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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of plant volatiles in the search for a host by parasitoidDiglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 541-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasites ; volatile signals ; synomone ; host detection ; Hymenoptera ; Eulophidae ; Diglyphus isaea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diglyphus isaea Walker is a larval ectoparasitoid used in biological pest control against the American serpentine leaf minerLiriomyza trifolii Burgess. We studied the parasitoid's host searching behavior, using olfactometric methods. Our data show that the parasitoids locate host larvae (a leafmining dipteran) on the basis of volatile signals released by the plant-host complex. FemaleD. isaea are strongly attracted to the odors arising from damaged bean plants, whereas they show practically no response to intact plants. The results of our chemical analyses showed that about 15 components were present, two of which,cis-3-hexen-1-ol and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, were present in significantly larger quantities in the leaf extracts from mined or damaged bean plants than in those from healthy plants. The damage inflicted by the host larvae on these plants triggers the release of larger amounts of these substances, which probably lead the parasites to their hosts. The compounds thus act as synomones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033654
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism underlying cuticular hydrocarbon homogeneity in the antCamponotus vagus (SCOP.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Role of postpharyngeal glands (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 1127-1148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cuticular hydrocarbons ; chemical signature ; postpharyngeal glands ; nestmate recognition ; Hymenoptera ; ant ; Camponotus vagus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the regulation and the homogeneity of the chemical signature between members ofCamponotus vagus after experimentally changing the cuticular chemical signature by topically applying hydrocarbons. Topical application of pentane (solvent) to the cuticle of isolated workers led to a significant decrease in the quantities of the cuticular hydrocarbons measured within 3 hr, followed by an increase within the following 3 hr and a period of relative stability from 9 hr to 14 days. On the other hand, after topical application to isolated workers ofn-tetracosane, a hydrocarbon existing only in trace quantity in this species, the quantity of this hydrocarbon measured over time in the epicuticular wax tended to level out at about 14 days after treatment. In contrast, topically applied (Z)-9-tricosene, an unsaturated hydrocarbon not normally synthesized by this species, decreased dramatically within a few hours and had completely disappeared within 14 days. (Z)-9-Tricosene applied to one member of a group was present in the postpharyngeal glands of the other members from 30 min to seven days of cohabitation. The highest levels were recorded in all six workers in each group after one day. GC-MS analyses showed that (Z)-9-tricosene was present in the cuticles of some untreated workers only after four and seven days of cohabitation with a treated worker. These data suggest: (1) that the deposited (Z)-9-tricosene decreased very quickly on the cuticle of the treated worker, although the total amount was spread over the cuticle and postpharyngeal gland and (2) that it was absorbed by the nontreated workers via the postpharyngeal glands during licking or grooming activities and reincorporated into the cuticle at four and seven days. When the treated worker was separated from the other ants by a wire mesh, (Z)-9-tricosene was detected neither in the cuticle nor in the postpharyngeal gland of nontreated workers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02228316
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alkenes as a Sexual Pheromone in the Alfalfa Leaf-Cutter Bee Megachile rotundata (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 471-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Apoidea ; Megachile rotundata ; solitary bee ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; sexual behavior of males
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Because of its special biological features, the leaf-cutter bee Megachile rotundata is particularly well suited for breeding and use as a pollinator for fodder plants such as alfalfa. Its mating behavior has been extensively studied. Behavioral tests have shown that males explore any black spot as a potential mating partner. However, exclusive selection of young virgin females suggests involvement of olfactory cues in addition to visual stimuli. Experiments demonstrated that mating behavior could be induced in males by lures covered with pentane extracts of the epicuticular waxes of young females. These extracts contain 35% fatty acids, 26% alkanes, and 39% monoenes. Variations in the monoene subfraction allow distinction between young virgin females, which possess more 7-pentacosene and 9-pentacosene, and older females, which have more 5-monoenes. The findings show that male mate-seeking and copulatory activity is stimulated only by young female monoenes. A 40% increase in this activity was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020993518226
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contact Sex Signals in Two Sympatric Spider Species, Tegenaria domestica and Tegenaria pagana (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 747-758 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bioassay ; sexual behavior ; chemical signals ; communication ; spiders ; Tegenaria domestica ; Tegenaria pagana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bioassays in two sympatric spider species, Tegenaria domestica and T. pagana, demonstrate that the total female chemical extract, and in particular the polar fraction, are involved in the sexual behavior of males and reproductive isolation mechanisms. In T. domestica female attractiveness was correlated with changes in 18 chemical compounds. In T. pagana little difference was observed between 12 compounds in extracts of attractive and unattractive females. 12- + 10-Methyloctacosane was not detected in attractive females of either species. Reproductive isolation was linked not only to quantitative changes in 18 chemical compounds detected in both species, but also to nine compounds present in one or the other species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006408.60663.db
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex recognition inDiglyphus isaea walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): Role of an uncommon family of behaviorally active compounds (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 2063-2079 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Eulophidae ; Diglyphus isaea ; courtship behavior ; contact pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sexual behavior of the ectoparasitoidDiglyphus isaea is described. Recognition of the female by the male occurs at close range. Males initiate courtship behavior in the presence of a living female regardless of age, as well as in the presence of a female killed by freezing. Courtship behavior is not observed in the presence of a dead female washed with organic solvents but could be elicited using a lure covered with a female organic extract. These findings demonstrate that each sex develops a specific chemical signature that can be dissolved in hexane and transferred to a lure. Analysis of organic extracts by gas chromatography revealed chemical dimorphism between the two sexes. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry showed that the main components in females were esters of medium-chain fatty acids and long-chain 11-alcohols. There were few hydrocarbons. Female esters, which were present in only small proportions in males, were recovered in the nonhydrocarbon fraction obtained after fractionation of the total extract on a silica-filled microcolumn as a mixture containing 11-heneicosyl, 11-docosyl, 11-tricosyl, 11-tetracosyl, and 11-pentacosyl octanoate, and 11-docosyl, 11-tricosyl, 11-tetracosyl, and 11-pentacosyl decanoate. These results demonstrate that there is a specific gender-related chemical signature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040095
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