Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributing authors -- 1. An Introduction to Arid Soils and Their Biology -- 2. Soils in Arid and Semiarid Environments: the Importance of Organic Carbon and Microbial Populations. Facing the Future -- 3. Water Potential as a Master Variable for Atmosphere-Soil Trace Gas Exchange in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems -- 4. Microbiology of Antarctic Edaphic and Lithic Habitats -- 5. Bryophyte and Lichen Diversity on Arid Soils: Determinants and Consequences -- 6. Fungal Diversity, Community Structure and Their Functional Roles in Desert Soils -- 7. Limits of Photosynthesis in Arid Environments -- 8 The Response of Arid Soil Communities to Climate Change -- 9. Artificial Soils as Tools for Microbial Ecology -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- 1: A Brief Introduction to Hot Desert Environments: Climate, Geomorphology, Habitats, and Soils -- 1.1 Desert Climatology -- 1.1.1 Desert Precipitation -- 1.1.2 Drought -- 1.2 Desert Geomorphology -- 1.2.1 Desert Landscapes and Sediments -- 1.3 Desert Habitats -- 1.3.1 Introduction -- 1.3.2 Uplands, Inselbergs, and Rocky Outcrops -- 1.3.3 Drainage Systems -- 1.3.4 Saline Basins, Playas, and River End Points -- 1.3.5 Sand Plains and Sand Dunes -- 1.3.6 Desert Plains and Pediplains -- 1.4 Desert Soils -- 1.4.1 Semi-arid and Arid Soils -- 1.4.2 Introduction to Unconsolidated Porous Media -- 1.4.3 The Desert Pedoderm -- 1.4.4 Impeded Infiltration -- 1.4.5 Organic and Inorganic Carbon in Desert Soils -- 1.4.6 Nitrogen Dynamics in Desert Soils -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Novel Methods for Studying the Structure and Function of Hot Desert Microorganisms and Their Communities -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Multi-omics and Bioinformatic Advances to Explore Community Structure and Functional Potential -- 2.3 Approaches to Probe Active Members -- 2.4 Metabolomics for Studying Nutrient Exchange -- 2.5 High-Resolution Imaging to Resolve Microbial Environments -- 2.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 3: Phototrophic Mats of the Desert: The Bacteria of the Biological Soil Crust Community -- 3.1 Introduction: What Constitutes a Biocrust? -- 3.2 Distribution of Biocrusts -- 3.3 Ecosystem Services of Biocrusts -- 3.3.1 Soil Stabilization -- 3.3.2 Water Infiltration -- 3.3.3 Nitrogen Fixation -- 3.3.4 Other Ecosystem Services of Biocrusts -- 3.4 The Bacteria of Biocrusts -- 3.4.1 Bacterial Diversity -- 3.4.2 Bacterial Taxonomy and Function in Biocrusts -- 3.4.2.1 Cyanobacteria -- 3.4.2.2 Structural Cyanobacteria -- 3.4.2.3 Cosmopolitan Cyanobacteria -- 3.4.2.4 Sporadic Cyanobacteria. , 3.4.3 Other Phototrophs -- 3.4.4 Heterotrophic Bacteria -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Microbial Ecology of Hot Desert Soils -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Hot Desert Edaphic Microbial Community Diversity and Assembly -- 4.2.1 Taxonomic Composition and Assembly Processes of Hot Desert Edaphic Communities -- 4.2.1.1 Prokaryotic Communities -- 4.2.1.2 Microeukaryotic Communities -- 4.2.1.3 The Hot Desert Soil Virosphere -- 4.2.2 Desert Soil Microbial Interactomes: Lessons from Co-occurrence Networks -- 4.3 Functional Properties of Desert Edaphic Communities -- 4.3.1 Desert Edaphic Communities Are Active During Dry Spells -- 4.3.2 The Impact of Water on Arid Soil Microbial Communities -- 4.4 Conclusions and Perspectives: Hot Desert Soil Microorganisms in a Changing World -- References -- 5: Biology of Desert Endolithic Habitats -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Endolithic Community -- 5.3 Climate and Macroscopic Drivers of Diversity -- 5.4 The Rock Habitat -- 5.5 Adaptive Strategies and Metabolism -- 5.5.1 Metabolic Pathways -- 5.6 Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- 6: Journey of a Thousand Miles: The Evolution of Our Understanding