Note: Intro -- Preface: The NATO Science for Peace and Security Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Study Area -- 1.2.1 Gotland Basin -- 1.2.2 Bornholm Deep -- 1.2.3 Little Belt -- 1.2.4 Gdansk Basin -- 1.3 Environmental Fate of Munitions and Chemicals -- 1.4 Risks and Impacts on the Marine Environment -- 1.5 Management Requirements -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Suitability Study of Survey Equipment Used in the MODUM Project -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) IVER2 -- 2.2.1 Sonar Performance -- 2.2.2 AUV Operation -- 2.2.3 Precision of Navigation -- 2.3 Edge Tech DF - 1000 Side Scan Sonar (SSS) -- 2.3.1 Sonar Performance -- 2.3.2 Edge Tech DF - 1000 Operation -- 2.3.3 Precision of Navigation -- 2.4 Klein 3900 Side Scan Sonar -- 2.4.1 Sonar Performance and Operation -- 2.5 Falcon Seaeye Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) -- 2.5.1 ROV Performance -- 2.5.2 Precision of Navigation -- 2.6 Sub-bottom Profiler Edge Tech SB216S -- 2.6.1 Equipment Description -- 2.6.2 Experimental Campaign -- 2.6.3 Data Collection -- 2.6.4 Data Analysis: Sub-bottom Data -- 2.6.5 Sub-bottom Anomalies -- 2.7 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Results of Acoustic Research in the CM Deploying Areas -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Theory of Sound Scattering at the Sea Bottom -- 3.3 Sound Backscattering at Munition and Methods of Detection -- 3.4 Setup Characteristics -- 3.5 Signal and Image Postprocessing -- 3.6 Statistics of Surveys Aimed at Acoustic Detection and Classification of Targets -- 3.7 Acoustic Classifications of Sediments in the Area and Critical Aspects of Detection and Classification -- 3.8 Summary -- References. , Chapter 4: Chemical Analysis of Dumped Chemical Warfare Agents During the MODUM Project -- 4.1 Introduction on Sea-Dumped CWAs in the Baltic Sea -- 4.1.1 Dumping Sites, Munitions and Chemicals -- 4.1.2 Arsenic Concentration in Baltic Sediments -- 4.2 Chemical Analysis On-Site by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry -- 4.2.1 On Ship Analysis with Deployable Headspace GC-MS -- 4.3 Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents Degradation Products by Portable CE Instrument -- 4.3.1 Brief Overview of Capillary Electrophoresis -- 4.3.2 Overview of Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents and Its Degradation Products by Portable CE Instruments -- 4.3.3 Tallinn University of Technology Research in MODUM Project -- 4.4 Reach-Back Laboratory -- 4.4.1 Analysis of Samples near the Wreck in Bornholm Deep -- 4.4.2 Analysis of Monitoring Samples Taken in Baltic Dumpsites -- 4.4.3 High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis -- 4.4.4 Total Arsenic Measurements -- 4.5 Conclusions/Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: Environmental Toxicity of CWAs and Their Metabolites -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods -- 5.2.1 Literature Review -- 5.2.2 Computational Toxicogenomics -- 5.2.3 Microtox™ -- 5.2.4 Mixture Toxicity (Microtox™) -- 5.2.5 Daphnia magna - Acute -- 5.2.6 Daphnia magna - Chronic -- 5.2.7 Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Subchronic Test -- 5.3 Results -- 5.3.1 Literature Review -- 5.3.2 Toxicogenomic Read-Across Analysis -- 5.3.3 Microtox™ -- 5.3.4 Microtox™ Mixture -- 5.3.5 Daphnia magna Acute -- 5.3.6 Daphnia magna - Chronic -- 5.3.7 Zebrafish Sub-chronic Locomotor Behaviour Test -- 5.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: The Health Status of Fish and Benthos Communities in Chemical Munitions Dumpsites in the Baltic Sea -- 6.1 General Introduction -- 6.2 Benthos Communities in the Deep Basins -- 6.3 Fish Communities in the Deep Basins. , 6.4 Fish Health in the Deep Basins -- 6.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Estimation of Potential Leakage from Dumped Chemical Munitions in the Baltic Sea Based on Two Different Modelling Approaches -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Passive Tracer -- 7.2.2 Lagrangian Tracking -- 7.2.2.1 Particle Transport Model -- 7.2.2.2 Bottom Stress Analysis -- 7.2.2.3 Verification of Random-Walk Model -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Integrations Based on the Passive Tracer -- 7.3.2 Calculations of Trajectories -- 7.4 Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8: Weight-of-Evidence Environmental Risk Assessment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methods -- 8.2.1 Risk Assessment -- 8.2.1.1 Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) -- 8.2.1.2 Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) -- 8.2.1.3 Risk Quotient (RQ) -- 8.2.2 Weight of Evidence (WoE) -- 8.3 Materials and Data -- 8.3.1 Sediment Samples -- 8.3.2 Toxicity Data -- 8.3.3 Other Data -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Risk Assessment -- 8.5 Weight of Evidence (WoE) -- 8.5.1 Lines of Evidence (LoE) -- 8.6 Conclusions -- Appendix 1 Risk Maps for Study Areas -- References -- Chapter 9: Best Practices in Monitoring -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 When to Monitor -- 9.3 Survey -- 9.3.1 Stage I - Area Wide Assessment -- 9.3.2 Stage II Detail Survey and Investigation -- 9.3.3 Detail Description of Activities and Equipment Essential for Complete the Procedure -- 9.4 Physics -- 9.5 Sampling -- 9.6 Best Practices for Chemical Analysis of CW Contaminated Sediments -- 9.7 Studies Using Fish as Bioindicators -- 9.7.1 Rational for Monitoring Fish Health Effects of Dumped Munitions -- 9.7.2 How to Sample Fish -- 9.7.3 How to Examine Fish for Health Effects -- 9.7.4 How to Treat Fish Disease Data -- 9.8 Modelling -- 9.9 Conclusions -- References.