Note: Intro -- Forest and Nature Governance -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Prelude to Practice: Introducing a Practice Based Approach to Forest and Nature Governance -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Forest and Nature Governance -- 1.3…Three Models for Understanding Human Behaviour -- 1.4…The Turn to Practice in Forest and Nature Governance -- 1.5…Sensitising Concepts of the Practice Based Approach -- 1.6…Methodological Guidelines -- 1.7…The Book's Contents -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 From Practical Science to a Practice Based Approach: A Short History of Forest Policy Studies -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Practising Science: Kuhn's Disciplinary Matrix -- 2.3…Characteristics of Traditional Forestry Science -- 2.4…Forest Policy StudiesForest policy studies as Practical Science -- 2.5…Changes in Forest Policy -- 2.5.1 Emergence of New Forestry and Rural Development Policies -- 2.5.2 Embedding of Forest Policy into Environmental Policy -- 2.5.3 Incorporation of Forest Policy in Newly Emerging Governance Arrangements -- 2.5.4 Repercussions for Forest Policies -- 2.6…From Normative to Analytical Science -- 2.6.1 Changing Academic Orientation -- 2.7…Changes in the Disciplinary Matrix -- 2.8…Emergence of Critical Policy Studies -- 2.8.1 Impacts on Disciplinary Matrix -- 2.9…Conclusion -- References -- Part II Rethinking Institutions -- 3 Bricolage PracticesBricolage Practices in Local Forestry -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.2…Critical InstitutionalismCritical Institutionalism and Institutional Bricolage -- 3.3…Bricolage PracticesBricolage Practices -- 3.4…Examples of Bricolage Practices From Different Parts of the World -- 3.5…Forest Conservation and Development in Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea -- 3.6…Logging Concessions and Indigenous Territory in BoliviaBolivia -- 3.7…Issuing Logging Permits in the DRC -- 3.8…Conclusions. , References -- 4 What Institutions Do: Grasping Participatory Practices in the Water Framework Directive -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…What Participatory Institutions Do -- 4.3…Fields and Logics of Practice -- 4.4…The Practice of Participation in the WFD in the Netherlands -- 4.4.1 The Design and Organisation of Public Participation in the WFD -- 4.4.2 Extending and Improving the Public Sphere? -- 4.4.3 Changing the Logic of the Governance Network -- 4.4.4 The Economics of Participation -- 4.5…Conclusion: Grasping Participatory Practices -- Acknowledgments -- A.1. Annex 1: List and dates of interviewees cited in this chapter (all interviews were in Dutch and have been translated by the authors) -- References -- 5 Invited Spaces and Informal Practices in Participatory Community Forest Management in IndiaIndia -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Methodology and Research Context -- 5.2.1 Methodology -- 5.2.2 Selection of Research Site -- 5.2.3 Background Information on Adavipalli -- 5.2.4 Key Actors and Institutions in APCFM Intervention -- 5.2.5 GenderGender Policy in APCFM Intervention (Formal Provisions) -- 5.3…Implementation of Gender Mainstreaming -- 5.3.1 Self-ImagesSelf-images and Roles of Men and Women -- 5.3.1.1 Box 5.1 Self-imagesSelf-images of men and women of their roles in the household/community -- Box 5.2 Male and female VSS members on their practices -- 5.3.2 Actual Practices Around Womenrsquors Participation in Adavipalli VSS -- 5.4…Findings and Discussion -- 5.5…Implications for Future Gender Mainstreaming Projects -- References -- Government Orders -- Part III The Global-Local Nexus -- 6 Global Forest Governance: Multiple Practices of Policy PerformancePolicy Performance -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…The Assumed Failure of GlobalGlobal Forest Governance -- 6.3…Global Forest GovernanceGlobal Forest Governance: Regime or Non-Regime?. , 6.4…InstitutionsInstitutions, Discourses, Practices -- 6.5…Multiple Practices of Policy PerformancePolicy Performance -- 6.6…Global Forest Discourses and Norms -- 6.7…ParticipatoryParticipatory Forest ManagementParticipatory Forest Management in Babati District, TanzaniaBabati District, Tanzania -- 6.8…Forest CertificationForest Certification in Kikole, TanzaniaTanzania -- 6.9…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 The Practice of Interaction Management: Enhancing Synergies Among Multilateral REDD+REDD+ Institutions -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…Conceptualisation of Interaction Management as a Practice -- 