Note: Intro -- Forest-peopleinterfaces -- Table of contents -- Preface -- 1. Forest-people interfaces: from local creativity to global concerns -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Non-timber forest products and agroforestry -- 1.3 Community-based natural resource management -- 1.4 Biocultural diversity -- 1.5 Forest governance -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part I. Non-timber forestproducts and agroforestry -- 2. Non-timber forest product extraction as a productive bricolage process -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Non-timber forest products: general characteristics and their role in peoples' livelihoods -- 2.3 NTFP production as productive bricolage -- 2.4 The need to consider levels of scale: adding a political ecological perspective -- 2.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3. Gum and resin-producing species in the drylands of Ethiopia: productive bricolage footprints on the landscape -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Dry forests in Ethiopia -- 3.3 Gum and resin in the dryland livelihoods of Ethiopia: livelihood strategies and dynamics -- 3.4 Status of the woodlands dominated by Boswellia species in the drylands of Ethiopia -- 3.5 Understanding the management status of gum and resin-producing woodlands -- Embeddedness of ABC exploitation in the productive bricolage strategies of local communities -- Institutional and policy factors -- Production and use characteristics -- 3.6 Discussion: productive bricolage and landscape management -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4. Land-use dynamics in enset-based agroforestry homegardens in Ethiopia -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Structure and composition of enset-coffee agroforestry homegardens -- 4.3 The central role of enset in homegardens and livelihoods -- 4.4 Dynamics in enset area composition. , 4.5 Implications of the dynamics in enset-coffee agroforestry homegardens for agricultural sustainability -- Ecological sustainability aspects -- Socioeconomic sustainability aspects -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5. Woodfuel and producers' livelihoods in theCongo Basin1 -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Theoretical outlook -- 5.3 Methodology -- Study area -- Methods -- 5.4 Results -- The role of woodfuel in overall livelihood strategies -- Production quantities and net revenues -- Contribution by woodfuel revenues to poverty reduction -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II. Community-basednatural resource management -- 6. Discourses of community forestry -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Environmental discourses -- 6.3 Discourses of community forestry -- The forest resource scarcity CF discourse -- The tropical forest conservation CF discourse -- The community enterprise CF discourse -- 6.4 Assessing the CF discourse -- 6.5 Community forestry discourses: -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7. Conservancies in Namibia: a discourse in action -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The empirical setting -- 7.3 The theoretical setting: analysing conservancies -- 7.4 The community question: conservancy dynamics -- Membership versus ownership and inclusion -- Benefit distribution -- Local institutions and decentralisation -- 7.5 New regimes of power? -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- 8. REDD+: what's in it for community forest management? -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The nature of international REDD+ policy -- 8.3 The prominence of CFM in national REDD+ plans -- 8.4 The niche of CFM within REDD+ -- 8.5 The commercial value of the carbon services delivered by CFM -- 8.6 Organising payments for communities. , 8.7 The dangers of recentralisation and the establishment of safeguards and rights -- 8.8 Regulation, markets or negotiation? -- References -- 9. Learning from the actors: the rise and demise of a CBNRM initiative in Mexico -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Constructing the organisation -- Origin and expansion of an idea -- Planning of activities -- 9.3 Putting the CBNRM initiative into practice -- 9.4 Demise -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part III. Biocultural