Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I CHAMP and GRACE -- More Accurate and Faster Available CHAMP and GRACE Gravity Fields for the User Community -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gravity Field Determination from Analysis of High-Low SST Data -- 3 Main Results of the BMBF/DFG Project CHAMP/GRACE -- References -- The CHAMP/GRACE User Portal ISDC -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data Lifecycle Management -- 3 Metadata Model -- 4 Portal Architecture -- 4.1 Application Framework -- 4.2 Data Flow -- 4.3 Interfaces -- 5 Backend for Operational Services -- 5.1 Component Deployment -- 6 Outlook -- References -- Improvements for the CHAMP and GRACE Observation Model -- 1 Introduction -- 2 GPS Carrier Phase Wind-Up -- 2.1 General -- 2.2 Carrier Phase Wind-Up Validation -- 3 GPS Attitude Model -- 3.1 Nominal Yaw Regime -- 3.2 Noon/Midnight Turn Regime -- 3.3 Shadow Crossing Regime -- 3.4 Post-shadow Regime -- 4 Summary -- References -- The Release 04 CHAMP and GRACE EIGEN Gravity Field Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Monthly EIGEN-GRACE05S Time Series -- 3 Weekly EIGEN-GRACE05S Time Series -- 4 Monthly EIGEN-CHAMP05S Time Series -- 5 Satellite-Only and Combined EIGEN-5S and EIGEN-5C Solutions -- 6 A New Mean, Static EIGEN-CHAMP05S Gravity Field Model and Its Evaluation -- 7 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Orbit Predictions for CHAMP and GRACE -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Orbit Prediction System -- 2.1 Preprocessing -- 2.2 Orbit Determination -- 2.3 Products -- 3 Accuracy of Predicted Orbits -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Rapid Science Orbits for CHAMP and GRACE Radio Occultation Data Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 GPS Rapid Science Orbits -- 3 Low Earth Orbiters Rapid Science Orbits -- 4 Summary -- References -- Parallelization and High Performance Computationfor Accelerated CHAMP and GRACE Data Analysis -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Removal of GPS Clock Parameters from the Observation Equations Using Dedicated Projections -- 3 Accelerated Computation of Normal Equations from Observation Equations via Additional Row-Block Parallelization -- 4 Adjustment of Satellite Arcs of Arbitrary Length -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Part II GRACE -- Improved GRACE Level-1 and Level-2 Productsand Their Validation by Ocean Bottom Pressure -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The GRACE Mission Configuration and Key Instrumentation -- 3 The GRACE Level-1 and Level-2 Products -- 4 Main Results of the BMBF/DFG Project GRACE -- References -- The GRACE Gravity Sensor System -- 1 GRACE Sensor System -- 1.1 The Accelerometer -- 1.1.1 Logical Model -- 1.1.2 Accelerometer Noise Model -- 1.2 The Star Sensor -- 1.2.1 Star Sensor Noise Model -- 1.3 The GPS Receiver -- 1.3.1 Error Model -- 1.4 The K-Band Ranging System -- 1.4.1 Error Model -- 2 Sensor System Interaction -- 3 Force Models -- 3.1 Gravitational Forces -- 3.2 Non-gravitational Forces -- 4 Real Data Analysis -- 5 Data Processing -- 6 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Numerical Simulations of Short-Term Non-tidal Ocean Mass Anomalies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ocean Model for Circulation and Tides (OMCT) -- 3 ECMWF Analyses and Forecasts -- 4 Continental and Atmospheric Freshwater Fluxes -- 5 Variations in Total Ocean Mass -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Improved Non-tidal Atmospheric and Oceanic De-aliasing for GRACE and SLR Satellites -- 1 Introduction -- 2 OMCT Configuration for AOD1B RL04 -- 3 Increase of the Temporal Resolution of AOD1B -- 4 AOD1B RL04 Time Series for Consistent SLR Data Processing -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Notes -- References -- Global Gravity Fields from Simulated Level-1 GRACE Data -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Simulation of Observations -- 3 Estimation of Arc Specific Parameters and Gravity Field Coefficients. , 4 Estimation of Instrument Parameters -- 5 Orbit Geometry and Omission Error -- 6 Effect of Errors in the Background Models -- 7 Colored Observation Noise -- 8 Variation of the Arc Length and the Number of Instrument Parameters -- 9 Special Experiments Concerning the C20 Coefficient -- 10 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- ITG-GRACE: Global Static and Temporal Gravity Field Models from GRACE Data -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physical Model -- 2.1 Model Setup -- 2.2 Stochastic Model -- 2.3 Representation of