Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of boxes -- Preface -- Part I: Introduction to environmental management -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Aims and background -- Key terms and concepts -- Definition and scope of EM -- The evolution of EM -- Sustainable development (SD) -- EM problems and opportunities -- Encouraging EM -- Summary -- Further reading -- EM books -- SD books -- EM journals -- SD journals -- www sources -- Professional bodies -- EM courses -- Chapter 2: Environmental management: Character and goals -- Character and goals of EM -- Concept of limits to development -- Polluter-pays principle -- Precautionary principle -- EM challenges -- Need to be adaptable and resilient and to seek to reduce human vulnerability -- EM ethics and institutions -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Chapter 3: Environmental management and science -- Environment and environmental science -- Structure and function of the environment -- Trophic level and organic productivity -- The ecosystem -- Biosphere cyclic processes -- How stable and resilient are environments? -- Stability -- Resilience -- Threatening environmental events -- Biodiversity -- Environmental limits and resources -- Environmental limits -- Resources -- The Gaia hypothesis -- Environmental crisis -- Environmental and ecosystems modelling, the ecosystem concept, environmental systems and ecosystem management -- Applying the ecosystem concept to tourism, conservation and heritage management -- Applying the ecosystem concept to urban and periurban management -- Applying the ecosystem concept to conservation management -- Environmental systems and ecosystem planning and management - biogeophysical units -- Ecozones, ecoregions and ecodistricts. , Coastal zone and marine ecosystem planning and management -- River basin planning and management -- Watershed/catchment planning and management -- Bioregionalism -- Agroecosystem analysis and management -- Telecoupling -- Landscape ecology approach -- Ekistics -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Chapter 4: Environmental management background -- Environmental concern 1750 to 1960 -- Environmental concern 1960 to 1980 -- Environmental concern 1980 to the present -- Environmentalism, ecologism and the Green Movement -- Environmentalism -- Ecologism -- Green spirituality -- The Green Movement -- Dark- deep- light- and bright-greens -- Social sciences and environmentalism -- A late twentieth-century paradigm shift? -- Ethics for EM -- Women and the environment -- Social aspects of resource use -- The greening of economics -- Human capital / social capital / cultural capital / built capital -- Global environmental problems and economics -- Environmental accounts -- Estimating the value of the environment and natural resources -- Cost-benefit analysis -- BATNEEC and BPEO -- Shadow prices -- Paying for and encouraging EM -- Fair trade -- Contract farming -- Green taxes -- Pigouvian taxes -- Carbon emissions taxes and incentives -- Tradable energy quotas -- Energy use taxes -- REDD and REDD+ -- Green aid -- Natural capital and ecosystem services -- Natural capital -- Ecosystem services -- Debt, structural adjustment and the environment -- Debt-for-nature/environment swaps -- Trade and EM -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Part II: Practice -- Chapter 5: Environmental management, business and law -- The US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) - a 1970 environmental Magna Carta? -- EM and business/organisations -- Corporate visions of stewardship - a paradigm shift to EM ethics? -- Corporate social responsibility (CSR). , The triple bottom line -- Environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) -- Approaches adopted to promote EM in business/organisations -- Industrial ecology -- Ecological engineering -- Green marketing -- Green consumerism and consumer protection bodies -- Eco-labelling -- Total quality management and environment -- EM systems -- Green and sustainable supply chain management -- Life-cycle assessment -- Covenants -- Small and medium enterprises/businesses and the environment -- Greenwashing -- EM and business: the current situation -- EM and law -- European law and EM -- International law and EM -- International law and sovereignty issues -- Conflict management and EM -- Indigenous peoples and environmental law -- International conferences and agreements -- Alternative dispute resolution -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Chapter 6: Participants in environmental management -- Learning from past peoples -- Stakeholders -- Stakeholder analysis and stakeholder management -- Facilitators -- Citizens -- Indigenous groups -- Women -- Individuals and groups seeking change -- Individuals and groups with little power -- Displaced