diversity -- 10. Perceptions and values of local landscapes: implications for the conservation of biocultural diversity and intangible herita -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Methods -- 10.3 Results -- Physical landscape -- Perceptions of forested landscapes: ihlathi lesiXhosa -- Activities -- Symbols -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusion and implications -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11. Biocultural diversity in the Netherlands: from ecologically noble savages towards biocultural creatives -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The cultural roots of biodiversity conservation -- 11.3 From 'ecologically nobles savages' to 'biocultural creatives' -- 11.4 Our conceptual approach to biocultural creativity -- 11.5 How Dutch citizens interact with nature -- 11.6 Biocultural creatives -- Use of nature -- Protection of nature through financial mechanisms -- Protection of nature through volunteer activities -- 11.7 The future of biocultural diversity in the Netherlands -- References -- 12. 'Diversity (still) at stake': a farmers' perspective on biodiversity and conservation in Western Mexico -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Diving into theory -- 12.3 Research design -- 12.4 Farmers' classification of the landscape -- 12.5 Succession management and landscape patchiness -- 12.6 The organisation of time and space. , 12.7 Transformations in resource diversity -- 12.8 Reorganisation of time and space -- 12.9 Variation in resource diversity transformations -- 12.10 Discussion and conclusion -- References -- 13. Governing biocultural diversity in mosaic landscapes -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 13.1 From managing biocultural diversity to governing mosaic landscapes -- 13.2 Biocultural diversity, mosaic landscapes and governance defined -- Biocultural diversity -- Mosaic landscapes -- Governance -- 13.3 The spatial dimension of governance: governance of place -- 13.4 Enhancing landscape governance: a learning approach -- 13.5 Landscape learning in practice -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14. The (onto)politics of classifying biocultural diversity: a tale of chaos, order and control -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 14.1 Introduction: biocultural diversity as an ordering device -- 14.2 Classification systems, boundaries and performativity -- 14.3 Biocultural diversity in Wiersum's research -- 14.4 Classifications in research on biocultural diversity -- 14.5 The (onto)politics of classifying biocultural diversity -- 14.6 Performativity: the social and material implications of classifying biocultural diversity -- References -- Part IV. Forest governance -- 15. Forest governance: a state of the art review -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Governance -- 15.3 Forest governance -- 15.4 Forest governmentality -- 15.5 Triple G -- 15.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 16. Exploring forest governance in Tanzania -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Background information -- 16.3 Contemporary forest governance in Tanzania -- Good governance -- Multilevel governance -- Corporate governance -- Network governance -- Global governance -- 16.4 Impact of new forest governance on forest resources and livelihoods of local people. , Suledo village forest reserve, Kiteto District -- Duru-Haitemba village forest reserve, Babati District -- Bereku forest reserve, Babati District -- Comparison -- 16.5 Conclusion -- References -- 17. Institutional bricolage in community forestry: an agenda for future research -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Institutional thinking in community-based forest management -- 17.3 Institutional bricolage -- 17.4 Key elements of bricolage -- 17.5 Practices of institutional bricolage -- Alteration -- Articulation -- 17.6 Conclusions -- References -- 18. Forest market governance: exploring a practice-based approach -- Abstract -- Keywords -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Setting the stage: markets from a disciplinary view -- 18.3 Towards a new approach: markets as practices -- 18.4 Implications of researching markets as practices -- Practices as based on objects -- Practices as