Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Cinnamon and Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiochemical Properties of Cinnamon -- 3 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Cinnamon -- 4 Role of Cinnamon in Chronic Diseases -- 4.1 Cinnamon Used to Reduce Blood Sugar in Diabetics -- 4.2 Cinnamon for Arthritis and Pain Relief -- 4.3 Cinnamon and Heart Disease -- 4.4 Cinnamon and Alzheimer's Disease -- 5 Anti-inflammatory Effects of Cinnamon in Allergies -- 6 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Cinnamon on Colitis -- 7 Anti-inflammatory Effects of Cinnamon on Helicobacter pylori-induced Gastritis -- 8 Biological Activity of Cinnamon in Human -- 9 Biological Activity of Cinnamon in Animals -- 10 How Much Cinnamon Can Be Consumed Per Day -- 11 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Silymarin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physicochemical Properties of Silymarin -- 3 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Silymarin -- 4 Role of Silymarin in Chronic Diseases -- 5 Biological Activities of Silymarin in Animal Models -- 6 Biological Activities of Silymarin in Humans -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Eugenol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physicochemical Properties of Eugenol -- 2.1 Chemistry and Metabolites -- 2.2 Antioxidant Activity (Stoichiometric Factor N and Kinh/Kp) -- 2.3 Theoretical Parameters (BDE and IP) Versus Kinh/Kp -- 3 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Eugenol -- 3.1 Anti-proliferative Activity -- 3.2 Cox-2 Inhibition -- 4 Role of Eugenol in Chronic Diseases -- 5 Biological Activities of Eugenol in Animal Models -- 6 Biological Activities of Eugenol in Humans -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Catechins and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physicochemical Properties of Catechins. , 3 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Catechins -- 4 Biological Activities of Catechins in Animal Models -- 5 Biological Activities of Catechins in Humans -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Capsaicin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Physico-Chemical Properties of Capsaicin -- 1.1.1 Activities and Modulation of Cell Signalling Pathways by Capsaicin -- 1.1.2 Capsaicin Effects on Neuronal and Non-neuronal Cells -- 1.1.3 Do Capsaicin and Its TRPV1 Receptor Represent a Target for Multiple Chronic Diseases Therapy? -- 1.1.4 Effects of Capsaicin on Arthritis -- 1.1.5 Management of Chronic Pain by Capsaicin -- 1.2 Effects of Capsaicin on Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders -- 1.3 Capsaicin and Cancer -- 1.4 Capsaicin and Asthma -- 2 Conclusive Remark and Future Direction -- References -- 6 Diallyl Sulfide and Its Role in Chronic Diseases Prevention -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Diallyl Sulfide as an Important Ingredient of Garlic -- 3 Physiochemical Properties of Diallyl Sulfide -- 4 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Diallyl Sulfide -- 4.1 Cell Cycle-Associated Pathways -- 4.2 Cellular Mechanistic Pathways -- 4.3 Inflammatory Pathways -- 5 Protective Effects of Diallyl Sulfide in Various Diseases -- 5.1 Neuronal Diseases -- 5.2 Cancer Chemoprevention and Chemotherapeutic Properties -- 5.3 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases -- 5.4 Lung Diseases -- 5.5 Intestinal Disease -- 5.6 Hepatotoxicity and Liver Diseases -- 6 Biological Activities of Diallyl Sulfide in Animal Models -- 6.1 Antioxidant Activity -- 6.2 Antigenotoxic Potential -- 6.3 Immunostimulation -- 6.4 Antibacterial Activity -- 6.5 Anticarcinogenic Effects -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Lupeol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physio-chemical Properties of Lupeol. , 3 