people -- Public -- Participatory EM -- Aarhus Convention -- Transition Towns Movement -- Funding and research bodies -- Communications -- Controllers -- Traditions and spirituality -- Accreditation -- International bodies and agreements -- NGOs and EM -- Millennium and ongoing development goals -- Unions -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Chapter 7: Environmental management approaches -- EM focus and stance -- Political ecology focus and stance -- Political economy focus and stance -- Human ecology focus and stance -- Participatory focus and stance -- Participatory appraisal -- Local, community, regional and sectoral EM -- Adaptive EM -- Tools, expert systems and decision support for EM -- Tools for EM. , Expert systems -- Decision support for EM -- Systems and network approaches for EM -- Ecosystem approaches -- Ecosystem services -- Bioregional approaches -- Agroecosystem approaches -- Urban ecosystem approaches -- SMART cities or ecosystem cities approaches -- River basin ecosystem approaches -- Watershed and catchment systems approaches -- Socio-economic and socio-economic-environmental systems -- Environmental management systems -- The state and EM -- Non-Western EM -- China -- India -- Southeast Asia -- West Asia, Middle East and Northern Africa -- Africa -- South and Central America and the Caribbean -- Transboundary and global EM -- Integrated EM -- Strategic EM -- Strategic environmental assessment -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Chapter 8: Data, standards, indicators, benchmarks, goal setting and objectives, monitoring, surveillance, models and auditing -- Tools, data, data analysis, statistics and interpretation -- Fuzzy data -- Big data -- Open data -- Data assessment/analysis -- Indicators, standards and benchmarks -- Indicators -- SD indicators -- Standards -- Benchmarks -- Setting goals and objectives and getting an overall view -- Setting goals -- Scoping -- Pilot study -- Life-cycle assessment -- Participatory assessment -- Monitoring -- Ultimate environmental threshold assessment -- Remote sensing, GIS and GPS -- Remote sensing -- GIS -- GPS -- Business and project evaluation monitoring tools -- Surveillance -- Modelling -- Environmental auditing/assessment, eco-auditing, environmental accounting, SD auditing and environmental compliance auditing -- Environmental auditing -- Eco-auditing -- Environmental accounting -- SD assessment/audit and state of the environment accounts -- Environmental assessment/appraisal -- Supply chain auditing -- Environmental compliance auditing -- Eco-footprint and carbon footprint. , Integrated environmental assessment -- Cumulative impact assessment -- Summary -- Further reading -- Books -- Journals -- www sources -- Chapter 9: Proactive assessment, prediction and forecasting -- Futures studies -- Predicting future scenarios -- Forecasting -- Futures modelling and future scenario prediction -- Hazard assessment and risk assessment -- Environmental impact assessment -- Dealing with indirect and cumulative impacts -- Social impact assessment -- Other tools for assessing the potential for development and impacts of development -- Ecological impact assessment -- Habitat evaluation -- Land-use planning -- Land capability classification, evaluation and appraisal -- Land suitability assessment -- The universal soil loss equation and revised universal soil loss equations -- Agroecosystem zones -- Farming systems research -- Participatory assessment approaches -- Livelihoods assessment -- Vulnerability studies -- Technology assessment -- Health risk assessment and health impact assessment -- Computers and expert systems -- Adaptive environmental assessment and management -- Integrated, comprehensive and regional impact assessment, integrated and strategic EM -- Integrated and comprehensive impact assessment -- Integrated regional environmental assessment -- Strategic environmental assessment -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Part III: Global challenges and opportunities -- Chapter 10: Resources: Character, opportunities and challenges -- Resources characteristics and management issues -- Water -- Floods -- Drought and reduced river flows -- Water resources management -- Developing rivers -- Small reservoirs and tanks -- Barrages -- Large dams -- Interbasin transfers -- Shared rivers -- Lakes and ponds -- Irrigation, runoff collection and rain-fed agriculture -- Air -- Land and soil -- Wetlands -- Energy. , Food and commodities.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Section I Single Use Plastics -- Chapter 1 Scientometric Analysis of Microplastics across the Globe -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Trends in Scientific Production and Citations -- 1.3.2 Top Funding Agencies -- 1.3.3 Top 10 Global Affiliations -- 1.3.4 Top Countries -- 1.3.5 Top 10 Databases and Journals -- 1.3.6 Top 10 Published Articles -- 1.3.7 Top 10 Author Keywords and Research Areas -- 1.