of Viruses in Hot Deserts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Terrestrial Desert Phage Communities: Soil, Sand, and Rock -- 6.3 Aquatic Desert Phage Communities: Wadi´s, Gueltas, and Springs -- 6.4 Eukaryotic Viruses -- 6.5 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 7: C, N, and P Nutrient Cycling in Drylands -- 7.1 Carbon in Drylands Soils -- 7.1.1 Soil Organic Carbon in Drylands Soils -- 7.1.2 Soil Inorganic C in Drylands Soils -- 7.1.3 Biomass Organic C in Dryland Soils -- 7.1.3.1 Vegetation -- 7.1.3.2 Microbial Autotrophs -- 7.1.4 Carbon Sequestration and Loss: The Impact of Abiotic and Biotic Factors -- 7.2 Nitrogen in Dryland Soils -- 7.2.1 Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) as N Input in Drylands. , 7.2.2 Atmospheric N Deposition and N Discharges as N Inputs in Drylands -- 7.2.3 Nitrogen Losses in Drylands -- 7.2.4 Nitrification and Denitrification in Desert Soils -- 7.3 Phosphorus in Dryland Soils -- 7.3.1 P Stocks and Redistribution by Biological Processes in Drylands -- 7.3.2 Abiotic and Biotic Control of P Cycling -- 7.4 Role of Biological Soil Crust in Nutrient (C, N, and P) Cycles -- 7.5 Influence of Hydration-Desiccation Pulses on Nutrient (C, N, and P) Cycles -- 7.6 Impact of Climate Change on Nutrient Cycling -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Diversity and Plant Growth-Promoting Properties of Microbiomes Associated with Plants in Desert Soils -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Plant-Associated Microorganisms in Hot Desert Biomes -- 8.2.1 Microorganisms Associated with Succulent Plants in Arid Ecosystems -- 8.2.2 Microorganisms Associated with the Rhizosheath-Root Systems of Xerophytic Desert Plants -- 8.2.3 Microorganisms Associated with Halophytes Inhabiting Arid Ecosystems -- 8.2.4 Microorganisms Associated with Oasis Date Palm, a Model Crop in Desert Agro-Ecosystems -- 8.3 PGP Microorganisms Associated with Desert-Adapted Plants as a Biotechnological Resource -- 8.3.1 Where to Select Valuable PGP Microorganisms Against Drought and Their Essential Features -- 8.3.2 How to Isolate Powerful PGP Microorganisms -- 8.3.3 The Functional Roles Exerted by Microorganisms Associated to Desert Plants -- 8.4 Conclusions -- References -- 9: Insights of Extreme Desert Ecology to the Habitats and Habitability of Mars -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Desert Habitats and Ecosystems on Earth -- 9.2.1 Soils -- 9.2.2 Lithic Substrates -- 9.2.3 Sediments -- 9.2.4 Salts -- 9.3 Insights from Extreme Desert Ecology -- 9.3.1 Trends of Ecological Change in Deserts -- 9.4 Potential Desert Habitats on Mars -- 9.4.1 Soils and Regolith -- 9.4.2 Lithic Substrates. , 9.4.3 Sediments of Potential Paleoplayas/Paleolakes on Mars -- 9.4.4 Salts -- 9.5 Extrapolating Terrestrial Deserts to Mars -- References -- 10: Survival under Stress: Microbial Adaptation in Hot Desert Soils -- 10.1 Introduction: Hot Deserts and Their Challenges to Life -- 10.2 Adaptation to Desiccation and Osmotic Stresses -- 10.2.1 Sporulation -- 10.3 Membrane Modifications -- 10.4 Accumulation of Compatible Solutes -- 10.5 Protein Protection -- 10.6 Biofilm Formation and EPS Production -- 10.7 Adaptation to Oligotrophy -- 10.8 Adaptations to UV Radiation -- 10.9 Temperature Adaptations -- 10.10 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11: The Response of Soil Microbial Communities to Hydration and Desiccation Cycles in Hot Desert Ecosystems -- 11.1 Introduction to Desert Terminology -- 11.2 Response to Hydration in Desert Ecosystems -- 11.2.1 Rhythm of Plant Primary Production -- 11.2.2 Carbon Dioxide Pulse -- 11.2.3 Nitrogen Pulsing -- 11.3 Bacterial Composition in Desert Soils -- 11.3.1 Biological Soil Crust -- 11.3.2 Topsoil Community Composition -- 11.4 Soil Bacteria Response to Hydration-Desiccation Cycles in Desert Ecosystems -- 11.4.1 The Response of Desert Soil Bacteria to Desiccation -- 11.4.2 The Response of Desert Soil Bacteria to Hydration -- 11.4.3 Pulse Theory and Grime´s Hypothesis -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Hot Desert Microbiology: Perspectives in a Warming World -- References.