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Lupeol -- 3.1 Cell Signaling Pathways of Anti-inflammatory Mechanism -- 3.2 Cell Signaling Pathways of Hepatoprotective Effects -- 3.3 Cell Signaling Pathways of Anticancer Effects -- 4 Role of Lupeol in Various Chronic Diseases -- 4.1 Oxidative Stress-Related Disorders -- 4.2 Inflammatory Disorders Including Arthritis, Asthma and Wound -- 4.3 Cardiovascular Disorders -- 4.4 Hepatic Injury -- 4.5 Urolithiasis and Renal Disorders -- 4.6 Pancreatitis -- 4.7 Diabetic Mellitus and Dyslipidemia -- 4.8 Neurodegenerative Disorders -- 4.9 Mutagenesis and Cancer -- 5 Biological Activities of Lupeol in Humans -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Gingerol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physico-chemical Properties of Gingerol -- 2.1 Pharmacokinetic of [6]-Gingerol and its Metabolism -- 2.2 Biosynthesis of Gingerols -- 3 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Gingerol -- 3.1 MAPK -- 3.2 ERK/RAS/RAF -- 3.3 NF-κB/COX2 -- 3.4 AP-1 -- 3.5 PI3K/AKT -- 3.6 β-Catenin/Wnt Pathway -- 3.7 Cell Cycle -- 3.8 Apoptosis -- 3.9 Tumor Suppressor Gene P53 -- 3.10 mTOR -- 4 Role of Gingerol in Chronic Diseases -- 4.1 Role of Gingerol in Cancer -- 4.1.1 Skin Cancer -- 4.1.2 Brain Cancer -- 4.1.3 Gastrointestinal Cancer -- 4.1.4 Liver Cancer -- 4.1.5 Pancreatic Cancer -- 4.1.6 Colon Cancer -- 4.2 Coronary Heart Disease -- 4.3 Asthma -- 4.4 Diabetes -- 5 Biological Activities of Gingerol -- 5.1 In Vitro Biological Activities of Gingerol -- 5.1.1 Antioxidant Activity -- 5.1.2 Anticancer Activity -- 5.1.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity -- 5.1.4 Anti-angiogenesis, Anti-invasion and Metastasis Activity -- 5.1.5 Anti-microbial and Anti-fungal Activity -- 5.1.6 Neuroprotective Activity -- 5.2 In Vivo Biological Activity of Gingerol: Anticancer Property -- 5.2.1 Colon Carcinogenesis -- 5.2.2 Skin Carcinogenesis. , 5.2.3 Liver Carcinogenesis -- 6 Biological Activities of Gingerol in Humans -- 6.1 Anti-emetic Effect -- 6.2 Anticancer Effect -- 6.3 Lipid-Lowering Effect -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Potential Use of Flavopiridol in Treatment of Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physio-chemical Properties of Flavopiridol -- 3 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Flavopiridol -- 4 Role of Flavopiridol in Chronic Diseases -- 4.1 Flavopiridol and Hematologic Malignancies -- 4.1.1 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia -- 4.1.2 Other Hematologic Neoplasms -- 4.2 Flavopiridol and Its Role in Solid Tumors -- 4.2.1 Sarcoma -- 4.2.2 Breast Cancer -- 4.2.3 Colon Cancer -- 4.2.4 Pancreatic Cancer -- 4.3 Flavopiridol in Neurological Disorders -- 4.3.1 Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 4.3.2 Stroke -- 4.3.3 Traumatic Brain Injury -- 4.4 Flavopiridol in Cardiovascular Disease -- 4.5 Flavopiridol in Infectious Disease -- 4.5.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) -- 4.5.2 Human Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Plumbagin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physicochemical Properties of Plumbagin -- 3 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Plumbagin -- 4 Role of Plumbagin in Chronic Diseases -- 4.1 Cancer Diseases -- 4.2 Cardiovascular Diseases -- 4.3 Diabetes Mellitus -- 4.4 Infectious Diseases -- 5 Other Pharmacological Activity of Plumbagin -- 6 Toxicity Assessment of Plumbagin -- 7 Conclusions -- 11 Anethole and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physicochemical Properties of Anethole -- 3 Pharmacokinetic Profile of Anethole -- 4 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Anethole -- 5 Role of Anethole in Chronic Diseases -- 5.1 Anethole and Inflammatory Process -- 5.2 Anethole and Cancer -- 5.3 Anethole and Diabetes. , 5.4 Anethole