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans - A Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Plastics -- 2.1.2 Plastic Pollution -- 2.1.3 Microplastics -- 2.1.4 Importance of Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans -- 2.2 Polar Regions -- 2.2.1 General -- 2.2.2 Sea Ice -- 2.2.3 Water -- 2.2.4 Sediments -- 2.2.5 Biota -- 2.3 Future Perspectives -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Microplastics - Global Scenario -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Environmental Issues of Plastic Waste -- 3.3 Coprocessing of Plastic Waste in Cement Kilns -- 3.3.1 Cost of Plants to Convert Plastic Waste to Refused-Derived Fuel (RDF) -- 3.4 Disposal of Plastic Waste Through Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT) -- 3.4.1 Merits of PPT -- 3.5 Constraints on the Use of Plastic Waste Disposal Technologies -- 3.6 Alternate to Conventional Petro-based Plastic Carry Bags and Films -- 3.7 Improving Waste Management -- 3.7.1 Phasing Out Microplastics -- 3.7.2 Promoting Research into Alternatives -- 3.7.3 Actions and Resolutions -- References -- Chapter 4 The Single-Use Plastic Pandemic in the COVID-19 Era -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Data Sources -- 4.2.2 Estimation of the General population's Daily Use of Face Masks. , 4.2.3 Estimation of the Daily Amount of Medical Waste in Hospitals -- 4.3 Trends in Production and Consumption of SUPs during the Pandemic -- 4.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment -- 4.3.2 Packaging SUPs -- 4.3.2.1 Trends in Plastic Waste Generation, Management, and Environmental Fate during the COVID-19 Era -- 4.4 SUP Waste from the Pandemic -- 4.4.1 Environmental Impacts from SUP Waste -- 4.4.2 Management of SUP Waste -- 4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Section II Microplastics in the Aerosphere -- Chapter 5 Atmospheric Microplastic Transport -- 5.1 The Phenomenon of Microplastic Transport -- 5.2 Factors Affecting Microplastic Transport -- 5.2.1 Types of MPs -- 5.2.2 Characteristics and Sources of Microplastics Emitters -- 5.2.3 Meteorological Conditions -- 5.2.4 Altitude and Surface Roughness -- 5.2.5 Microplastic Deposition Processes in the Ocean -- 5.2.6 Microplastics Deposition Processes in the Air -- 5.3 Microplastic Transport Modelling -- 5.3.1 Eulerian Method -- 5.3.2 Lagrangian Method -- References -- Chapter 6 Microplastics in the Atmosphere and Their Human and Eco Risks -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 6.2.1 Size, Shapes, and Colours -- 6.2.2 Chemical Composition -- 6.2.3 Sources of Microplastics -- 6.2.4 Spatial Distribution and Rate of Deposition -- 6.2.5 Effects of Climatic Conditions on MP Distribution -- 6.2.6 Transport Pathways -- 6.2.7 Pollutants Associated with MPs -- 6.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health and the Eco Risk -- 6.3.1 Impact on Human Health -- 6.3.2 Eco Risk -- 6.4 Strategies to Minimise Atmospheric MPs through Future Research -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Sampling and Detection of Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classification -- 7.3 Sampling Microplastics -- 7.3.1 Sampling Airborne Microplastics. , 7.3.2 Sediment -- 7.3.3 Water -- 7.3.4 Biota -- 7.4 Sample Preparation -- 7.5 Detection and Characterisation of MPs in the Atmosphere -- 7.5.1 Microscopic Techniques for Detecting MPs -- 7.5.1.1 Stereomicroscopy -- 7.5.1.2 Fluorescence Microscopy -- 7.5.1.3 Polarised Optical Microscopy (POM) -- 7.5.1.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 7.5.1.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 7.5.1.6 Hot Needle Technique -- 7.5.1.7 Digital Holography -- 7.5.2 Spectroscopic Techniques for Analysing MPs -- 7.5.2.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy -- 7.5.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy -- 7.5.3 Thermal Analysis -- 7.5.3.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- 7.5.3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 7.5.3.3 Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS) -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Funding -- References -- Chapter 8 Sources and Circulation of Microplastics in the Aerosphere - Atmospheric Transport of Microplastics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Occurrence and Abundance of Atmospheric MP -- 8.1.2 Plastic Polymers and Their Properties -- 8.1.3 Sources and Pathways of MPs in the Atmosphere -- 8.2 Temporal and Spatial Trends in MP Accumulation -- 8.2.1 Roadside MPs -- 8.2.2 Agricultural Fields and Soil -- 8.2.3 Wastewater and Sludge -- 8.2.4 Ocean/Marine Debris -- 8.3 Formation of MPs -- 8.3.1 Physical Weathering -- 