7.3…The Practice of REDD+ Interaction Management -- 7.3.1 Introducing REDD+REDD+ -- Box 7.1: The Three Global REDD+REDD+ Programmes -- 7.3.1.0 -- 7.3.2 REDD+REDD+ Interaction Management -- 7.3.2.0 Developing a Common Umbrella Framework -- 7.3.2.0 Harmonised REDD+REDD+ Readiness Support -- 7.3.2.0 Safeguards -- 7.3.2.0 Governing Bodies -- 7.4…Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 8 How do Forest Markets Work? Exploring a Practice Perspective -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…The Evolution of Markets -- 8.2.1 The Origins: The Market as a Location -- 8.2.2 The Market as an Observable Interface Between Sellers and Buyers -- 8.2.3 The Market as an Abstract Concept of Exchange -- 8.2.4 Markets as Institutional Arrangements -- 8.2.5 A Sociology of Markets -- 8.2.6 And Now, How Further? -- 8.3…Towards a New Approach: Markets as Practices -- 8.3.1 What are Practices? -- 8.3.2 Markets as Practices -- 8.4…The Certified Timber Market -- 8.5…Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Part IV Representing Nature ? -- 9 Globalising Biodiversity: Scientific Practices of Scaling and Databasing -- 9.1…Global Biodiversity, Global Science -- 9.2…Databases, Standards and Categories -- 9.3…Scaling as Scientific Practice -- 9.4…The EBONEEBONE Project. , 9.5…Negotiating and Scaling Biodiversity Data -- 9.5.1 BootstrappingBootstrapping and the Use of Existing Data -- 9.5.2 Statistics -- 9.5.3 BiodiversityBiodiversity Indicators -- 9.5.4 The Network -- 9.5.5 Scaling UpScaling Up -- 9.6…Practices of Databasing and Scaling -- 9.7…Globalising Biodiversity -- References -- 10 Where Management Practices and Experiential Practices Meet: Public Support and Conflict in Ecosystem Management -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Experiential PracticeExperiential Practices -- 10.2.1 The Importance of the Material Context -- 10.2.2 The Importance of Knowing -- 10.2.3 The Importance of Emotions -- 10.2.4 RoutinesRoutines and Their Disturbance -- 10.3…Methods -- 10.3.1 Study Sites -- 10.3.2 Case Study 1---Visitor Behaviour in Dwingelderveld National ParkDwingelderveld National Park -- 10.3.3 Case Study 2---Perceived Attractiveness of Nature in Dwingelderveld National ParkDwingelderveld National Park -- 10.3.4 Case Study 3---The Emergence of Protest in Drents-Friese Wold National ParkDrents-Friese Wold National Park -- 10.4…Results -- 10.4.1 Case Study 1: The Material Context Defines Visitor Behaviour -- 10.4.2 Case Study 2: Hiking Visitors Find Restored Nature Attractive -- 10.4.3 Case Study 3: ESM Threatens Established Practices -- 10.5…Discussion -- References -- 11 Creating Scientific Narratives: Experiences in Constructing and Interweaving Empirical and Theoretical Plottheoretical plots -- 11.1…Researchers as 'Scientific' Narrators -- 11.2…Constructing Scientific Narratives and Being Accountable for Them -- 11.3…Reflection Upon Our Own Practice as Scientific Narrators -- 11.4…The Narrative of the Drentsche Aa -- 11.4.1 Setting the Scene -- 11.4.2 Eventualisation of the Case -- 11.4.3 Creating a Case Journal or Case Record -- 11.4.4 Selecting Key Events -- 11.4.5 The Hermeneutic Spiralhermeneutic spiral. , 11.4.6 Constructing the Narrative -- 11.5…Making One Narrative Out of the Narratives of the Yorkshire Dales, Doñana and the Veluwe -- 11.5.1 Setting the Scene -- 11.5.2 Selection of Cases -- 11.5.3 Eventualisation of the Case -- 11.5.4 Creating a Case Journal or Case Record -- 11.5.5 Selecting Key Themes -- 11.5.6 The Hermeneutic Spiralhermeneutic spiral -- 11.5.7 Constructing the Narrative -- 11.6…Comparing Our Experiences as Scientific Narrators -- 11.7…The Practice Based Approach and Researchers as Narrators -- References -- Part V Conclusion -- 12 The Promise of Practice: The Value of the Practice Based Approach for Forest and Nature Governance Studies -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…Forest and Nature Practices -- 12.3…Revisiting the Three Sensitising Concepts -- 12.4…Establishing a Practice Based Approach -- 12.5…The Potential of the Practice Based Approach for Governance Studies -- 12.6…From Studies to Practice -- References -- Author Biographies -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Section I Single Use Plastics -- Chapter 1 Scientometric Analysis of Microplastics across the Globe -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Trends in Scientific Production and Citations -- 1.3.2 Top Funding Agencies -- 1.3.3 Top 10 Global Affiliations -- 1.3.4 Top Countries -- 1.3.5 Top 10 Databases and Journals -- 1.3.6 Top 10 Published Articles -- 1.3.7 Top 10 Author Keywords and Research Areas -- 1.