routinised subjective interpretation -- Practices as the (ongoing) constitution of the practitioner -- 18.5 Discussion and conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Contributors -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 State of the art - conceptualising environmental policy convergence -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Policy convergence and related concepts -- 2.3 Environmental policy convergence - empirical results -- 2.4 Causes of cross-national policy convergence -- 2.4.1 Causal mechanisms -- 2.4.2 Facilitating factors -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 3 Theoretical framework: causal factors and convergence expectations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 How to conceptualise policy convergence? -- 3.2.1 Degree of convergence -- 3.2.2 Direction of convergence -- 3.2.3 Scope of convergence -- 3.2.4 Convergence on different policy dimensions -- 3.3 What causes policy convergence? -- 3.3.1 Overview of causal factors -- 3.3.2 International harmonisation -- 3.3.3 Transnational communication -- 3.3.4 Regulatory competition -- 3.3.5 Other factors -- 3.4 When does policy convergence occur? -- 3.4.1 International harmonisation -- 3.4.2 Transnational communication -- 3.4.3 Regulatory competition -- 3.4.4 Other factors -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 4 Research design, variables and data -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Dependent variable: operationalisation and data collection -- 4.2.1 The use of output data -- 4.2.2 Selection of policy items -- 4.2.3 Selection of countries and time period -- 4.2.4 Data collection and processing -- 4.2.5 Types of convergence -- 4.3 Independent variables: operationalisation and data collection -- 4.3.1 Institutional interlinkage -- 4.3.2 Economic interlinkage -- 4.3.3 Other variables -- 4.4 Conclusion -- 5 Degree and direction of environmental policy convergence: analysis of aggregate data -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Convergence in terms of policy presence: adoption rates -- 5.2.1 General patterns. , 5.2.2 Illustration of different spreading patterns: adoption curves -- 5.3 Convergence of policy instruments -- 5.3.1 General patterns -- 5.3.2 Illustration of different adoption patterns -- 5.4 Convergence of policy settings -- 5.4.1 Sigma-convergence and mean changes -- 5.4.2 Beta-convergence -- 5.4.3 Gamma-convergence -- 5.4.4 Comparative assessment for different convergence concepts -- 5.5 Conclusion -- 6 The pair approach: what causes convergence of environmental policies? -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The pair approach -- 6.2.1 Characteristics of the pair approach -- 6.2.2 Selection of policy items for the dependent variable -- 6.2.3 Calculation of pair similarity -- 6.2.4 Calculation of policy convergence -- 6.3 Descriptive analysis of the dependent variable -- 6.3.1 Graphical display of pair similarity -- 6.3.2 Mean values for policy similarity and policy convergence -- 6.4 Independent variables and hypotheses -- 6.4.1 International harmonisation -- 6.4.2 Transnational communication -- 6.4.3 Regulatory competition -- 6.4.4 Other factors -- 6.5 Method of analysis -- 6.6 Findings -- 6.6.1 Overall model fit -- 6.6.2 International harmonisation -- 6.6.3 Transnational communication -- 6.6.4 Regulatory competition -- 6.6.5 Other variables -- 6.7 Conclusion -- 7 The gap approach: what affects the direction of environmental policy convergence? -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The gap approach -- 7.2.1 Basic methodology -- 7.2.2 Calculating policy gap change with the ENVIPOLCON data set -- 7.3 Descriptive analysis of the dependent variable -- 7.3.1 Two examples -- 7.3.2 Aggregated results -- 7.4 Independent variables and hypotheses -- 7.4.1 International harmonisation -- 7.4.2 Transnational communication -- 7.4.3 Trade -- 7.4.4 Other variables -- 7.5 Method of analysis -- 7.6 Findings -- 8 Conclusion -- 8.1 Introduction. , 8.2 Empirical and theoretical findings -- 8.3 Implications for future research -- Annex -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Forest and Nature Governance -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Prelude to Practice: Introducing a Practice Based Approach to Forest