8.3.2 Chemical Weathering -- 8.3.3 Biodegradation -- 8.3.4 Photo-thermal Oxidation -- 8.3.5 Thermal Degradation -- 8.4 Atmospheric Circulation, Transport, Suspension, and Deposition -- 8.4.1 Wet Deposition -- 8.4.2 Dry Deposition -- 8.4.3 Urban Dust -- 8.4.4 Suspended Atmospheric MPs -- 8.5 Atmospheric Chemistry of MPs -- 8.6 Predicting MP Dispersion and Transport -- 8.7 Eco-Environmental Impacts -- 8.7.1 Impacts on Human and Wildlife Health -- 8.7.2 Impacts on the Climate -- 8.8 Future Perspectives -- References. , Section III Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment -- Chapter 9 Interaction of Chemical Contaminants with Microplastics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Interactions -- 9.3 Mechanisms -- 9.3.1 Interactions between Organic Contaminants and Microplastics -- 9.3.2 Interactions between Heavy Metals and Microplastics -- 9.3.3 Kinetics of the Sorption Process -- 9.3.4 Pseudo-First-Order Model -- 9.3.5 Pseudo-Second-Order Model -- 9.3.6 Intraparticle Diffusion Model -- 9.3.7 Film Diffusion Model -- 9.3.8 Isotherm Models -- 9.3.9 Langmuir Model -- 9.3.10 Freundlich Model -- 9.4 Environmental Burden of Microplastics -- 9.5 Future Approaches -- References -- Chapter 10 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Microplastics in Rivers and Tributaries -- 10.3 Microplastics in Lakes -- 10.4 Microplastics in Groundwater Sources -- 10.5 Microplastics in Glaciers and Ice Caps -- 10.6 Microplastics in Deltas -- 10.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 11 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate: Flow and Transport -- 11.1 Plastics and Microplastics -- 11.2 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate -- 11.3 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment - Effects on Ocean Carbon Sequestration and Sustenance of Marine Life -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment -- 12.2.1 Major Sources -- 12.2.2 Chemical Nature and Distribution Processes -- 12.2.2.1 Chemical Nature -- 12.2.2.2 Distribution Processes -- 12.3 Microplastics and Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.1 Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.2 Effect of Microplastics on Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.2.1 Effect on Phytoplankton Photosynthesis and Growth -- 12.3.2.2 Effect on Zooplankton Development and Reproduction -- 12.3.2.3 Effect on the Marine Biological Pump -- 12.4 Microplastics and Marine Fauna. , 12.4.1 Effects on Corals -- 12.4.2 Effects on Fisheries and Aquaculture -- 12.4.2.1 Shrimp -- 12.4.2.2 Oysters and Mussels -- 12.4.2.3 Fish -- 12.4.3 Effects on Sea Turtles and Sea Birds -- 12.4.4 Effects on Marine Mammals -- 12.5 Microplastic Pollution, Climate Change, and Antibiotic Resistance - A Unique Trio -- 12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section IV Microplastics in Soil Systems -- Chapter 13 Entry of Microplastics into Agroecosystems: A Serious Threat to Food Security and Human Health -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Sources of Microplastics in Agroecosystems -- 13.2.1 Plastic Mulching -- 13.2.2 Plastic Use in Modern Agriculture -- 13.2.3 Application of Sewage Sludge/Biosolids -- 13.2.4 Compost and Fertilizers -- 13.2.5 Wastewater Irrigation -- 13.2.6 Landfill Sites -- 13.2.7 Atmospheric Deposition -- 13.2.8 Miscellaneous Sources -- 13.3 Implications of Microplastic Contamination on Agroecosystems -- 13.3.1 Implications for Soil Character -- 13.3.2 Implications for Crop Plants and Food Security -- 13.4 Human Health Risks -- 13.5 Knowledge Gaps -- 13.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 Migration of Microplastic-Bound Contaminants to Soil and Their Effects -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Microplastics as Sorbing Materials for Hazardous Chemicals -- 14.3 Types of Microplastic-Bound Contaminants in Soils -- 14.3.1 Heavy Metals and Metalloids - Inorganic Contaminants Adsorbed to MPs -- 14.3.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, Antibiotics, Pesticides, and Other Organic Contaminants Adsorbed to MPs -- 14.4 Effects of Exposure and Co-exposure in Soil - Consequences of Contaminant Sorption for MP Toxicity and Bioaccumulation -- 14.5 Microplastic-Bound Contaminants in Soils as Potential Threats to Human Health -- 14.6 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 15 Plastic Mulch-Derived Microplastics in Agricultural Soil Systems.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editor -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 The Soil-Human Health-Environment Trinity -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Soil Organic Matter in Relation to the Health of Soil and the Environment -- 1.3 Historic Depletion of the Terrestrial C Stock -- 1.4 Soil Organic Matter Depletion and Soil/Environment Degradation -- 1.5 The Soil-Human Health Nexus -- 1.6 Interconnected Vicious Cycles Prevalent in Degraded Soils of Agroecosystems -- 1.7 Choice of Entry Points for Breaking the Vicious Circles -- 1.8 Enhancing Human Nutrition by Soil Management -- 1.9 Research and Development Priorities -- 1.