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans - A Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Plastics -- 2.1.2 Plastic Pollution -- 2.1.3 Microplastics -- 2.1.4 Importance of Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans -- 2.2 Polar Regions -- 2.2.1 General -- 2.2.2 Sea Ice -- 2.2.3 Water -- 2.2.4 Sediments -- 2.2.5 Biota -- 2.3 Future Perspectives -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Microplastics - Global Scenario -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Environmental Issues of Plastic Waste -- 3.3 Coprocessing of Plastic Waste in Cement Kilns -- 3.3.1 Cost of Plants to Convert Plastic Waste to Refused-Derived Fuel (RDF) -- 3.4 Disposal of Plastic Waste Through Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT) -- 3.4.1 Merits of PPT -- 3.5 Constraints on the Use of Plastic Waste Disposal Technologies -- 3.6 Alternate to Conventional Petro-based Plastic Carry Bags and Films -- 3.7 Improving Waste Management -- 3.7.1 Phasing Out Microplastics -- 3.7.2 Promoting Research into Alternatives -- 3.7.3 Actions and Resolutions -- References -- Chapter 4 The Single-Use Plastic Pandemic in the COVID-19 Era -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Data Sources -- 4.2.2 Estimation of the General population's Daily Use of Face Masks. , 4.2.3 Estimation of the Daily Amount of Medical Waste in Hospitals -- 4.3 Trends in Production and Consumption of SUPs during the Pandemic -- 4.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment -- 4.3.2 Packaging SUPs -- 4.3.2.1 Trends in Plastic Waste Generation, Management, and Environmental Fate during the COVID-19 Era -- 4.4 SUP Waste from the Pandemic -- 4.4.1 Environmental Impacts from SUP Waste -- 4.4.2 Management of SUP Waste -- 4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Section II Microplastics in the Aerosphere -- Chapter 5 Atmospheric Microplastic Transport -- 5.1 The Phenomenon of Microplastic Transport -- 5.2 Factors Affecting Microplastic Transport -- 5.2.1 Types of MPs -- 5.2.2 Characteristics and Sources of Microplastics Emitters -- 5.2.3 Meteorological Conditions -- 5.2.4 Altitude and Surface Roughness -- 5.2.5 Microplastic Deposition Processes in the Ocean -- 5.2.6 Microplastics Deposition Processes in the Air -- 5.3 Microplastic Transport Modelling -- 5.3.1 Eulerian Method -- 5.3.2 Lagrangian Method -- References -- Chapter 6 Microplastics in the Atmosphere and Their Human and Eco Risks -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 6.2.1 Size, Shapes, and Colours -- 6.2.2 Chemical Composition -- 6.2.3 Sources of Microplastics -- 6.2.4 Spatial Distribution and Rate of Deposition -- 6.2.5 Effects of Climatic Conditions on MP Distribution -- 6.2.6 Transport Pathways -- 6.2.7 Pollutants Associated with MPs -- 6.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health and the Eco Risk -- 6.3.1 Impact on Human Health -- 6.3.2 Eco Risk -- 6.4 Strategies to Minimise Atmospheric MPs through Future Research -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Sampling and Detection of Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classification -- 7.3 Sampling Microplastics -- 7.3.1 Sampling Airborne Microplastics. , 7.3.2 Sediment -- 7.3.3 Water -- 7.3.4 Biota -- 7.4 Sample Preparation -- 7.5 Detection and Characterisation of MPs in the Atmosphere -- 7.5.1 Microscopic Techniques for Detecting MPs -- 7.5.1.1 Stereomicroscopy -- 7.5.1.2 Fluorescence Microscopy -- 7.5.1.3 Polarised Optical Microscopy (POM) -- 7.5.1.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 7.5.1.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 7.5.1.6 Hot Needle Technique -- 7.5.1.7 Digital Holography -- 7.5.2 Spectroscopic Techniques for Analysing MPs -- 7.5.2.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy -- 7.5.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy -- 7.5.3 Thermal Analysis -- 7.5.3.