Note: Cover -- Contents -- Contributors -- Section 1 Introduction to Section 1 -- Judith L. Bronstein -- 1 The study of mutualism -- Judith L. Bronstein -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The semantics of mutualism -- 1.2.1 Classifying interactions -- 1.2.2 Defining mutualism -- 1.2.3 Categorizing mutualisms -- 1.2.4 Suggested terminological standards -- 1.3 A history of mutualism studies -- 1.3.1 Mutualism before 1850 -- 1.3.2 Mutualism and Darwinism -- 1.3.3 Mutualism in the nineteenth century: political and biological contexts -- 1.3.4 The waning (or flowering?) of mutualism studies -- 1.3.5 Mutualism coalesces as a research field -- 1.3.6 Conceptual synthesis and new themes -- 1.4 This volume, and beyond -- References -- 2 The special case of symbioses: mutualisms with persistent contact -- Angela E. Douglas -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Interactions between symbiotic partners -- 2.2.1 The services underpinning reciprocity -- 2.2.2 Byproduct mutualisms -- 2.2.3 Addiction in symbioses -- Box 2.1 The changing face of Wolbachia -- Gregory Hurst -- 2.3 The persistence of symbioses -- 2.3.1 Open and closed symbioses -- 2.3.2 The resilience of symbioses -- Box 2.2 The human microbiome -- John Rawls -- 2.4 Partner fidelity and its consequences -- Box 2.3 Genomic decay and bacterial-derived organelles -- John McCutcheon -- 2.5 Concluding comments -- References -- Section 2 Introduction to Section 2 -- Judith L. Bronstein -- 3 Evolutionary origins and diversification of mutualism -- George D. Weiblen and Erin L. Treiber -- 3.1 Webs in the tree of life -- 3.2 Investigating origin and diversification -- 3.2.1 The fossil record -- Box 3.1 The fossil record of mutualisms -- Peter Wilf and Conrad C. Labandeira -- 3.2.2 Phylogeny estimation -- 3.3 Origins of mutualism -- 3.3.1 Chance and opportunity -- 3.3.2 From antagonism to mutualism and back. , 3.4 Diversification of mutualism -- 3.4.1 Comparing relatives -- 3.4.2 Comparing partners -- Box 3.2 Phylogenetics in symbiology -- Jiri Hulcr -- 3.5 Innovation and adaptation -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Evolutionary models of mutualism -- Erol Akçay -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Vertical transmission of symbioses -- Box 4.1 Adaptive dynamics -- Erol Akçay -- 4.3 Population structure and genetic associations -- 4.3.1 The Price equation -- 4.4 Modeling phenotypic feedbacks -- 4.5 Partner choice and beyond: economic theory of mutualism -- 4.5.1 Supply and demand: biological markets -- 4.5.2 The paradox of the market -- 4.5.3 Sanctions: partner choice in the legume-rhizobium symbiosis -- 4.5.4 Control, negotiation, and outside options in mutualisms -- 4.5.5 Screening -- 4.5.6 Economics and mutualisms: a bright future -- 4.6 Evolution and maintenance of diversity in mutualisms -- 4.7 Future directions -- 4.7.1 Integrating mechanisms and modeling approaches -- Box 4.2 Phenotypic feedbacks and multilevel selection in mutualisms -- Ellen Simms and Stephanie Porter -- 4.7.2 Context dependency -- 4.7.3 Alignment of evolutionary interests -- 4.7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Evolution and genetics of mutualism -- Carina A. Baskett and Douglas W. Schemske -- 5.1 Introduction -- Box 5.1 The attine ant-fungus mutualism -- Ulrich G. Mueller -- 5.2 Natural selection in mutualisms -- 5.3 The genetics of mutualism evolution -- Box 5.2 The legume-rhizobia mutualism -- Maren L. Friesen -- 5.3.1 Advanced stages -- 5.3.2 Early stages -- 5.4 Emerging systems and tools -- 5.4.1 Moving beyond pollination -- 5.4.2 Genomic approaches -- Box 5.3 Bobtail squids light the way to study marine mutualisms -- Michele K. Nishiguchi -- 5.4.3 Experimental evolution -- 5.5 Future directions -- 5.5.1 Comparison to antagonisms -- 5.5.2 Speciation. , 5.5.3 The latitudinal diversity gradient -- 5.5.4 Anthropogenic environmental change -- 5.5.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 The exploitation of mutualisms -- Joel L. Sachs -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Empirical evidence for the exploitation of mutualisms -- 6.2.1 Pollination mutualisms -- 6.2.2 Legume-rhizobium symbiosis -- 6.2.3 Invertebrate-algal symbiosis -- 6.2.4 Phylogenetic analyses of mutualist lineages -- 6.2.5 Summary of empirical evidence -- 6.3 Theoretical predictions for the conditions that stabilize mutualism -- Box 6.1 Some ants sterilize their host plants, but are they "cheaters"? -- Megan E. Frederickson -- Box 6.2 Mechanisms and examples of cheating in cleaning mutualisms -- Redouan Bshary -- 6.4 A new paradox for mutualism? -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Coevolution in mutualisms -- Bruce Anderson -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 A short history of coevolution -- 7.2.1 Geographic mosaic of coevolution -- 7.3 Demonstrating coevolution -- Box 7.1 Coevolutionary genomics -- Noah Whiteman -- 7.4 Coevolutionary patterns -- 7.4.1 Matching of traits -- 7.4.2 Mismatching of traits -- 7.4.3 Trait divergence between sites -- Box 7.2 When do trait mismatches coevolve? -- Scott L. Nuismer -- 7.4.4 Convergence of traits -- 7.4.5 Matching of phylogenies -- Box 7.3 Using phylogenetics to study coevolution -- Noah Whiteman -- 7.