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Health of Soil, Plants, Animals, and People -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 One Health -- 2.3 Soil Health -- 2.3.1 Soil and Life -- 2.3.2 Soil Health -- 2.3.3 Soil Health and Human Health -- 2.3.4 Soil Management and Human Health -- 2.4 Plant Health -- 2.4.1 Soil Health and Its Indicators in Agriculture System -- 2.4.2 Plant Pathogens and Their Caused Destructive Diseases on Plants -- 2.4.3 Agricultural Practices Affect Plant and Soil Health -- 2.4.4 Plant- and Soil-Associated Microbiomes for Plant Growth and Health -- 2.5 Animal Health -- 2.5.1 Livestock Production-Soil and Plant Health -- 2.5.2 Effects of Soil on Animal Health -- 2.5.3 Effects of Plants on Animal Health -- 2.5.4 Effect of Animals on Soil and Plant Health -- 2.6 Human Health -- 2.6.1 Human Activity Impacts Soil Health -- 2.6.2 Soil Impact Physically -- 2.6.3 Soil Impact on Human Nutrition -- 2.6.4 Toxic Compounds in Soil Impact Human Health -- 2.6.5 Soil Pathogens -- 2.6.6 Soil as Source of Modern Antibiotics and Other Benefits -- 2.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Transport of Mineral Elements from Soil and Human Health -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.2 Transport of Essential Mineral Elements in Rice -- 3.2.1 Transport of Fe in Rice -- 3.2.2 Transport of Zn in Rice -- 3.3 Transport of Toxic Elements -- 3.3.1 Transport of As in Rice -- 3.3.2 Transport of Cd in Rice -- 3.4 Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 Soils and Human Health: Communication between Soil Scientists and Health Care Providers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Brief Overview of Soils and Human Health Connections -- 4.1.1.1 Writings by Soil Scientists and Geologists -- 4.1.1.2 Writings by Human Health Professionals -- 4.1.2 Soil Health (As Defined) Represents a Key Life Sustaining "Factor" Just as Clean Air and Clean and Abundant Water -- 4.2 Soils Knowledge Useful to the Practitioner -- 4.2.1 Basic Soil Physical and Chemical Properties -- 4.2.2 Basic Soil Biological Properties -- 4.2.3 Soil Health -- 4.2.4 Soil and Climate Connections -- 4.3 Ways to Facilitate Communication -- 4.3.1 Publications in Jointly Read Journals -- 4.3.2 Facilitating Joint Conferences -- 4.3.3 University Education That Crosses Disciplines -- 4.4 Concluding Statements -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Soil and Cancer -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Carcinogenesis -- 5.3 Carcinogens -- 5.4 Soil Health -- 5.4.1 Soil Composition -- 5.4.1.1 Selenium -- 5.4.1.2 Lead -- 5.4.1.3 Arsenic -- 5.4.1.4 Trichloroethylene -- 5.4.1.5 Perfluorooctanoic Acid -- 5.4.1.6 1,2-Dichloropropane -- 5.4.1.7 Dichloromethane -- 5.4.1.8 1,3-Propane Sultone -- 5.4.1.9 Fibrous Glaucophane -- 5.4.1.10 Radon -- 5.4.2 Pollution -- 5.4.3 Pesticides -- 5.4.3.1 Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma -- 5.4.3.2 Leukemia -- 5.4.3.3 Brain Cancer -- 5.4.3.4 Breast Cancer -- 5.4.3.5 Kidney Cancer -- 5.4.3.6 Pancreatic Cancer -- 5.4.3.7 Prostate Cancer -- 5.4.3.8 Lung Cancer -- 5.4.3.9 Stomach Cancer -- 5.5 Nutrition -- 5.6 Possible Interventions -- 5.6.1 Selenium -- 5.6.2 Phenols. , 5.6.3 Outside-the-Box Therapies -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 6 Addressing Urban Mal- and Undernourishment through Sustainable Home Gardens -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Malnutrition -- 6.3 Micronutrient Deficiency in Diet and Human Health -- 6.4 Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables -- 6.5 Heavy Metal and Contaminants in Urban Soil and Human Health -- 6.6 Home Gardens for Fruits and Vegetables -- 6.7 Yields of Fruits and Vegetables in the Home Gardens -- 6.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7 Improving Human Health by Remediating Polluted Soils -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Soil Pollutant Problems -- 7.2.1 Prevention -- 7.2.1.1 Combustibles (Organics) -- 7.2.1.2 Inorganic Toxins (Metals) -- 7.2.1.3 Biotoxins -- 7.3 Already Polluted Soil Remediation -- 7.3.1 Phytoremediation -- 7.3.2 "Treatment" with Powdered Basalt -- 7.3.3 Desalinated Water Soil Washing -- 7.4 Discussion -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Managing Soil for Global Peace by Eliminating Famines and Pandemics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 State-of-the-World Soils -- 8.1.2 Soil and Human Health -- 8.2 Population -- 8.2.1 Global Trends -- 8.2.2 Urbanization -- 8.3 Famines -- 8.3.1 Global History -- 8.3.2 Causes of Famines -- 8.4 Pandemics and Hunger -- 8.4.1 Global History -- 8.4.2 Population and Pandemics -- 8.5 Achieving Zero Hunger and Malnutrition by 2030 -- 8.6 The Soil-Peace-Famine-Pandemic Nexus -- 8.7 Lessons Learned from Historic Pandemics and Famines -- 8.7.1 Knowledge Gaps -- 8.