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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-09-04
    Description: The non-breeding distribution of common scoter (Melanitta nigra), which occur in high densities offshore from the eastern Wadden Sea, has been well documented in recent decades, but factors influencing these patterns remain poorly known. We investigated the prey choice of 88 common scoter using stomach contents of beached birds collected over a period of 12 years. We then used benthos data and hydrodynamic parameters to model the June–September distribution patterns during the flightless period of common scoter based on transect count data off the north-eastern German Wadden Sea. Benthic fauna biomass in areas used by common scoter was higher than in areas where the species was absent. American razor clam (Ensis leei) invaded the Wadden Sea during the end of the 1970s and was the most common prey, both in benthos samples from below feeding common scoter and in stomach samples. The relatively high flesh to shell ratio of the American razor clam makes it the most attractive available prey item for common scoter. The abundance of American razor clams explained the distribution of scoter to a high degree, although the best model fit included negative effects of water depth and positive effects of bed shear stress intensity on scoter abundance. Our data show that the neobiotic American razor clams have become an important part of the diet of these sea ducks, whereas the cut trough shell (Spisula subtruncata) was of substantially lesser importance than expected from historical data. Our study shows the ability of a top avian predator to respond to novel developments in bivalve prey availability over periods of a few decades.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 138 (1997), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf überfliegende Mantelmöwen reagieren Scheckenten, in dem sie überstürzt von ihren Nahrungsplätzen auffliegen und sich auf dem offenen Wasser zusammenscharen. Wenn sich die Enten bei Flut zu dichten Ruhegesellschaften zusammengeschlossen haben, ist keine Reaktion zu beobachten. Die Reduktion der Individualabstände in Verbindung mit Fluchtverhalten deutet darauf hin, daß der enge Zusammenschluß eine Reaktion gegen Räuber bedeutet. In 32% der Fluchtbewegungen entfernten sich bis zu 56% der Trupps von den Stellen der Nahrungssuche. Aber auch, wenn die Vögel am Ort bleiben, dauerte es im Mittel 3,5 min, bis die Hälfte der Trupps die Nahrungssuche wieder aufgenommen hatte. Dabei gingen innerhalb von 24 Stunden immerhin 17% der Zeit für Nahrungssuche verloren. Die Kosten für das überstürzte Abfliegen beim Auftauchen von Möwen wird auf etwa 7,8% des täglichen Mindestenergiebedarfs geschätzt. Daher kann eine derartige Raktion auf potentielle Räuber die Nutzung bevorzugter Nahrungsgründe einschränken sowie Verlust der ohnehin durch die Gezeiten beschränkte Zeit für Nahrungsaufnahme und zusätzliche Energiekosten nach sich ziehen.
    Notes: Abstract Steller's Eiders responded to overflying Great Black-backed GullsLarus marinus by “spooking” — flushing from feeding and aggregating on open water. Birds did not react at high tide when aggregated into dense roosting flocks. The significant reduction in inter-bird distance associated with this escape behaviour suggests that rafting in this way (and at rest) serves an anti-predator function. In 32% of spooks, up to 56% of the flocks were displaced from feeding sites; even when all birds remained, they took an average of 3.5 minutes for half of the flock to resume feeding, representing a minimum total of 17% loss of feeding time throughout the 24 hour period. At observed rates, the cost of flight behaviour in response to gulls was estimated to equate to a minimum of 7.8% of daily existence energy. Hence such predator responses can cost Steller's Eiders loss of access to favoured feeding area, loss of feeding time (already restricted by tidal exposure) and additional energy costs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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