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section 3 Introduction to Section 3 -- Judith L. Bronstein -- 8 Population ecology of mutualism -- J. Nathaniel Holland -- 8.1 Population ecology and interspecific interactions -- Box 8.1 Metapopulation ecology and mutualism -- Anna-Liisa Laine -- 8.2 Historic Lotka-Volterra theory -- Box 8.2 Population dynamics and phase-plane analysis of interspecific interactions -- Kevin McCann -- 8.3 Interspecific density dependence and saturating functional responses. , Box 8.3 Interaction strengths and mutualism -- J. Timothy Wootton -- 8.4 Contemporary theory for density dependence and population dynamics -- 8.4.1 Benefits and costs of mutualism -- 8.4.2 Consumer-resource interactions of mutualism -- 8.5 Empirical studies of density dependence and population dynamics -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Mutualism in a community context -- Todd M. Palmer, Elizabeth G. Pringle, Adrian Stier, and Robert D. Holt -- 9.1 Introduction -- Box 9.1 The community ecology of coral-algal mutualism -- Michael Stat -- 9.2 Complexity within mutualism -- 9.2.1 Maintenance of mutualist diversity -- 9.2.2 Consequences of diversity for mutualistic outcomes -- Box 9.2 How imperfect relationships with multiple, exploiting partners can lead to mutualistic success -- Daniel F. Doak -- 9.2.3 Approaches to studying complex mutualisms -- 9.3 How communities influence mutualisms -- 9.3.1 Mechanisms of third-party effects -- 9.3.2 How do we study the effects of third-party species? -- 9.4 How mutualisms affect communities -- 9.4.1 Effects of mutualisms on community diversity -- 9.4.2 Mutualism and species range limits -- Box 9.3 Mutualism alters competition: coexistence of mutualists and exploiters -- Charlotte T. Lee, Brian D. Inouye,and Tom E. X. Miller -- 9.4.3 Mutualism and community stability -- 9.5 Conclusions and future directions -- References -- 10 Context-dependent outcomes of mutualistic interactions -- Jason D. Hoeksema and Emilio M. Bruna -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Tools for studying context dependency of mutualisms -- 10.2.1 Mathematical, graphical, and conceptual models -- Box 10.1 Context dependency in defensive endosymbioses -- John Jaenike -- 10.2.2 Observational field studies -- Box 10.2 Elucidating context dependency in seed dispersal interactions -- Silvia B. Lomáscolo. , 10.2.3 Manipulative field and laboratory experiments -- 10.2.4 Meta-analyses -- 10.3 Eight big questions on context dependency in mutualisms -- 10.3.1 Question 1: What is the relative importance of multiple contextual factors for outcomes of mutualisms, and when do they interact to alter these outcomes? -- 10.3.2 Question 2: Which aspects of biotic context have the most substantial effects on outcomes of mutualisms? -- 10.3.3 Question 3: How do mutualisms shift along gradients of environmental productivity? -- 10.3.4 Question 4: How do mutualisms shift along gradients of diversity? -- 10.3.5 Question 5: Are mutualism outcomes density dependent, and if so, in what manner? -- 10.3.6 Question 6: Are patterns and consequences of context dependency typically similar for both partner species in mutualisms? -- Box 10.3 The importance of the combined host-symbiont (holobiont) perspective in studies of cnidarian-Symbiodinium mutualisms -- Tamar L. Goulet -- 10.3.7 Question 7: How important are "cryptic" benefits for outcomes of context-dependent mutualisms? -- 10.3.8 Question 8: How often do outcomes of mutualisms depend on G × E, G × G, and G × G × E interactions? -- 10.4 Concluding thoughts -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Mutualistic networks -- Jordi Bascompte and Jens M. Olesen -- 11.1 A historical perspective on network thinking in mutualism -- 11.2 Rationale for a network approach to mutualism -- 11.2.1 The example of asymmetric specialization -- Box 11.1 Conservation and restoration implications of network studies -- Jason Tylianakis -- 11.3 Syndromes, modularity, and coevolutionary units -- Box 11.2 Definition and measure of modularity -- Roger Guimerà -- 11.4 Modularity and the basic building blocks of mutualistic networks -- 11.5 Phylogenetic signal of modularity -- 11.6 Types of modules -- 11.7 Species roles within modular networks. , 11.8 Conclusions.