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Illustrating a Disjoint in the Soil-Plant-Human Health Nexus with Potassium -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definitions -- 9.3 Potassium as an Indicator for Health Outcomes -- 9.4 Review -- 9.4.1 Search Process -- 9.4.2 Soil Health and Potassium -- 9.4.2.1 Potassium Status in Global Croplands -- 9.4.3 Plant Health and Potassium. , 9.4.3.1 Potassium for Yield Building -- 9.4.3.2 Potassium for Quality Improvement -- 9.4.3.3 Potassium for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management -- 9.4.4 Human Health and Potassium -- 9.4.4.1 Dietary Potassium Requirement in Humans -- 9.4.4.2 Food Sources for Dietary Potassium -- 9.4.4.3 Dietary Potassium Intake in Different Countries/Regions -- 9.4.4.4 Potassium and Disease Incidence -- 9.4.4.5 Potassium in Immune System Disorders -- 9.4.4.6 Potassium in Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases -- 9.4.4.7 Potassium and Infectious Diseases -- 9.5 Interactions among Health Components -- 9.5.1 Case Study -- 9.5.1.1 Potato as a Source of Nutrients and Energy -- 9.5.1.2 Linking Soil and Potato Plant Health to Human Health -- 9.5.1.3 Postharvest Fate of Tuber Nutrients -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Soil Aquaphotomics for Understanding Soil-Health Relation through Water-Light Interaction -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Foundations of Aquaphotomics -- 10.3 Soil Health and Aquaphotomics -- 10.4 Aquaphotomics in Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring -- 10.5 Aquaphotomics in Microbiology -- 10.6 Aquaphotomics and Plant-Soil System Health -- 10.7 Implications to Human Health and Future Perspectives -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11 Healthy Soils-Healthy People: Soil and Human Health-The Reality of the Balkan Region -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Natural Characteristics of the Region -- 11.2.1 Geomorphological Characteristics -- 11.2.2 Climate Characteristics -- 11.2.3 Forests -- 11.2.4 Water Resources -- 11.2.5 Biodiversity Conservation and Management -- 11.3 Soils of the Region -- 11.4 State of the Soil and the Main Degradation Drivers -- 11.4.1 Climate Change -- 11.4.2 Soil Erosion and Torrential Floods -- 11.4.3 Agriculture and Land Degradation -- 11.4.3.1 Loss of SOC -- 11.4.3.2 Acidification and Salinization -- 11.4.4 Forestry. , 11.4.5 Urbanization -- 11.4.6 Mass Movements on Slopes -- 11.4.7 Waste Management -- 11.4.8 Energetics, Mining, and Industry -- 11.5 Soil Pollution and Human Health -- 11.6 Land Use Changes and Land Degradation Neutrality -- 11.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 12 Heavy Metals Bioavailability in Soils and Impact on Human Health -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Sources of Heavy Metals -- 12.2.1 Parent Material -- 12.2.1.1 Black Shales -- 12.2.1.2 Limestones -- 12.2.1.3 Phosphorites -- 12.2.1.4 Sedimentary Ironstones -- 12.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources of Heavy Metals -- 12.2.2.1 Fertilizers -- 12.2.2.2 Sewage Effluents and City Wastes -- 12.2.2.3 Industrial Wastes -- 12.2.2.4 Vehicle Transport -- 12.3 Soil Factors Affecting Heavy Metal Mobility and Bioavailability in Soils -- 12.3.1 Soil pH -- 12.3.2 Soil Texture -- 12.3.3 Soil Organic Matter Content and Its Form -- 12.3.4 Oxidation-Reduction Potential -- 12.3.5 Ionic Strength -- 12.3.6 Chemical Speciation and Nature of Contamination -- 12.3.7 Iron and Manganese Oxides -- 12.4 Pathways of Metal Transfer to Humans -- 12.4.1 Media Serving as Carriers of Heavy Metals -- 12.4.2 Avenues of Transfer of the Heavy Metals from the Carriers to Humans -- 12.4.3 Transfer of Heavy Metals from Soil to Plants to Humans -- 12.4.4 Impact of Heavy Metals on Human Health -- 12.5 Measures to Reduce Bioavailability of Heavy Metals -- 12.5.1 Regulation of pH of the Holding Medium Such as Soil -- 12.5.2 Agricultural Measures to Reduce Metal Transfer to the Food Chain -- 12.5.3 Extraction of the Metals from the Soil -- 12.5.4 Use of Chemical Stabilizers to Prohibit Bioavailability -- 12.6 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 Managing Soil Biology for Multiple Human Benefits -- 13.1 Introduction: The Many Benefits That Humans Obtain from Soil Biodiversity. , 13.2 Promoting Specific Ecosystem Functions with Targeted Introductions of Soil Biota.

