Anmerkung: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Glossary -- List of contributors -- Case study I: the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara , anciently Lacerta vivipara)-a model system for the study of the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of dispersal -- Case study II: spiders as a model in dispersal ecology and evolution -- Case study III: spatial structure and dynamics in the Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia) metapopulation -- Case study IV: heterocarpy in Crepis sancta (Asteraceae) as a model system to study dispersal -- Part I: The Multiple Causes of the Dispersal Process -- 1 Multicausality of dispersal: a review -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Multicausality in dispersal -- 1.3 Causation at the individual level: genetics and development -- 1.4 Causation at the level of environment -- 1.5 Conclusions and perspectives -- 2 The theory of dispersal under multiple influences -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Dispersal and its consequences: a feedback loop -- 2.3 Ultimate and proximate factors in explaining dispersal -- 2.4 Proximate factors -- 2.5 Ultimate factors -- 2.6 Dispersal homeostasis -- 2.7 Summary -- 3 Multi-determinism in natal dispersal: the common lizard as a model system -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The common lizard as a model system -- 3.3 General observational and experimental procedures -- 3.4 Proximate factors of natal dispersal: main effects -- 3.5 Combined effects of proximate factors -- 3.6 Synthesis: an informed base theory of factors integration -- 4 Dispersal in invertebrates: influences on individual decisions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Environmental- or context-dependent factors influencing dispersal -- 4.3 Stage- and sex-dependent influences on dispersal -- 4.4 An individual's size or physiological 'condition' can influence dispersal -- 4.5 Dispersal decisions are influenced by dispersal phenotypes -- 4.6 Conclusions. , 5 Integrating context- and stage-dependent effects in studies of frugivorous seed dispersal: an example from south-east Kenya -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Seed dispersal of Xymalos monospora in the Taita Hills: a case study -- 5.3 Conclusions and future directions -- Part II: The Genetics of Dispersal -- 6 Quantitative, physiological, and molecular genetics of dispersal/migration -- 6.1 Introduction and overview -- 6.2 Background: traits studied and methods of analysis -- 6.3 Genetic analysis of dispersal traits -- 6.4 Summary, synthesis, and future directions -- 7 Evolution of genetically integrated dispersal strategies -- 7.1 Spatio-temporally varying environments and the evolution of dispersal -- 7.2 Setting the stage for environment-independent expression of dispersal -- 7.3 Correlational selection for phenotype-dependent dispersal -- 7.4 Ecological context for evolution of distinct dispersal strategies in western bluebirds -- 7.5 Proximate basis of distinct dispersal strategies: reconciling genetic variation and maternal effects -- 7.6 Concluding remarks -- 8 Dispersal genetics: emerging insights from fruitflies, butterflies, and beyond -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Functional genomic insights into locomotion -- 8.3 Conclusions -- 9 Genetics of plant dispersal -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Using phylogenetics to interpret evolutionary patterns in dispersal -- 9.3 Gene phylogenies: gene duplication and functional divergence -- 9.4 Conservation of the molecular-genetic components of fruit development -- 9.5 Changes in gene expression as potential causes of variation in dispersal -- 9.6 Techniques to determine underlying genetic mechanisms -- 9.7 Conclusions and future research -- Part III: The Association of Dispersal with Other Life-history Traits -- 10 Dispersal syndromes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Observed patterns of covariation. , 10.3 Causes of covariation -- 10.4 Consequences of covariation -- 10.5 Conclusions -- 11 Evolution of condition-dependent dispersal -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Outline of models -- 11.3 Model 1: evolutionarily stable dispersal strategies -- 11.4 Model 2: co-evolution of dispersal and offspring size-number strategies -- 11.5 Conclusions -- 11.6 Further directions -- 12 Dispersal syndromes in the common lizard: personality traits, information use, and context-dependent dispersal decisions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Context-dependent dispersal syndrome -- 12.3 Dispersal syndromes, habitat preferences, and information use -- 12.4 Conclusion: dispersal syndrome and the dynamics of spatially structured population -- 12.5 Final remark -- 13 Dispersal syndromes in butterflies and spiders -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Dispersal syndromes among populations: the Glanville fritillary