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Abstract -- 1.1…Antarctic Terrestrial 'Soil' as a Microbial Habitat -- 1.2…Microbial Diversity, Functionality, and Capacity -- 1.3…Adapting to the Antarctic Soil Environment -- 1.4…Threats and Impacts -- 1.5…The Way Forward -- References -- 2 Bacterial Community Structures of Antarctic Soils -- Abstract -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Continental Distribution of Antarctic Soils -- 2.3…Bacterial Communities of Antarctic Soils -- 2.3.1 Antarctic Peninsula -- 2.3.2 West Antarctica -- 2.3.3 Victoria Land -- 2.3.4 Desert Soils -- 2.3.5 Coastal and Ornithogenic Soils -- 2.3.6 Geothermal Soils -- 2.3.7 East Antarctica -- 2.3.8 Transantarctic Mountains -- 2.4…Exogenous Factors and Inputs -- 2.5…Temporal Variation in Bacterial Communities -- 2.6…Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fungal Diversity in Antarctic Soils -- Abstract -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.1.1 Methods for Identification and Detection -- 3.1.2 Cosmopolitan Versus Endemic -- 3.1.3 Temperature Requirements -- 3.1.4 Limiting Soil Factors -- 3.2…Fungi in the Fossil Record and Glacial Ice -- 3.3…Specific Taxa and Genera -- 3.4…Fungi on the Antarctic Peninsula -- 3.5…Fungi on Ross Island -- 3.6…Fungi on the Antartic Continent -- 3.7…Conclusions -- A.1. Appendix: Putative Antarctic Fungal Endemics -- References -- 4 Invertebrates -- Abstract -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…The Macroinvertebrate Fauna -- 4.3…The Microinvertebrate Fauna -- 4.4…Ecology -- 4.5…Physiology -- 4.6…Origins/Phylogeny -- 4.7…The Future -- 5 What Do We Know About Viruses in Terrestrial Antarctica? -- Abstract -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Animal Viruses -- 5.3…Plant Viruses (Except Cyanobacteria and Algae) -- 5.4…Viruses in Soils -- 5.5…Relevance of Viruses in Lakes to Terrestrial Ecology -- 5.6…Dispersal of Viruses -- 5.7…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 6 Microbiology of Eutrophic (Ornithogenic and Hydrocarbon-Contaminated) Soil -- Abstract -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Ornithogenic Soils -- 6.2.1 Microbial Communities -- 6.2.1.1 Photosynthetic Microbes -- 6.2.1.2 Heterotrophic Bacteria -- 6.2.2 Fungi -- 6.2.2.1 Invertebrate Communities -- 6.3…Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils -- 6.3.1 Microbial Communities -- 6.3.1.1 Heterotrophic Bacteria -- 6.3.1.2 Fungi -- 6.4…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Fell-Field Soil Microbiology -- Abstract -- 7.1…The Fell-Field Environment -- 7.2…Bacteria -- 7.2.1 Influencing Factors -- 7.2.2 Community Composition -- 7.2.3 Diversity -- 7.3…Fungi -- 7.3.1 Influencing Factors -- 7.3.2 Community Composition -- 7.4…Biogeochemical Cycles -- 7.4.1 Nitrogen Cycle -- 7.4.2 Carbon Cycling -- 7.5…Conclusion -- References -- 8 Biological Soil Crusts -- Abstract -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Biogeography -- 8.2.1 Dronning Maud Land -- 8.2.2 Wilkes Land (Windmill Islands) -- 8.2.3 Victoria Land -- 8.3…Structure and Composition of Antarctic Biological Soil Crusts -- 8.3.1 Cyanobacterial BSC -- 8.3.2 Green Algal BSC -- 8.3.3 Bryophyte--Cyanobacteria BSC -- 8.3.4 Bryophyte--lichen BSC -- 8.3.5 Lichen--Green Algal BSC -- 8.4…Conclusions -- References -- 9 Lithobionts: Cryptic and Refuge Niches -- Abstract -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…Lithobiontic Ecological Niche -- 9.2.1 Epiliths -- 9.2.2 Endoliths -- 9.2.3 Hypoliths -- 9.3…Establishment of Lithobiontic Communities -- 9.3.1 Temperature -- 9.3.2 Water Availability -- 9.3.3 Light Availability -- 9.4…Microbiology of Lithobionts -- 9.4.1 Epilith Diversity -- 9.4.2 