Anmerkung: Intro -- Phytoplankton Productivity -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 A Biography of Einer Steemann Nielsen: the Man and his Science -- Chapter 2 History of the Study of Plankton Productivity -- Chapter 3 Physiology and Biochemistry of Photosynthesis and Algal Carbon Acquisition -- Chapter 4 Approaches to the Measurement of Plankton Production -- Chapter 5 Supply and Uptake of Inorganic Nutrients -- Chapter 6 Variability of Plankton and Plankton Processes on the Mesoscale -- Chapter 7 Assessment of Primary Production at the Global Scale -- Chapter 8 On the Interannual Variability in Phytoplankton Production in Freshwaters -- Chapter 9 Sustained and Aperiodic Variability in Organic Matter Production and Phototrophic Microbial Community Structure in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre -- Chapter 10 Regional-scale Influences on the Long-term Dynamics of Lake Plankton -- Chapter 11 Ecosystem Function and Degradation -- Chapter 12 On the Evolution of the Carbon Cycle -- Chapter 13 Marine Productivity: Footprints of the Past and Steps into the Future -- Appendix Steemann Nielsen's Publications -- Index.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Overview of sea ice growth and properties -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Lake ice versus sea ice -- 1.2 Ions in the water: sea ice microstructure and phase diagram -- 1.2.1 Crystal structure of ice Ih -- 1.2.2 Columnar ice microstructure and texture -- 1.2.3 Granular ice microstructure and texture -- 1.2.4 Frazil ice -- 1.2.5 Formation of sea ice -- 1.2.6 Phase relations in sea ice -- 1.3 Desalination and pore microstructure -- 1.3.1 Salinity profiles of growing and melting sea ice -- 1.3.2 Origin of brine movement in growing sea ice -- 1.3.3 Brine movement and bulk salinity -- 1.3.4 Development of the pore microstructure during growth and melt -- 1.3.5 Brine movement during melt -- 1.3.6 Permeability of sea ice -- 1.3.7 Sea ice salinity parameterizations -- 1.3.8 Phase fractions and microstructural evolution -- 1.3.9 Temperature and salinity as state variables -- 1.3.10 Caveats and limitations -- 1.4 Physical properties -- 1.4.1 Thermal conductivity -- 1.4.2 Specific heat capacity and latent heat of fusion and of sea ice -- 1.4.3 Optical properties of sea ice -- 1.4.4 Dielectric properties of sea ice -- 1.4.5 Macroscopic ice strength -- 1.5 Sea ice growth models, deformation and melt -- 1.5.1 The role of the snow cover in sea ice growth -- 1.5.2 Energy budget of sea ice during growth -- 1.5.3 Simple models of sea ice growth -- 1.5.4 The importance of ice deformation -- 1.5.5 Sea ice melt -- 1.6 Conclusion -- 1.7 Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2 Sea ice thickness distribution -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The sea ice thickness distribution -- 2.2.1 Statistical description -- 2.2.2 Modelling changes of the ice thickness distribution -- 2.2.3 Global sea ice thickness distributions -- 2.3 Measurement techniques. , 2.3.1 Submarine and moored upward looking sonars -- 2.3.2 Electromagnetic induction sounding -- 2.4 Airborne laser altimetry -- 2.5 Ice thickness measurement intercomparison and long-term trends -- 2.6 Dynamic and thermodynamic thickness changes -- References -- Chapter 3 Snow in the sea ice system: friend or foe? -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Roots: a short history of snow on sea ice studies -- 3.1.2 Snow on ice in northern cultures -- 3.2 The Relationship Between Snow and Sea Ice -- 3.3 General characteristics of snow on ice -- 3.3.1 Snowflakes -- 3.3.2 Snow metamorphism -- 3.3.3 Snow grain types -- 3.3.4 Metamorphic pathways -- 3.3.5 Snow layering, salinity and wetness -- 3.4 The temporal evolution of the snow pack -- 3.4.1 Arctic -- 3.4.2 Antarctic -- 3.5 Bulk snow pack properties -- 3.5.1 Density and snow-water equivalent -- 3.5.2 Bulk thermal properties -- 3.6 Snow depth distribution -- 3.6.1 Regional- to hemispheric-scale snow depth distribution -- 3.6.2 Regional snow depth distribution -- 3.6.3 Floe-scale snow depth distribution -- 3.7 Remote sensing -- 3.8 Ecological and biogeochemical significance of snow -- 3.9 The outlook -- 3.10 Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 Sea ice and sunlight -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Radiative transfer theory -- 4.2.1 Absorption -- 4.2.2 Scattering -- 4.3 Inherent optical properties -- 4.3.1 Absorption coefficients -- 4.3.2 Scattering