system as an example of butterfly with a colonizer syndrome -- 13.3 Dispersal syndromes within populations: dispersal reaction norms and syndromes in spiders -- 13.4 Context dependence of dispersal and the organization of syndromes -- 14 Plant dispersal phenotypes: a seed perspective of maternal habitat selection -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Plant dispersal syndromes -- 14.3 Dispersal as habitat selection -- 14.4 Seed dispersal is maternally determined -- 14.5 Evolutionary consequences of the maternal determination of dispersal -- 14.6 Consequences of habitat selection via dispersal -- 14.7 Conclusions -- Part IV: Distribution of Dispersal Distances: Dispersal Kernels -- 15 Dispersal kernels: review -- 15.1 Basic concepts and definitions -- 15.2 The questions -- 15.3 The tools -- 15.4 Synthesis and future directions -- 16 Evolution and emergence of dispersal kernels-a brief theoretical evaluation -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Evolution of dispersal kernels. , 16.3 The genesis of dispersal kernels (from first principles) -- 16.4 Conclusions -- 17 Quantifying individual differences in dispersal using net squared displacement -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Theoretical considerations -- 17.3 The modelling approach: hierarchical non-linear models -- 17.4 Simulation study: evaluating data requirements and power -- 17.5 Conclusions -- 18 Temporal variation in dispersal kernels in a metapopulation of the bog fritillary butterfly (Boloria eunomia) -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Methods -- 18.3 Results -- 18.4 Discussion -- 19 How random is dispersal? From stochasticity to process in the description of seed movement -- 19.1 Process and stochasticity in the modelling of plant dispersal -- 19.2 Effects of release height and environmental variability on seed dispersal by wind -- 19.3 The benefits of replacing stochasticity by process -- 19.4 How much process can and should we include in dispersal models? -- Part V: Dispersal and Population Spatial Dynamics -- 20 Linking dispersal to spatial dynamics -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Dispersal changes local population density, which has many consequences -- 20.3 Dispersal has non-local impacts on dynamics -- 20.4 Dispersal allows colonization of empty patches -- 20.5 Dispersal, spatial gene flow, and evolutionary dynamics -- 20.6 Conclusions -- 21 Demographic consequences of the selective forces controlling density-dependent dispersal -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Minimization of resource competition -- 21.3 Departures from ideal resource use: a metapopulation model -- 21.4 Discussion -- 21.5 Conclusion -- 22 Landscape effects on spatial dynamics: the natterjack toad as a case study -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Measuring landscape effects on movement patterns: functional connectivity -- 22.3 Modelling landscape effects on movement patterns. , 22.4 The effect of dispersal on population dynamics -- 22.5 Discussion -- 23 Dispersal and eco-evolutionary dynamics in the Glanville fritillary butterfly -- 23.1 Butterfly dispersal in highly fragmented landscapes -- 23.2 The Glanville fritillary butterfly and the general features of its dispersal -- 23.3 Variation in dispersal rate -- 23.4 Environmental, phenotypic, and genotypic effects on dispersal -- 23.5 Population dynamics -- 23.6 Eco-evolutionary dynamics of dispersal -- 24 Urban metapopulation dynamics, and evolution of dispersal traits in the weed Crepis sancta -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 A plant metapopulation model -- 24.3 Metapopulation dynamics -- 24.4 Reduction of seed dispersal in the fragmented metapopulation -- 24.5 Evolutionary scenario in fragmented metapopulation -- 24.6 Dispersal in plant metapopulation: lessons from simple natural systems -- Part VI: Dispersal and Climate Change -- 25 Dispersal and range dynamics in changing climates: a review -- 25.1 Introduction -- 25.2 Climate change and the spatial distribution of plants and animals -- 25.3 Dispersal and resilience to climate change -- 25.4 Dispersal heterogeneity -- 25.5 Interactions with fragmentation and biotic interactions -- 25.6 Dispersal across the species' range -- 25.7 Synthesis -- 26 Dispersal and climate change: a review of theory -- 26.1 Introduction -- 26.2 Incorporating dispersal into species distribution models -- 26.3 Inter-individual variability and dispersal evolution during climate change -- 26.4 An interaction between landscape structure and climate change -- 26.5 Environmental gradients -- 26.6 Assisting migration by managing the landscape and dispersal -- 26.7 Conclusion -- 27 Influence of temperature on dispersal in two bird species -- 27.1 Introduction -- 27.2 Winter temperature, immigration, and impact on population dynamics in the dipper. , 27.3 Spring temperature, habitat quality, and natal dispersal in the house sparrow.