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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A case study of resources management planning with multiple objectives and projects (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 729-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Analytic hierarchy process ; resource allocation ; linear programming ; Olympic National Park
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Each National Park Service unit in the United States produces a resources management plan (RMP) every four years or less. The plans commit budgets and personnel to specific projects for four years, but they are prepared with little quantitative and analytical rigor and without formal decision-making tools. We have previously described a multiple objective planning process for inventory and monitoring programs (Schmoldt and others 1994). To test the applicability of that process for the more general needs of resources management planning, we conducted an exercise on the Olympic National Park (NP) in Washington State, USA. Eight projects were selected as typical of those considered in RMPs and five members of the Olympic NP staff used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to prioritize the eight projects with respect to their implicit management objectives. By altering management priorities for the park, three scenarios were generated. All three contained some similarities in rankings for the eight projects, as well as some differences. Mathematical allocations of money and people differed among these scenarios and differed substantially from what the actual 1990 Olympic NP RMP contains. Combining subjective priority measures with budget dollars and personnel time into an objective function creates a subjective economic metric for comparing different RMP’s. By applying this planning procedure, actual expenditures of budget and personnel in Olympic NP can agree more closely with the staff’s management objectives for the park.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394636
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial water quality: Springs and streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental management 6 (1982), S. 353-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Great Smoky Mountains National Park ; National Park Service ; Water quality ; Resources management ; Bacteria ; Indicator organisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Water samples from streams and springs in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were analyzed for fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, and total coliform bacteria. Levels of bacteria were found to be highly variable but related to elevation, time of year, type of water source, and water level of the streams. Visitors did not seem to be major contributors to bacterial contamination. Levels of fecal coliform and total coliform in most water samples were unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Tennessee state standards for body contact recreation (swimming and wading) were exceeded in a few samples but none from streams suitable for swimming. As a result of these findings, park managers increased efforts to inform visitors of the need to treat drinking water and removed improvements at backcountry springs which tended to give the springs the image of safe, maintained water sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01875067
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developing inventory and monitoring programs based on multiple objectives (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 707-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Analytic hierarchy process ; Capital budgeting ; Integer programming ; Multiple objective planning ; National parks ; Resource allocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Resource inventory and monitoring (I&M) programs in national parks combine multiple objectives in order to create a plan of action over a finite time horizon. Because all program activities are constrained by time and money, it is critical to plan I&M activities that make the best use of available agency resources. However, multiple objectives complicate a relatively straightforward allocation process. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) offers a structure for multiobjective decision making so that decision-makers’ preferences can be formally incorporated in seeking potential solutions. Within the AHP, inventory and monitoring program objectives and decision criteria are organized into a hierarchy. Pairwise comparisons among decision elements at any level of the hierarchy provide a ratio scale ranking of those elements. The resulting priority values for all projects are used as each project’s contribution to the value of an overall I&M program. These priorities, along with budget and personnel constraints, are formulated as a zero/one integer programming problem that can be solved to select those projects that produce the best program. An extensive example illustrates how this approach is being applied to I&M projects in national parks in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The proposed planning process provides an analytical framework for multicriteria decisionmaking that is rational, consistent, explicit, and defensible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394635
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Planning for implementation of long-term resource monitoring programs (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 26 (1993), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Guidelines for the early stages of developing a monitoring program are presented. Jumping right into a monitoring program based on standard protocols and a number of commonly monitored parameters is an attractive idea, but it is unlikely to lead to an intelligent allocation of time and money. Rather, a number of well-defined planning steps must be followed before monitoring is begun: 1. Objectives for the program should be well defined. 2. The attributes to be monitored in order to meet objectives should be listed. 3. Methods of monitoring these attributes should be developed. 4. A pilot study should be conducted to determine spatial and temporal variability of the attributes being monitored and the cost of sampling. 5. The results of the pilot study should be carefully evaluated to determine whether program objectives can be met for an acceptable cost. 6. Objectives, attributes to be monitored, and methods should be revised in accordance with the results of the pilot study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547496
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of streams in logged and unlogged areas of Great Smoky Mountains National Park (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 102 (1983), S. 99-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: streams ; streamwater chemistry ; water quality ; benthic macroinvertebrates ; organic debris ; debris dams
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Second order streams draining areas of virgin forest in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina, U.S.A., are compared to those which drain forests logged before the establishment of the park in the 1930's. Water quality of two main study streams (one unlogged and one formerly logged) was compared and the unlogged stream had generally higher levels of dissolved solids and lower levels of suspended particulates than the logged stream. Stream channel characteristics were compared on four logged and four unlogged streams. The unlogged streams had over four times more (by volume) of woody debris and 10 times more material in debris dams than the logged streams. Only minor differences in substrate composition were observed. Macroinvertebrate samples from the four logged and four unlogged streams showed that the logged streams contained greater numbers of organisms and more taxa. More detailed sampling on the two main study streams showed similar patterns of more individuals and more taxa in the logged stream, as well as differences in the composition of five functional groups. These differences in invertebrate fauna may be due to differences in quantity and quality of leaf litter inputs, although other explanations are also possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006073
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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