Note: Front Cover -- Energy Services Fundamentals and Financing -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Energy services -- 1 Energy services: concepts, applications and historical background -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Energy and population growth -- 1.3 Energy saving in buildings -- 1.4 Energy use in agriculture -- 1.5 Renewable energy technologies -- 1.5.1 Solar energy -- 1.5.2 Efficient bioenergy use -- 1.5.2.1 Briquette processes -- 1.5.2.2 Improved cook stoves -- 1.5.2.3 Biogas technology -- 1.5.2.4 Improved forest and tree management -- 1.5.2.5 Gasification application -- 1.5.3 Combined heat and power -- 1.5.4 Hydrogen production -- 1.5.5 Hydropower generation -- 1.5.6 Wind energy -- 1.6 Energy and sustainable development -- 1.7 Global warming -- 1.8 Recommendations -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Energy financing schemas -- 2 The promotion of renewable energy communities in the European Union -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 The link between the provision of energy services and the increase of energy efficiency -- 2.3 The efficiency gains stemming from distributed generation of energy production -- 2.4 The concept of renewable energy community -- 2.5 The promotion of renewable energy communities in EU law -- 2.6 The promotion of renewable energy communities in the draft National Energy and Climate Plans -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Financial schemes for energy efficiency projects: lessons learnt from in-country demonstrations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The proposed methodology -- 3.3 Innovative financing schemes -- 3.3.1 Crowdfunding -- 3.3.2 Energy performance contracting -- 3.3.3 Green bonds -- 3.3.4 Guarantee funds -- 3.3.5 Revolving funds -- 3.3.6 Soft loans -- 3.3.7 Third-party financing -- 3.4 Case study countries -- 3.4.1 Bulgaria -- 3.4.2 Greece -- 3.4.3 Lithuania -- 3.4.4 Spain -- 3.5 Key actors identification. , 3.6 Knowledge transfer -- 3.6.1 Peer-to-Peer learning -- 3.6.2 Capacity building activities -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Energy systems in buildings -- 4 Energy in buildings and districts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Thermal comfort -- 4.3 User behavior -- 4.4 Weather conditions under climate change and growing urbanization -- 4.5 Envelope and materials -- 4.6 From passive to nearly zero-energy building design -- 4.7 Smart buildings and home automation -- 4.8 From smart buildings to smart districts and cities -- 4.9 Concluding discussion -- References -- 5 Renewable energy integration as an alternative to the traditional ground-source heat pump system -- Nomenclature -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.2.1 Description of the proposed solution -- 5.2.2 Test procedure -- 5.3 Technical calculation -- 5.3.1 Thermal module -- 5.3.1.1 Geothermal energy -- 5.3.1.2 Thermal solar energy -- 5.3.2 Power module -- 5.3.2.1 Photovoltaic solar energy -- 5.3.2.2 Wind energy -- 5.3.3 Contribution of the suggested installation -- 5.4 Economic and environmental analysis -- 5.4.1 Economic analysis -- 5.4.2 Environmental evaluation -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.5.1 Sensitivity analysis -- 5.5.1.1 Electricity price -- 5.5.1.2 Electric rate -- 5.5.1.3 CO2 emission factor -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Energy-saving strategies on university campus buildings: Covenant University as case study -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Energy modeling software for buildings -- 6.1.2 Energy conservation measures in buildings -- 6.2 Materials and methods -- 6.2.1 Study location -- 6.2.2 Procedure for data collection -- 6.2.3 Instrumentation and procedure for data analysis -- 6.2.4 Economic analysis -- 6.2.5 Assessment of environmental impacts -- 6.3 Results and discussions -- 6.3.1 Result of energy audit in cafeterias1 and 2. , 6.3.2 Result of energy audit in Mechanical Engineering building -- 6.3.3 Result of energy audit in university library -- 6.3.4 Result of energy audit in health center -- 6.3.5 Result of energy audit in the students' halls of residence -- 6.3.6 Qualitative recommendation analysis -- 6.3.6.1 Replacement of lighting fixtures with light-emitting diode bulbs -- 6.3.6.2 Installation of solar panels on the roofs of selected buildings -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Energy conversion systems and Energy storage systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Energy systems in buildings -- 7.2.1 Energy generation systems -- 7.2.1.1 Combined heat and power system -- 7.2.1.2 Solar photovoltaic system -- 7.2.1.3 Solar thermal system -- 7.2.1.4 Organic Rankine cycle system -- 7.2.1.5 Geothermal system -- 7.2.1.6 Wind turbine system -- 7.2.2 Energy conversion systems -- 7.2.2.1 Heating systems -- 7.2.2.2 Cooling systems -- 7.2.2.3 Ventilation systems -- 7.2.3 Energy storage systems -- 7.2.3.1 Battery