and Neurological Diseases -- 6 Biological Activities of Anethole in Animal Models -- 6.1 Anti-inflammatory and Antihypernociceptive Activities -- 6.2 Immunomodulatory Activity -- 6.3 Antitumor Activity -- 6.4 Cardiovascular Activity -- 6.5 Antithrombotic Activity -- 6.6 Antidiabetic Activity -- 6.7 Gastroprotector Activity -- 6.8 Local Anesthetic Activity -- 6.9 Anxiolytic Activity -- 6.10 Wound-Healing Activity -- 7 Biological Activities of Anethole in Humans -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- 12 The Role of Indirubins in Inflammation and Associated Tumorigenesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship -- 2.1 Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Indirubin -- 2.2 Structure-Activity Relationship and Chemical Modification -- 3 Noncanonical Indirubins -- 4 Modulation of Signaling Pathways by Indirubins in Inflammation-Associated Cancer -- 5 Nuclear Factor-κB -- 6 Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 -- 7 Transforming Growth Factor-ß -- 8 Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor -- 9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 CDDO and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Properties and Pharmacokinetics -- 2.1 Chemical Synthesis and Characteristics -- 2.2 Pharmacokinetics of CDDO -- 3 Signaling Pathways Affected by CDDO -- 3.1 Antioxidant Response and Nrf2 Regulation -- 4 Reactive Oxygen Species and Cell Death: The Primary Target of CDDO -- 4.1 Apoptosis and Necrosis: CDDO Affects Cell Death via Nrf2 -- 5 Other Targets of CDDO: Heat Shock Protein, Telomerase, and MTOR -- 6 Diseases -- 6.1 Cardiac Disease/Vascular Dysfunction -- 6.2 Kidney Disease -- 6.3 AML -- 6.4 Retinal Blindness -- 6.5 Cancer -- 6.6 Liver -- 6.7 Sepsis/Sickle Cell/Lupus -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Evodiamine and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Physicochemical Properties of Evodiamine.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Curcumin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Physical, Chemical and Metabolic Reactions Influencing Curcumin Pharmacology -- 1.2.1 Physicochemical Properties -- 1.2.2 Chemical Structural Features Influencing the Biological Activity of Curcumin -- 1.2.3 Curcumin-Metal Interactions: Role in Curcumin Biology -- 1.2.4 Curcumin Bioavailability -- 1.3 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Curcumin -- 1.3.1 Growth Factors/Cytokines and Their Receptors -- 1.3.2 Protein Kinases -- 1.3.3 Transcription Factors -- 1.3.4 Gene Expression -- 1.4 Biological Activities of Curcumin in Animal Models -- 1.5 Role of Curcumin in Chronic Diseases -- 1.6 Biological Activities of Curcumin in Humans -- 1.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Berberine and Its Role in Chronic Disease -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Physico-Chemical and Pharmacological Properties of Berberine -- 2.1.2 Berberine Modulation of Cell Signalling Pathways -- 2.1.2.1 Berberine Effects on Glucose Metabolism -- 2.1.2.2 Berberine Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Vascular Health -- 2.1.2.3 Berberine and Central Nervous System Disorders -- 2.1.2.4 Tolerability and Safety -- 2.2 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Emodin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chemical Structure, Biophysical Properties, and Bioavailability -- 3.3 Role of Emodin in Various Chronic Disorders -- 3.3.1 Allergy -- 3.3.2 Arthritis -- 3.3.3 Cancer -- 3.3.4 Cardiovascular Diseases -- 3.3.5 Diabetes -- 3.3.6 Kidney Diseases -- 3.3.7 Liver Ailments -- 3.3.8 Lung Diseases -- 3.3.9 Neurological Disorders -- 3.3.10 Other Diseases -- 3.3.11 Conclusions and Future Perspective -- References -- 4 Ursolic Acid and Chronic Disease: An Overview of UA's Effects On Prevention and Treatment of Obesity and