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- 7.5.3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 7.5.3.3 Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS) -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Funding -- References -- Chapter 8 Sources and Circulation of Microplastics in the Aerosphere - Atmospheric Transport of Microplastics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Occurrence and Abundance of Atmospheric MP -- 8.1.2 Plastic Polymers and Their Properties -- 8.1.3 Sources and Pathways of MPs in the Atmosphere -- 8.2 Temporal and Spatial Trends in MP Accumulation -- 8.2.1 Roadside MPs -- 8.2.2 Agricultural Fields and Soil -- 8.2.3 Wastewater and Sludge -- 8.2.4 Ocean/Marine Debris -- 8.3 Formation of MPs -- 8.3.1 Physical Weathering -- 8.3.2 Chemical Weathering -- 8.3.3 Biodegradation -- 8.3.4 Photo-thermal Oxidation -- 8.3.5 Thermal Degradation -- 8.4 Atmospheric Circulation, Transport, Suspension, and Deposition -- 8.4.1 Wet Deposition -- 8.4.2 Dry Deposition -- 8.4.3 Urban Dust -- 8.4.4 Suspended Atmospheric MPs -- 8.5 Atmospheric Chemistry of MPs -- 8.6 Predicting MP Dispersion and Transport -- 8.7 Eco-Environmental Impacts -- 8.7.1 Impacts on Human and Wildlife Health -- 8.7.2 Impacts on the Climate -- 8.8 Future Perspectives -- References. , Section III Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment -- Chapter 9 Interaction of Chemical Contaminants with Microplastics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Interactions -- 9.3 Mechanisms -- 9.3.1 Interactions between Organic Contaminants and Microplastics -- 9.3.2 Interactions between Heavy Metals and Microplastics -- 9.3.3 Kinetics of the Sorption Process -- 9.3.4 Pseudo-First-Order Model -- 9.3.5 Pseudo-Second-Order Model -- 9.3.6 Intraparticle Diffusion Model -- 9.3.7 Film Diffusion Model -- 9.3.8 Isotherm Models -- 9.3.9 Langmuir Model -- 9.3.10 Freundlich Model -- 9.4 Environmental Burden of Microplastics -- 9.5 Future Approaches -- References -- Chapter 10 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Microplastics in Rivers and Tributaries -- 10.3 Microplastics in Lakes -- 10.4 Microplastics in Groundwater Sources -- 10.5 Microplastics in Glaciers and Ice Caps -- 10.6 Microplastics in Deltas -- 10.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 11 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate: Flow and Transport -- 11.1 Plastics and Microplastics -- 11.2 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate -- 11.3 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment - Effects on Ocean Carbon Sequestration and Sustenance of Marine Life -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment -- 12.2.1 Major Sources -- 12.2.2 Chemical Nature and Distribution Processes -- 12.2.2.1 Chemical Nature -- 12.2.2.2 Distribution Processes -- 12.3 Microplastics and Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.1 Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.2 Effect of Microplastics on Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.2.1 Effect on Phytoplankton Photosynthesis and Growth -- 12.3.2.2 Effect on Zooplankton Development and Reproduction -- 12.3.2.3 Effect on the Marine Biological Pump -- 12.4 Microplastics and Marine Fauna. , 12.4.1 Effects on Corals -- 12.4.2 Effects on Fisheries and Aquaculture -- 12.4.2.1 Shrimp -- 12.4.2.2 Oysters and Mussels -- 12.4.2.3 Fish -- 12.4.3 Effects on Sea Turtles and Sea Birds -- 12.4.4 Effects on Marine Mammals -- 12.5 Microplastic Pollution, Climate Change, and Antibiotic Resistance - A Unique Trio -- 12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section IV Microplastics in Soil Systems -- Chapter 13 Entry of Microplastics into Agroecosystems: A Serious Threat to Food Security and Human Health -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Sources of Microplastics in Agroecosystems -- 13.2.1 Plastic Mulching -- 13.2.2 Plastic Use in Modern Agriculture -- 13.2.3 Application of Sewage Sludge/Biosolids -- 13.2.4 Compost and Fertilizers -- 13.2.5 Wastewater Irrigation -- 13.2.6 Landfill Sites -- 13.2.7 Atmospheric Deposition -- 13.2.8 Miscellaneous Sources -- 13.3 Implications of Microplastic Contamination on Agroecosystems -- 13.3.1 Implications for Soil Character -- 13.3.2 Implications for Crop Plants and Food Security -- 13.4 Human Health Risks -- 13.5 Knowledge Gaps -- 13.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 Migration of Microplastic-Bound Contaminants to Soil and Their Effects -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Microplastics as Sorbing Materials for Hazardous Chemicals -- 14.3 Types of Microplastic-Bound Contaminants in Soils -- 14.3.1 Heavy Metals and Metalloids - Inorganic Contaminants Adsorbed to MPs -- 14.3.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, Antibiotics, Pesticides, and Other Organic Contaminants Adsorbed to MPs -- 14.4 Effects of Exposure and Co-exposure in Soil - Consequences of Contaminant Sorption for MP Toxicity and Bioaccumulation -- 14.5 Microplastic-Bound Contaminants in Soils as Potential Threats to Human Health -- 14.6 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 15 Plastic Mulch-Derived Microplastics in Agricultural Soil Systems.