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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 54 (1982), S. 1336-1339 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To investigate the relationship between growth, biomass partitioning and lignification we used tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in which O-methyl transferase (OMT) activity, an enzyme involved in the pathway of sinapyl alcohol formation for lignin synthesis, was suppressed by antisense transformation. To modulate growth, controls and transformed tobacco plants were grown under ambient (approximately 380 p.p.m) or elevated CO2 (700 p.p.m), respectively. Lignin concentrations and composition were determined with spectrophotometric methods (thioglycolate and acetyl bromide) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. A comparison of the thioglycolate and acetylbromide method suggested that the thioglycolate method was sensitive to changes in the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G)-ratio in lignin and therefore not suitable for quantification in tissues with altered lignin composition. Growth under elevated CO2 increased leaf and stem biomass of both genotypes by 40 and 20%, respectively, compared with ambient CO2 and had no effect on root biomass. OMT suppression did not affect lignin concentrations in the leaves but caused a shift in biomass partitioning from the structural to the non-structural fraction. Elevated CO2 caused a shift towards production of structural compounds resulting in decreased foliar lignin concentrations and indicating that the lignin/structural mass ratio is flexible in leaves. By contrast, the lignin concentrations of stems were unaffected by elevated CO2 or OMT suppression and increased about three-fold from the apex to the base. Antisense-OMT plants produced more stem biomass than controls but showed no changes of the relative partitioning of biomass to the different pools. This indicates that the metabolic control of carbon fluxes to the production of structural versus non-structural fractions is tighter in stems than in leaves. FTIR spectroscopy indicated a relative increase in guaiacyl- as compared with syringyl-units in antisense-OMT tobacco, which was more pronounced under elevated as compared with ambient CO2. Since there was no evidence for decreased lignin concentrations in the antisense-OMT plants but increased biomass formation we suggest that less methylated lignins are ‘cheaper’ in biosynthetic carbon and energy demand and, thus, may enable plants to allocate increased resources to growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary:  In their environment, plants interact with a multitude of living organisms and have to cope with a large variety of aggressions of biotic or abiotic origin. To survive, plants have acquired, during evolution, complex mechanisms to detect their aggressors and defend themselves. Receptors and signaling pathways that are involved in such interactions with the environment are just beginning to be uncovered. What has been known for several decades is the extraordinary variety of chemical compounds the plants are capable to synthesize, and many of these products are implicated in defense responses. The number of natural products occurring in plants may be estimated in the range of hundreds of thousands, but only a fraction have been fully characterized. Despite the great importance of these metabolites for plant and also for human health, our knowledge about their biosynthetic pathways and functions is still fragmentary. Recent progress has been made particularly for phenylpropanoid and oxylipin metabolism, which are emphasized in this review. Both pathways are involved in plant resistance at several levels: by providing building units of physical barriers against pathogen invasion, by synthesizing an array of antibiotic compounds, and by producing signals implicated in the mounting of plant resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Hypersensitivity ; Lignification ; O-methyltransferase ; Nicotiana (enzyme synthesis during TMV infection) ; Tobacco mosaic virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The three tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) S-adenosyl-L-methionine: o-diphenol-O-methyltransferases (OMTs; EC 2.1.1.6) were purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on adenosine-agarose. Amounts and catalytic actities of the enzymes were measured in tobacco leaves during the hypersensitive reaction to tobacco mosaic virus. The drastic increase in activity of each enzyme upon infection was shown to arise from the accumulation of enzymatic protein with constant specific enzymatic activity. Rates of OMT synthesis were determined from pulse-labeling experiments with L-[14C]leucine injected into the leaves. The specific radioactivities of the homogenous enzymes were compared in healthy and tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco. The results demonstrated that increase in OMT amounts is a consequence of de novo synthesis of the enzymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 284 (1980), S. 155-157 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Carbon dioxide extracted in a vacuum from melted ice samples can originate from: (1) air contained in bubbles within the ice; (2) gas which may be trapped or adsorbed by the ice lattice; or (3) the decomposition of dissolved carbonates or carbonate particles which are present naturally or ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 346 (1990), S. 258-260 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Nitrate concentrations in snow deposited at several sites in the interior of the Antarctic (Fig. 1) exhibit a marked increase in the upper metre (Fig. 2). The increase appears first in the mid-1970s at Vostok and Dome C and by 1980 in the Dominion Range. The increase appears to be unique and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 21 (1995), S. 165-186 