energy storage system -- 7.2.3.2 Thermal energy storage system -- 7.3 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Energy systems in buildings -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Energy-efficient building envelopes -- 8.2.1 Increasing thermal resistance of the building envelope -- 8.2.2 Climate-specific design of energy-efficient envelopes -- 8.3 Renewable energy sources for building energy application -- 8.3.1 Analyzing electrical/thermal loads of a building -- 8.3.2 Consideration of local codes and requirements for renewable energy systems -- 8.3.3 Solar energy systems -- 8.3.3.1 Solar water heating -- 8.3.3.1.1 Flat-plate collectors -- 8.3.3.1.2 Evacuated tube solar thermal collectors -- 8.3.3.1.3 Choice of solar thermal collectors -- 8.3.3.1.3.1 Cost -- 8.3.3.1.3.2 Performance -- 8.3.3.1.3.3 Installation -- 8.3.4 Building-integrated photovoltaic systems -- 8.4 Solar thermal energy storage. , 8.4.1 Types of thermal energy storage technologies -- 8.4.1.1 Sensible heat storage system -- 8.4.1.1.1 Sensible solid heat storage system -- 8.4.1.1.2 Sensible liquid heat storage system -- 8.4.1.2 Sensible cold storage system -- 8.4.1.3 Latent heat storage system -- 8.4.1.4 Thermochemical storage -- 8.5 Wind energy -- 8.5.1 Brief introduction -- 8.5.2 Wind resource assessment -- 8.5.3 Building-integrated/mounted wind turbine -- 8.5.3.1 Building-integrated wind turbines -- 8.5.3.2 Building-mounted wind turbines -- 8.5.3.3 Building-augmented wind turbines -- 8.5.4 Optimizing building-integrated/mounted wind turbine devices -- 8.5.5 Small/micro wind turbines for building application -- 8.6 Heat pumps -- 8.6.1 Air-source heat pumps -- 8.6.2 Ground-source heat pumps -- 8.6.3 Working principles of heat pumps -- 8.6.3.1 The heating cycle -- 8.6.3.2 The cooling cycle -- 8.6.3.3 The defrost cycle -- 8.6.4 Performance measures -- 8.7 Biomass -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- 4 Energy efficiency in industrial sector -- 9 Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources for industrial sector -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Global energy trends -- 9.3 Energy consumption and emissions in industry -- 9.3.1 General trends -- 9.3.2 Energy and carbon-intensive industrial sectors -- 9.4 Energy efficiency in industry for climate change mitigation -- 9.4.1 The need for innovation -- 9.5 Energy efficiency and renewable sources in industry -- 9.5.1 Bioenergy -- 9.5.2 Solar heat -- 9.6 Case study in Turkey -- 9.6.1 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan -- 9.6.2 General overview -- 9.6.3 Industry and technology -- 9.6.4 Aim of the development plans -- 9.7 Policy options -- 9.7.1 Lessons learned -- 9.7.2 International agreements -- 9.7.3 Procurement -- 9.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 Energy efficiency in tourism sector: eco-innovation measures and energy. , 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 State of the arts -- 10.3 Methods and data -- 10.4 Results and discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Energy services markets: development and status quo -- 11 Energy service markets: status quo and development -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The European framework for energy services -- 11.2.1 Legal framework -- 11.2.2 The European Union energy service markets: market volume, offers, and barriers -- 11.3 The German energy service market -- 11.3.1 Legal framework and information sources -- 11.3.2 Market overview -- 11.4 Developments of segments of the service market -- 11.4.1 Advice services -- 11.4.2 Energy management -- 11.4.3 Contracting -- 11.5 Market development -- 11.6 Conclusions: lessons learned from the German case -- References -- 12 Worldwide trends in energy market research -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Data -- 12.3 Results -- 12.3.1 Subjects from worldwide publications -- 12.3.2 Journals metric analysis -- 12.3.3 Countries, affiliations, and their main topics -- 12.3.4 Keywords from worldwide publications -- 12.3.5 Cluster analysis based on keywords -- References -- 13 Which aspects may prevent the development of energy service companies? The impact of barriers and country-specific condi... -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Which are the problems confronted by energy efficiency actions and policy instruments? -- 13.3 Which are the most relevant barriers confronted by energy service companies in different regions? -- 13.4 Removing barriers and promoting energy service companies -- 13.4.1 Actions to remove economic and market barriers -- 13.4.2 Actions to remove funding barriers -- 13.4.3 Enabling frameworks for energy service companies and other energy efficiency actions -- 13.5 Lessons learned and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Index -- Back Cover.