Endolith Diversity -- 9.4.3 Hypolith Diversity -- 9.5…The Role of Lithobionts in Depauperate Environs -- 9.6…Concluding Remarks -- 9.7…Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Microbial Ecology of Geothermal Habitats in Antarctica -- Abstract -- 10.1…Introduction. , 10.2…Antarctic Volcanoes and Associated Geothermal Habitats -- 10.2.1 High-Elevation Geothermal Habitats of Victoria Land -- 10.2.1.1 Mt. Erebus -- 10.2.1.2 Mt. Melbourne -- 10.2.1.3 Mt. Rittmann -- 10.2.2 Low-Elevation Geothermal Habitat of Deception Island -- 10.3…Life in Antarctic Geothermal Habitats -- 10.3.1 Eukaryotes -- 10.3.1.1 Bryophytes (Mosses and Liverworts) -- 10.3.1.2 Algae -- 10.3.1.3 Fungi -- 10.3.1.4 Lichens -- 10.3.1.5 Protozoa -- 10.3.2 Prokaryotes -- 10.3.2.1 Cyanobacteria -- 10.3.2.2 Proteobacteria -- 10.3.2.3 Firmicutes -- 10.3.2.4 Actinobacteria -- 10.4…Molecular Research -- 10.5…Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Microbial Life in Antarctic Permafrost Environments -- Abstract -- 11.1…Introduction -- 11.1.1 Antarctic Permafrost Environments -- 11.1.2 Habitability of Permafrost Environments -- 11.1.3 Molecular Microbial Diversity -- 11.1.4 Culturable Microbial Diversity -- 11.2…Microbial Activity -- 11.3…Adaptation to Permafrost -- 11.4…Ancient Life in the Subsurface -- 11.5…Astrobiology Implications of Antarctic Permafrost -- 11.6…Conclusion -- References -- 12 Primary Production and Links to Carbon Cycling in Antarctic Soils -- Abstract -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…Biogeographic Zones -- 12.2.1 Sub-Antarctic -- 12.2.2 Maritime Antarctica -- 12.2.3 Continental Antarctica -- 12.3…Biochemistry of Primary Production -- 12.4…In Situ Primary Production -- 12.5…Temporal Subsidies -- 12.6…Spatial Subsidies -- 12.7…Aboveground--Belowground Linkages -- 12.8…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Climate Change and Microbial Populations -- Abstract -- 13.1…Introduction -- 13.2…Direct Influence on Microbes -- 13.2.1 Temperature -- 13.2.2 Water -- 13.3…Indirect Influence on Microbes -- 13.3.1 Plants -- 13.3.2 Birds -- 13.3.3 Other Soil Organisms -- 13.4…Observed Microbial Shifts. , 13.4.1 Field Experimental Manipulation -- 13.4.2 Laboratory Experimental Manipulation -- 13.5…Conclusions -- References -- 14 Threats to Soil Communities: Human Impacts -- Abstract -- 14.1…Introduction -- 14.2…Present Legislation on Environmental Protection in Antarctica -- 14.3…Physical and Chemical Impacts -- 14.4…Non-indigenous Species -- 14.5…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 Antarctic Climate and Soils -- Abstract -- 15.1…Climate of Antarctica -- 15.2…Boundary Layer Climate -- 15.3…Soil Climate Monitoring -- 15.4…Climate of the MDV -- 15.5…Soil Climate and Global Change -- References -- 16 Antarctic Soil Properties and Soilscapes -- Abstract -- 16.1…Background -- 16.2…Properties of Antarctic Soils -- 16.2.1 Physical Properties -- 16.2.2 Chemical Properties -- 16.2.3 Chemical Weathering and Mineral Alteration -- 16.3…The Classification of Soils in Antarctica -- 16.4…Soilscapes of Antarctica -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 Origins of Antarctic Soils -- Abstract -- 17.1…Introduction -- 17.2…The East Antarctic Shield -- 17.3…The Trans-Antarctic Mountains -- 17.3.1 The Ross Orogen: The Palaeo-Pacific Margin of Gondwana -- 17.3.2 Gondwana Cover Sequences: A Stable Continent -- 17.4…West Antarctica: A Collage of Crustal Blocks -- 17.4.1 Haag Nunataks: Part of the East Antarctic Shield -- 17.4.2 Ellsworth Whitmore Mountains: A Displaced Fragment of the Gondwanian Fold Belt -- 17.4.3 Thurston Island: Pacific Margin Magmatic Arc -- 17.4.4 Marie Byrd Land: Pacific Margin Magmatic Arc -- 17.4.5 The Antarctic Peninsula: Long-Lived Andean-Type Margin -- 17.5…Gondwana Break-up: The Isolation of Antarctica -- 17.5.1 The West Antarctic Rift System -- 17.6…Antarctic Climate History: The Past 100 Million Years -- References.