coefficients and phase functions -- 4.4 Apparent optical properties -- 4.4.1 Albedo -- 4.4.2 Transmittance -- 4.4.3 Extinction coefficients -- 4.5 Radiative transfer modelling -- 4.6 Changing ice, changing light -- 4.6.1 Sea ice albedo feedback -- 4.6.2 Shifting from multi-year ice to first-year ice -- 4.6.3 Solar partitioning -- 4.7 Summary -- 4.8 Acknowledgements -- Glossary -- References -- Chapter 5 The sea ice-ocean boundary layer -- 5.1 Introduction. , 5.2 Turbulent exchange in the IOBL -- 5.2.1 Basic equations -- 5.2.2 Impacts of rotation -- 5.2.3 Inertial oscillation -- 5.2.4 Turbulence scales and eddy viscosity -- 5.2.5 Neutral stratification -- 5.2.6 Buoyancy impact on turbulence scales -- 5.2.7 Rossby similarity -- 5.2.8 Discussion -- 5.3 The ice-ocean interface -- 5.3.1 Enthalpy and salt balance at the interface -- 5.3.2 Measurements -- 5.3.3 Interface approximations -- 5.3.4 The 'two-equation' parameterization -- 5.3.5 The 'three-equation' parameterization -- 5.3.6 Double-diffusion during melting -- 5.3.7 False bottoms -- 5.3.8 Heat and salt exchange during freezing -- 5.3.9 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 6 The atmosphere over sea ice -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Surface energy budget -- 6.2.1 Current knowledge -- 6.2.2 Changes in a new Arctic -- 6.3 Vertical structure of the atmosphere (from surface layer to inversion top) -- 6.3.1 Effects of stability on surface-layer profiles -- 6.3.2 Temperature and humidity profiles above the surface layer -- 6.3.3 Wind profiles above the surface layer -- 6.3.4 Leads, polynyas and thin ice -- 6.3.5 Marginal ice zone -- 6.3.6 Geographical differences -- 6.3.7 New Arctic -- 6.4 Cloud-radiation-turbulence- wave interactions -- 6.5 Wind and ice motion -- 6.5.1 Effects of wind speed, roughness and stratification -- 6.5.2 Observed relationships -- 6.5.3 New Arctic -- 6.6 Modelling of the atmosphere over sea ice -- 6.6.1 Main challenges -- 6.6.2 Process validations -- 6.6.3 Reanalyses -- 6.7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 Sea ice and Arctic Ocean oceanography -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical perspective -- 7.3 General oceanographic description -- 7.4 Ocean heat and sea ice -- 7.4.1 Surface warming -- 7.4.2 Oceanic heat -- 7.5 The Arctic halocline -- 7.5.1 Advection mechanism -- 7.5.2 Convection mechanism -- 7.6 Polynyas -- 7.7 Conclusion. , Dedication -- References -- Chapter 8 Oceanography and sea ice in the Southern Ocean -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Geographic and oceanographic setting of the Southern Ocean -- 8.3 Sea ice and dense water production in the Southern Ocean -- 8.3.1 Shelf waters as precursors of AABW -- 8.3.2 Polynyas -- 8.3.3 Deep convection in the open Southern Ocean -- 8.4 Seasonal cycles of ice and ocean on a 'warm' Antarctic shelf -- 8.5 The future -- 8.6 Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9 Methods of satellite remote sensing of sea ice -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Basic concepts and principles -- 9.1.2 Short overview of important missions for sea ice remote sensing -- 9.1.3 The EM spectrum -- 9.1.4 Scattering mechanisms -- 9.2 Microwave radiometry and scatterometry -- 9.2.1 Theory/principles of measurements -- 9.2.2 Sea ice area -- 9.2.3 Sea ice motion -- 9.2.4 Sea ice type -- 9.2.5 Thin sea ice thickness -- 9.2.6 Snow thickness on sea ice -- 9.2.7 Melt onset -- 9.3 Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) -- 9.3.1 Theory/principles of measurements -- 9.3.2 Sea ice motion -- 9.3.3 Sea ice type -- 9.4 Altimetry -- 9.4.1 Theory/principles of measurements -- 9.4.2 Sea ice thickness -- 9.5 Optical and thermal infrared imaging -- 9.5.1 Theory/principles of measurements -- 9.5.2 Thin sea ice thickness -- 9.5.3 Melt-pond fraction -- 9.6 Uncertainties and validation -- 9.6.1 Sources of uncertainties -- 9.6.2 Validation -- 9.7 Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10 Gaining (and losing) Antarctic sea ice: variability, trends and mechanisms -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Data sources and approaches -- 10.3 Seasonal and regional variability and change -- 10.3.1 The seasonal sea ice cover -- 10.3.2 The regional perspective -- 10.3.3 Seasonal timing and feedbacks -- 10.4 Sea ice thickness, drift, winds and waves -- 10.4.1 Seasonal and regional variability in ice thickness. , 10.4.2 Seasonal ice drift patterns -- 10.4.3 Trends in winds, ice drift