Cancer. , Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 A Brief Overview of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome -- 4.1.2 A Brief Overview of Cancer -- 4.2 Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome Diseases, and Cancer -- 4.3 An Overview of Ursolic Acid -- 4.4 Ursolic Acid and Its Effects on Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome -- 4.5 Ursolic Acid and Its Effects on Cancer -- 4.5.1 Ursolic Acid and Cancer: Notable in vitro Studies -- 4.5.2 Ursolic Acid and Cancer: Notable in vivo Studies -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Tocotrienol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 5.1 Tocotrienol -- 5.2 Antioxidant Effects of Tocotrienol -- 5.3 Anti-inflammatory Effects of Tocotrienol -- 5.4 Tocotrienol as a Hypocholesterolemic Agent -- 5.5 Tocotrienol as Antidiabetic Agent -- 5.6 Tocotrienol as Antiosteporotic Agent -- 5.7 Anticancer Activity -- 5.7.1 Tocotrienol-Induced Caspase Activation and Mode of Cell Death -- 5.7.2 Tocotrienol-Induced Upstream Apoptotic Pathway Modulation -- 5.7.3 Tocotrienol-Induced Anti-angiogenesis and Anti-invasion -- 5.8 Safety of Tocotrienol -- 5.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Indole-3-Carbinol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Physicochemical Properties and Pharmacokinetics of Indole-3-Carbinol -- 6.3 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Indole-3-Carbinol -- 6.4 Role of Indole-3-Carbinol in Chronic Diseases -- 6.4.1 The Role of I3C in Cancer Controlling -- 6.4.2 Cardiovascular Diseases -- 6.4.3 Obesity and Diabetes -- 6.5 Biological Activities of Indole-3-Carbinol in Animal Models -- 6.6 Biological Activities of Indole-3-Carbinol in Humans -- 6.7 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 7 Sanguinarine and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Physicochemical Properties of Sanguinarine -- 7.3 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Sanguinarine. , 7.4 Role of Sanguinarine in Chronic Diseases -- 7.5 Biological Activities of Sanguinarine in Animal Models -- 7.6 Biological Activities of Sanguinarine in Humans -- 7.7 Adverse Effects of Sanguinarine -- 7.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Piperine and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Pharmacological Properties of Piperine -- 8.2 Role of Piperine in Chronic Diseases -- 8.2.1 Piperine and Oxidative Stress -- 8.2.2 Piperine and Inflammation -- 8.2.3 Piperine Effects on Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin-Resistance -- 8.2.4 Piperine and Anti-depressant Effects -- 8.2.5 Piperine Analgesic and Anti-pyretic Effects -- 8.2.6 Piperine as a Bioavailability Enhancer -- 8.3 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Therapeutic Potential and Molecular Targets of Piceatannol in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Chemopreventive/Anticarcinogenic Effects -- 9.2.1 Cell Cycle Arrest -- 9.2.2 Induction of Apoptosis -- 9.2.2.1 Hematologic Tumor Cells -- Multiple Myeloma (MM) and Lymphoma -- Leukemia -- 9.2.2.2 Solid Tumor Cells -- 9.2.3 Induction of Autophage -- 9.2.4 DNA Strand Break -- 9.2.5 Anti-metastatic Effects -- 9.2.6 Multidrug Resistance (MDR) Modulation -- 9.2.7 Modulation of Tumor Microenvironment -- 9.2.8 Potentiation of Cytotoxic Effects of Chemotherapeutic Agents -- 9.2.9 Miscellaneous Effects -- 9.3 Other Pharmacological Effects -- 9.3.1 Anti-obesity Effects -- 9.3.2 Antidiabetic Effects -- 9.3.3 Neuroprotective Effects -- 9.3.3.1 Alzheimer Disease (AD) -- 9.3.3.2 Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity -- 9.3.3.3 Ischemic Stroke -- 9.3.3.4 Neuroinflammation -- 9.3.4 Cardioprotective Effects -- 9.3.5 Vascular Endothelial Function/Protection -- 9.3.6 Antiallergic Effects -- 9.3.7 Effects on Immune Cell Functions -- 9.3.8 Modulation of Bone Metabolism -- 9.3.9 Anti-aging Effects. , 9.3.9.1 Expansion of Life Span -- 9.3.9.2 Melanogenesis -- 9.3.9.3 Photoaging and Skin Inflammation -- 9.3.10 Anti-colitic Effects -- 9.3.11 Miscellaneous Effects -- 9.3.11.1 Septic Shock -- 9.3.11.2 Retinal/Ocular Protection -- 9.4 Metabolic Formation of PIC -- 9.5 Absorption and Biotransformation -- 9.