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: HCl ; air-snow transfer function ; solubility ; ice ; gas phase measurements ; snow analysis ; Greenland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field measurements have been performed in order to improve our understanding of the HCl air-snow transfer function. The solubility and diffusion of HCl in laboratory grown single crystals of ice have been measured as a function of HCl partial pressure,P HCl, between −8 and −25 °C. Measurements ofP HCl and of the mole fraction of HCl in snow,X'HCl, have been measured at Summit, Greenland. Comparison of the field and laboratory measurements show that theX'HCl values are well below equilibrium values. The major processes involved in the formation of snow crystals and in their evolution after deposition are discussed in order to attempt to understand theX'HCl values and their variations. The discussion is focussed on a few well identified snow layers. It is concluded that sublimation and recrystallization of snow probably play a major role in the evolution ofX'HCl, but that our understanding of the HCl transfer function is very incomplete. Laboratory and field measurements are suggested to improve this situation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 14 (1990), S. 381-390 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN ; tobacco mosaic virus ; PR proteins ; purification ; serology ; thaumatin-like proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purification to homogeneity of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins R and S from Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN leaves has been achieved by using a combination of conventional and high-performance chromatographic supports. The same procedure allowed the purification and the characterization of four other proteins which displayed some properties characteristic of tobacco PR proteins and were shown to accumulate in tobacco leaves in response to virus infection. They can be, therefore, considered as new tobacco PR proteins which we designate as PR-s1,-s2,-r1 and-r2. The relative electrophoretic mobilities (Rf) under non-denaturing conditions were estimated to 0.30 for PR-r1 and-r2, 0.25 for Pr-R, 0.20 for PR-s1 and-s2 and 0.15 for PR-S. On SDS gels PR proteins R and S possessed the same apparent molecular weight (M r 24000) as did PR-proteins s1 and r1 (M r 14500) and PR-s2 and-r2 (M r 13000). However, proteins s1, s2, r1 and r2 had identical electrophoretic mobilities on SDS gels when the loading sample buffer contained no reducing agent. Polyclonal antisera were raised against PR proteins R and S and used in immunoblotting experiments. Proteins R and S were shown to be serologically closely related. No cross-reaction was detected with any of the four new tobacco PR proteins r1, r2, s1 and s2 or with the previously described PR proteins, i.e. PR-1a,-1b,-1c,-2,-N,-O,-P and-Q.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: coenzyme A esters ; lignin biosynthesis ; O-methyltransferase ; phenylpropanoids ; tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) cDNA clones were isolated from RNA extracted from TMV-infected tobacco leaves using an heterologous DNA probe. The cDNAs were 84–93% identical in their nucleotide sequences, indicating that they are the products of four closely related genes. A comparison of the CCoAOMT cDNAs with database sequences and Southern blot analysis indicated that they are encoded by a new CCoAOMT family of tobacco. Overall expression of this gene family in tobacco tissues was investigated by RNA blot analysis. The expression of each individual gene was studied by RT-PCR coupled with RFLP analysis of PCR products, taking advantage of the presence of specific restriction sites in each cloned cDNA. Two members of the CCoAOMT gene family appeared to be constitutively expressed in various plant organs and tissues whereas the two others were preferentially expressed in flower organs, after tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection or elicitor treatment of leaves. The CCoAOMT enzymatic protein expressed in bacteria was purified and shown to be specific for the caffeoyl-CoA and 5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA esters and to have no activity against free caffeic acid and 5-hydroxyferulic acid. The pattern of CCoAOMT transcript accumulation during development of tobacco stem was found closely related to that of COMT I genes which have been shown to be specifically involved in lignin biosynthesis. Moreover, the inhibition of COMT I gene expression in transgenic tobacco was also shown to decrease CCoAOMT gene expression, particularly in the most lignified tissues. Thus, the expression pattern and the substrate specificity of tobacco CCoAOMT sustain a preferential role in lignin biosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-12-03
    Description: We discuss remote terrestrial influences on boundary layer air over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica, and the mechanisms by which they arise, using atmospheric radon observations as a proxy. Our primary motivation was to enhance the scientific community’s ability to understand and quantify the potential effects of pollution, nutrient or pollen transport from distant land masses to these remote, sparsely-instrumented regions. Seasonal radon characteristics are discussed at 6 stations (Macquarie Island, King Sejong, Neumayer, Dumont d’Urville, Jang Bogo and Dome Concordia) using 1-4 years of continuous observations. Context is provided for differences observed between these sites by Southern Ocean radon transects between 45-67S made by the Research Vessel Investigator. Synoptic transport of continental air within the marine boundary layer (MBL) dominated radon seasonal cycles in the mid-Southern Ocean site (Macquarie Island). MBL synoptic transport, tropospheric injection, and Antarctic outflow all contributed to the seasonal cycle at the sub-Antarctic site (King Sejong). Tropospheric subsidence and injection events delivered terrestrially-influenced air to the Southern Ocean MBL in the vicinity of the circumpolar trough (or “Polar Front”). Katabatic outflow events from Antarctica were observed to modify trace gas and aerosol characteristics of the MBL 100-200 km off the coast. Radon seasonal cycles at coastal Antarctic sites were dominated by a combination of local radon sources in summer and subsidence of terrestrially-influenced tropospheric air, whereas those on the Antarctic Plateau were primarily controlled by tropospheric subsidence. Separate characterisation of long-term marine and katabatic flow air masses at Dumont d’Urville revealed monthly mean differences in summer of up to 5 ppbv in ozone and 0.3 ng m-3 in gaseous elemental mercury. These differences were largely attributed to chemical processes on the Antarctic Plateau. A comparison of our observations with some Antarctic radon simulations by global climate models over the past two decades indicated that: (i) some models overestimate synoptic transport to Antarctica in the MBL, (ii) the seasonality of the Antarctic ice sheet needs to be better represented in models, (iii) coastal Antarctic radon sources need to be taken into account, and (iv) the underestimation of radon in subsiding tropospheric air needs to be investigated.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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