3.4 Protective Competence of the Hard Water Against Cancer Development -- 8.3.5 Calcium and Magnesium Intake and Other Health Effects -- 8.3.6 Physiological Significance of Magnesium -- 8.3.7 Health Drawbacks of Water Hardness -- 8.4 Mitigation of Water Hardness -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Geochemistry of Fluoride in the Environment and Human Health -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Geochemistry of Fluoride -- 9.3 Fluoride in Rocks -- 9.4 Fluoride in Soil -- 9.5 Fluoride in Plants -- 9.6 Fluoride in Natural Water -- 9.7 Fluoride and Human Health -- 9.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Iodine Essentiality for Human Health: Sources, Toxicity, Biogeochemistry, and Strategies for Alleviation of Iodine Deficiency Disorders -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Iodine Essentiality for Human Health -- 10.3 Role of Iodine in Thyroid Function -- 10.4 Iodine Sources in Biogeosphere and Hydrosphere -- 10.5 Iodine in Diets -- 10.6 Iodine in Watersheds -- 10.7 Iodine Deficiency Disorders -- 10.8 Biogeochemical Cycling of Iodine -- 10.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Understanding Nexus Between Hydrogeochemical Cycling and Medical Geology of Arsenic -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 What Is Medical Geology? -- 11.3 Arsenic Release Mechanisms -- 11.4 Exposure and Effects of As on Humans and Plants -- 11.5 Conclusions and Outlooks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Potentially Toxic Metals and Health -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Toxic Metals and Their Resources -- 12.2.1 Arsenic (As) -- 12.2.2 Cadmium (Cd) -- 12.2.3 Chromium (Cr) -- 12.2.4 Lead (Pb) -- 12.3 The Effects of Toxic Metals on Human Health. , 12.4 Toxic Metal Removal with Biochar Adsorption -- 12.5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Section 4 Medical Pedology: Health Effects from Soils and Sediments -- Chapter 13 Dynamics of Trace Element Bioavailability in Soil: Agronomic Enhancement and Risk Assessment -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Bioavailability of Trace Elements in Contaminated Soils -- 13.3 Case Study -- 13.3.1 Experimental Design -- 13.3.2 Target Hazard Quotient -- 13.4 Uptake of Trace Elements: Change in Bioavailability -- 13.5 Trace Element Accumulation in Vegetable/Fodder -- 13.6 Human Health Risk Assessment -- 13.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Geochemical Provenance of Metalloids and Their Release: Implications on Medical Geology -- 14.1 Medical Geology of Metalloids -- 14.2 Role of Natural Geologic Materials and Processes on Releasing of Metalloids to the Environment -- 14.2.1 Release to Hydrosphere -- 14.2.2 Release to Lithosphere -- 14.2.3 Release to Atmosphere -- 14.2.4 Mechanism of the Release of the Metalloids to the Environment -- 14.3 Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility of Metalloids -- 14.3.1 Soil -- 14.3.2 Aquatic Environment -- 14.3.3 Atmosphere -- 14.4 Human Exposure of Metalloids -- 14.5 Toxicity of Metalloids to Human and Prevention -- 14.6 The Risk Management Strategies to Reduce the Bioavailable of Metalloids in the Environment -- 14.6.1 Remediation of Metalloids from the Water Bodies -- 14.6.2 Remediation of Metalloids from the Soil Matrices -- 14.7 Summary and Future Development -- References -- Chapter 15 Cobalt and Copper Deficiency and Molybdenosis -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Role of Co, Cu, and Mo as Micronutrients -- 15.2.1 Role of Cu as a Micronutrient in Plants -- 15.2.2 Role of Cu as a Micronutrient in Animals -- 15.2.3 Role of Co as a Micronutrient in Plants -- 15.2.4 Role of Co as a Micronutrient in Animals. , 15.2.5 Co and Cu Micro-Deficiency.

Note: Literaturangaben und Index