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- 10 Fisetin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Physciochemical Properties of Fisetin -- 10.3 Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways by Fisetin -- 10.4 Role of Fisetin in Chronic Diseases -- 10.4.1 Fisetin and Neurological Diseases -- 10.4.2 Fisetin and Diabetes -- 10.4.3 Fisetin and Obesity -- 10.4.4 Fisetin and Atherosclerosis -- 10.4.5 Fisetin and Skin Cancer -- 10.4.6 Fisetin and Prostate Cancer -- 10.4.7 Fisetin and Colon Cancer -- 10.4.8 Fisetin and Lung Cancer -- 10.4.9 Fisetin and Other Inflammatory Diseases -- 10.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Honokiol, an Active Compound of Magnolia Plant, Inhibits Growth, and Progression of Cancers of Different Organs -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Effect of UVR Exposure on the Skin: Inflammation and Immune Suppression -- 11.3 Treatment of Honokiol Inhibits UVB-Induced Inflammatory Mediators in the Skin -- 11.4 Honokiol Inhibits UVB-Enhanced Expression of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) in the Skin -- 11.5 Honokiol Treatment Inhibits UV Radiation-Induced Skin Tumor Development and Malignant Progression of Papillomas to Carcinomas in Mice -- 11.5.1 Honokiol Controls Cell Cycle Regulators in UVB-Induced Skin Tumors -- 11.5.2 Honokiol Inhibits Cell Survival Signals/Pathways in UVB-Induced Skin Tumors -- 11.6 Honokiol Inhibits Metastatic Potential of Melanoma Cells -- 11.7 Honokiol Promotes Cell Death of Neuroblastoma Cells. , 11.8 Honokiol Inhibits the Growth of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma -- 11.9 Protective Effect of Honokiol in Breast Cancer -- 11.10 Growth Inhibitory Effect of Honokiol in Urinary Bladder Cancer -- 11.11 Anti-Tumorigenic Activity of Honokiol in Prostate Cancer -- 11.12 Honokiol Inhibits Metastatic Potential and Tumor Growth of Gastric Cancer -- 11.13 Honokiol Inhibits Migratory Potential of Lung Cancer Cells -- 11.14 Honokiol Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Growth -- 11.15 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Celastrol and Its Role in Controlling Chronic Diseases -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Physico-Chemical Properties of Celastrol -- 12.3 Celastrol Controls Inflammation and Other Pathological Processes in Animal Models of Chronic Diseases -- 12.3.1 Inflammatory, Autoimmune, and Allergic Diseases -- 12.3.2 Neurodegenerative Disorders -- 12.3.3 Other Diseases -- 12.4 Celastrol Modulates Cell Signaling Pathways -- 12.5 Celastrol has Anti-Angiogenic Activity and Protects Against Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction -- 12.6 Celastrol-Induced Modulation of Heat-Shock Response and Its Potential Therapeutic Applications in Chronic Diseases -- 12.7 Anticancer Effects of Celastrol -- 12.8 Use of Celastrol-Containing Natural Products for The Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases in Humans -- 12.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Boswellic Acids and Their Role in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introductory Remarks -- 13.2 Medical History -- 13.3 Composition of the Resin -- 13.4 Preclinical Studies -- 13.4.1 Anti-inflammatory Actions -- 13.4.1.1 The Arachidonic Acid Cascade: Cyclooxygenase and Cyclooxygenase Products -- 13.4.1.2 The Arachidonic Acid Cascade: 5-Lipoxigenase and 5-Lipoxigenase Products -- 13.4.2 Proteolytic Enzymes: Human Leucocyte Elastase (HLE). , 13.4.3 Oxygen Radicals.