and ice thickness -- 10.5 Ice-climate connections -- 10.6 The historical perspective -- 10.7 Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11 Losing Arctic sea ice: observations of the recent decline and the long-term context -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Sea ice extent -- 11.2.1 The modern passive microwave satellite record -- 11.2.2 Sea ice extent before the modern era -- 11.2.3 A note on data sources and uncertainty -- 11.3 Sea ice thickness -- 11.4 Sea ice type/age as a proxy for thickness -- 11.5 Snow depth on sea ice -- 11.6 Melt onset and freeze-up -- 11.7 Sea ice motion -- References -- Chapter 12 Sea ice in Earth system models -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Representing sea ice in an Earth system model -- 12.2.1 The general setup of an ESM -- 12.2.2 Sea ice thermodynamics -- 12.2.3 Sea ice dynamics -- 12.2.4 Sea ice thickness distribution -- 12.2.5 Tuning -- 12.3 Learning from ESMs -- 12.3.1 Evaluating the usefulness of ESMs -- 12.3.2 The importance of feedbacks -- 12.3.3 The ongoing changes in the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice -- 12.3.4 The future evolution of sea ice -- 12.4 Summary and outlook -- 12.5 Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13 Sea ice as a habitat for Bacteria, Archaea and viruses -- 13.1 Introduction and short history -- 13.2 Sampling issues -- 13.2.1 The melting dilemma -- 13.2.2 Unmelted ice -- 13.2.3 Scaling -- 13.3 Abundance and distribution -- 13.3.1 Ubiquity, dominance -- 13.3.2 Enrichment -- 13.3.3 Losses -- 13.4 Seasonal dynamics -- 13.4.1 Autumn -- 13.4.2 Winter -- 13.4.3 Spring -- 13.4.4 Summer -- 13.4.5 Multi-year ice -- 13.5 Diversity -- 13.5.1 From cultures to phylogeny -- 13.5.2 Temporal and spatial diversity -- 13.5.3 Step change in methodology -- 13.5.4 Viral diversity -- 13.6 Adaptations -- 13.6.1 Temperature and salinity. , 13.6.2 Extracellular interactions.

Anmerkung: Literatur- und URL-Verzeichnis: Seiten 450-487

Anmerkung: Literaturangaben , Overview of sea ice growth and properties / Chris Petrich & Hajo Eicken -- Sea ice thickness distribution / Christian Haas -- Snow in the sea-ice system : friend or foe? / Matthew Sturm & Robert A. Massom -- Sea ice and sunlight / Donald K. Perovich -- The sea ice-ocean boundary layer / Miles G. McPhee -- The atmosphere over sea ice / Ola Persson & Timo Vihma -- Sea ice and arctic ocean oceanography / Finlo Cottier, Mike Steele & Frank Nielsen -- Oceanography and sea ice in the southern ocean / Michael P. Meredith & Mark A. Brandon -- Methods of satellite remote sensing of sea ice / Gunnar Spreen & Stefan Kern -- Gaining (and losing) antarctic sea ice : variability, trends and mechanisms / Sharon Stammerjohn & Ted Maksym -- Losing arctic sea ice : observations of the recent decline and the long-term context / Walt N. Meier -- Sea ice in earth system models / Dirk Notz & Cecilia M. Bitz -- Sea ice as a habitat for bacteria, archaea and viruses / Jody W. Deming & R. Eric Collins -- Sea ice as a habitat for primary producers / Kevin R. Arrigo -- Sea ice as a habitat for micrograzers / David A. Caron, Rebecca J. Gast & Marie-Eve Garneau -- Sea ice as a habitat for macrograzers / Bodil A. Bluhm, Kerrie M. Swadling & Rolf Gradinger -- Nutrients, dissolved organic matter and exopolymers in sea ice / Klaus M. Meiners & Christine Michel -- Gases in sea ice / Jean-Louis Tison, Bruno Delille & Stathys Papadimitriou -- Transport and transformation of contaminants in sea ice / Feiyue Wang, Monika Pucko & Gary Stern -- Numerical models of sea ice biogeochemistry / Martin Vancoppenolla & Letizia Tedesco -- Arctic marine mammals and sea ice / Kristin L. Laidre & Eric V. Regehr -- Antarctic marine mammals and sea ice / Marthán N. Bester, Horst Bornemann & Trevor McIntyre -- A feathered perspective : the influence of sea ice on arctic marine birds / Nina J. Karnovsky & Maria V. Gavrilo -- Birds and antarctic sea ice / David Ainley, Eric J. Woehler & Amelie Lescroel -- Sea ice is our beautiful garden : indigenous perspectives on sea ice of sea ice in the arctic / Henry P. Huntington, Shari Gearheard, Lene Kielsen Holm, George Noongwook, Margaret Opie & Joelie Sanguya -- Advances in palaeo sea-ice estimation / Leanne Armand, Alexander Ferry & Amy Leventer -- Ice in subarctic seas / Hermanni Kaartokallio, Mats A. Granskog, Harri Kuosa & Jouni Vainio

Anmerkung: Literaturangaben

Anmerkung: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 190-191