and Nature Governance -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Forest and Nature Governance -- 1.3…Three Models for Understanding Human Behaviour -- 1.4…The Turn to Practice in Forest and Nature Governance -- 1.5…Sensitising Concepts of the Practice Based Approach -- 1.6…Methodological Guidelines -- 1.7…The Book's Contents -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 From Practical Science to a Practice Based Approach: A Short History of Forest Policy Studies -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Practising Science: Kuhn's Disciplinary Matrix -- 2.3…Characteristics of Traditional Forestry Science -- 2.4…Forest Policy StudiesForest policy studies as Practical Science -- 2.5…Changes in Forest Policy -- 2.5.1 Emergence of New Forestry and Rural Development Policies -- 2.5.2 Embedding of Forest Policy into Environmental Policy -- 2.5.3 Incorporation of Forest Policy in Newly Emerging Governance Arrangements -- 2.5.4 Repercussions for Forest Policies -- 2.6…From Normative to Analytical Science -- 2.6.1 Changing Academic Orientation -- 2.7…Changes in the Disciplinary Matrix -- 2.8…Emergence of Critical Policy Studies -- 2.8.1 Impacts on Disciplinary Matrix -- 2.9…Conclusion -- References -- Part II Rethinking Institutions -- 3 Bricolage PracticesBricolage Practices in Local Forestry -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.2…Critical InstitutionalismCritical Institutionalism and Institutional Bricolage -- 3.3…Bricolage PracticesBricolage Practices -- 3.4…Examples of Bricolage Practices From Different Parts of the World -- 3.5…Forest Conservation and Development in Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea -- 3.6…Logging Concessions and Indigenous Territory in BoliviaBolivia -- 3.7…Issuing Logging Permits in the DRC -- 3.8…Conclusions. , References -- 4 What Institutions Do: Grasping Participatory Practices in the Water Framework Directive -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…What Participatory Institutions Do -- 4.3…Fields and Logics of Practice -- 4.4…The Practice of Participation in the WFD in the Netherlands -- 4.4.1 The Design and Organisation of Public Participation in the WFD -- 4.4.2 Extending and Improving the Public Sphere? -- 4.4.3 Changing the Logic of the Governance Network -- 4.4.4 The Economics of Participation -- 4.5…Conclusion: Grasping Participatory Practices -- Acknowledgments -- A.1. Annex 1: List and dates of interviewees cited in this chapter (all interviews were in Dutch and have been translated by the authors) -- References -- 5 Invited Spaces and Informal Practices in Participatory Community Forest Management in IndiaIndia -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Methodology and Research Context -- 5.2.1 Methodology -- 5.2.2 Selection of Research Site -- 5.2.3 Background Information on Adavipalli -- 5.2.4 Key Actors and Institutions in APCFM Intervention -- 5.2.5 GenderGender Policy in APCFM Intervention (Formal Provisions) -- 5.3…Implementation of Gender Mainstreaming -- 5.3.1 Self-ImagesSelf-images and Roles of Men and Women -- 5.3.1.1 Box 5.1 Self-imagesSelf-images of men and women of their roles in the household/community -- Box 5.2 Male and female VSS members on their practices -- 5.3.2 Actual Practices Around Womenrsquors Participation in Adavipalli VSS -- 5.4…Findings and Discussion -- 5.5…Implications for Future Gender Mainstreaming Projects -- References -- Government Orders -- Part III The Global-Local Nexus -- 6 Global Forest Governance: Multiple Practices of Policy PerformancePolicy Performance -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…The Assumed Failure of GlobalGlobal Forest Governance -- 6.3…Global Forest GovernanceGlobal Forest Governance: Regime or Non-Regime?. , 6.4…InstitutionsInstitutions, Discourses, Practices -- 6.5…Multiple Practices of Policy PerformancePolicy Performance -- 6.6…Global Forest Discourses and Norms -- 6.7…ParticipatoryParticipatory Forest ManagementParticipatory Forest Management in Babati District, TanzaniaBabati District, Tanzania -- 6.8…Forest CertificationForest Certification in Kikole, TanzaniaTanzania -- 6.9…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 The Practice of Interaction Management: Enhancing Synergies Among Multilateral REDD+REDD+ Institutions -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…Conceptualisation of Interaction Management as a Practice -- 7.3…The Practice of REDD+ Interaction Management -- 7.3.1 Introducing REDD+REDD+ -- Box 7.1: The Three Global REDD+REDD+ Programmes -- 7.3.1.0 -- 7.3.2 REDD+REDD+ Interaction Management -- 7.3.2.0 Developing a Common Umbrella Framework -- 7.3.2.0 Harmonised REDD+REDD+ Readiness Support -- 7.3.2.0 Safeguards -- 7.3.2.0 Governing Bodies -- 7.4…Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 8 How do Forest Markets Work? Exploring a Practice Perspective -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…The Evolution of Markets -- 8.2.1 The Origins: The Market as a Location -- 8.2.2 The Market as an Observable Interface Between Sellers and Buyers -- 8.2.3 The Market as an Abstract Concept of Exchange -- 8.2.4 Markets as Institutional Arrangements -- 8.2.5 A Sociology of Markets -- 8.2.6 And Now, How Further? -- 8.3…Towards a New Approach: Markets as Practices -- 8.3.1 What are Practices? -- 8.3.2 Markets as Practices -- 8.4…The Certified Timber Market -- 8.5…Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Part IV Representing Nature ? -- 9 Globalising Biodiversity: Scientific Practices of Scaling and Databasing -- 9.1…Global Biodiversity, Global Science -- 9.2…Databases, Standards and Categories -- 9.3…Scaling as Scientific Practice -- 9.4…The EBONEEBONE Project. , 9.5…Negotiating and Scaling Biodiversity Data -- 9.5.1 BootstrappingBootstrapping and the Use of Existing Data -- 9.5.2 Statistics -- 9.5.3 BiodiversityBiodiversity Indicators -- 9.5.4 The Network -- 9.5.5 Scaling UpScaling Up -- 9.6…Practices of Databasing and Scaling -- 9.7…Globalising Biodiversity -- References -- 10 Where Management Practices and Experiential Practices Meet: Public Support and Conflict in Ecosystem Management -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Experiential PracticeExperiential Practices -- 10.2.1 The Importance of the Material Context -- 10.2.2 The Importance of Knowing -- 10.2.3 The Importance of Emotions -- 10.2.4 RoutinesRoutines and Their Disturbance -- 10.3…Methods -- 10.3.1 Study Sites -- 10.3.2 Case Study 1---Visitor Behaviour in Dwingelderveld National ParkDwingelderveld National Park -- 10.3.3 Case Study 2---Perceived Attractiveness of Nature in Dwingelderveld National ParkDwingelderveld National Park -- 10.3.4 Case Study 3---The Emergence of Protest in Drents-Friese Wold National ParkDrents-Friese Wold National Park -- 10.4…Results -- 10.4.1 Case Study 1: The Material Context Defines Visitor Behaviour -- 10.4.2 Case Study 2: Hiking Visitors Find Restored Nature Attractive -- 10.4.3 Case Study 3: ESM Threatens Established Practices -- 10.5…Discussion -- References -- 11 Creating Scientific Narratives: Experiences in Constructing and Interweaving Empirical and Theoretical Plottheoretical plots -- 11.1…Researchers as 'Scientific' Narrators -- 11.2…Constructing Scientific Narratives and Being Accountable for Them -- 11.3…Reflection Upon Our Own Practice as Scientific Narrators -- 11.4…The Narrative of the Drentsche Aa -- 11.4.1 Setting the Scene -- 11.4.2 Eventualisation of the Case -- 11.4.3 Creating a Case Journal or Case Record -- 11.4.4 Selecting Key Events -- 11.4.5 The Hermeneutic Spiralhermeneutic spiral. , 11.4.6 Constructing the Narrative -- 11.5…Making One Narrative Out of the Narratives of the Yorkshire Dales, Doñana and the Veluwe -- 11.5.1 Setting the Scene -- 11.5.2 Selection of Cases -- 11.5.3 Eventualisation of the Case -- 11.5.4 Creating a Case Journal or Case Record -- 11.5.5 Selecting Key Themes -- 11.5.6 The Hermeneutic Spiralhermeneutic spiral -- 11.5.7 Constructing the Narrative -- 11.6…Comparing Our Experiences as Scientific Narrators -- 11.7…The Practice Based Approach and Researchers as Narrators -- References -- Part V Conclusion -- 12 The Promise of Practice: The Value of the Practice Based Approach for Forest and Nature Governance Studies -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…Forest and Nature Practices -- 12.3…Revisiting the Three Sensitising Concepts -- 12.4…Establishing a Practice Based Approach -- 12.5…The Potential of the Practice Based Approach for Governance Studies -- 12.6…From Studies to Practice -- References -- Author Biographies -- Index.