the Gravity Field -- 2.3.1 Static Gravity Field Representation -- 2.3.2 Representation of the Time Variable Gravity Field -- 3 Gravity Field Solution ITG-Grace03s -- 3.1 Data Set and Estimated Parameters -- 3.2 Temporal Variations -- 3.3 Static Solution -- 3.4 Covariance-Matrix -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Validation of GRACE Gravity Fields by In-Situ Data of Ocean Bottom Pressure -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data -- 2.1 In-Situ Ocean Bottom Pressure -- 2.2 GRACE -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Antarctic Circumpolar Current Transport Variability in GRACE Gravity Solutions and Numerical Ocean Model Simulations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data -- 3 Transport Variability and Ocean Bottom Pressure -- 4 SAM in GRACE Ocean Bottom Pressure -- 5 Discussion -- References -- Part III GOCE -- Gravity and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer GOCE -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The GOCE Mission -- 3 GOCE in the Context of the Geotechnology-Programme -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- GOCE Data Analysis: From Calibrated Measurementsto the Global Earth Gravity Field -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Processing Strategy for the Different Data Types -- 2.1 Processing of the SST Data -- 2.1.1 Kinematic Orbit and Velocity Determination -- 2.1.2 Energy Integral -- 2.2 Processing of the SGG Data -- 2.2.1 Functional Model for In-Situ SGG Data Processing. , 2.2.2 Stochastic Model of SGG Data -- 2.3 Introduction of Regularizing Prior Information -- 2.4 Combination of All Observation Groups -- 3 Solving the Combined Normal Equation System -- 3.1 Preconditioned Conjugate Gradients Multiple Adjustment -- 3.2 Integration of VCE into PCGMA -- 3.3 Integration of the Decorrelation Filters into PCGMA -- 4 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- GOCE and Its Use for a High-Resolution Global Gravity Combination Model -- 1 Pre-GOCE Satellite-only Models -- 2 GOCE and Satellite-only Models -- 3 GOCE and Global Gravity Field Combination Models -- 3.1 Surface Data -- 3.2 Combination Models Derived from Full and Block-Diagonal Normal Equations -- 3.3 The GOCE-Model: Combination with Full Normal Equations Only -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Spectral Approaches to Solving the Polar Gap Problem -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Selected Strategies A Review -- 2.1 Stabilization with External Data -- 2.2 Stabilization without External Data -- 3 Regularization and Combination -- 4 Slepian Parameterization -- 4.1 Solving the Eigenvalue Problem -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Regionally Refined Gravity Field Models from In-Situ Satellite Data -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mathematical Model -- 2.1 Basis Functions -- 2.2 Regionally Adapted Regularization -- 3 Simulation Scenario -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Quality Evaluation of GOCE Gradients -- 1 Cross-Over Analysis -- 1.1 Short Term Biases -- 1.2 Trend -- 1.3 Fourier Coefficients -- 2 Accuracy Analysis of External Reference Gradients in the Frequency Domain -- 2.1 Spectral Combination Method -- 2.2 Synthetic Data -- 2.3 Closed-Loop Differences in the Frequency Domain -- 3 Generation of Quality Reports -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Validation of Satellite Gravity Field Models by Regional Terrestrial Data Sets -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gravity Data -- 3 GPS and Levelling Data. , 4 Gravimetric Quasigeoid Models -- 5 Astrogeodetic Vertical Deflections -- 5.1 Astrogeodetic Validation of GPS/Levelling Data and Gravimetric Quasigeoid Models -- 5.2 Astrogeodetic Validation of Global Geopotential Models -- 6 Global Model Validation by Wavelet Techniques -- 6.1 Filtering Terrestrial Data by Second Generation Wavelets -- 6.2 First Results with Second Generation Wavelets -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Comparison of GRACE and Model-Based Estimates of Bottom Pressure Variations Against In Situ Bottom Pressure Measurements -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Comparison of Results with Bottom Pressure Sensors -- 4 Comparison of GRACE Results with Model Simulations and Bottom Pressure Sensors -- 5 Global EOF Fields of GRACE and Model pb Variations -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part IV SEAVAR -- Sea Level Variations -- Prospects from the Past to the Present(SEAVAR) -- Radar Altimetry Derived Sea Level Anomalies -- The Benefit of New Orbits and Harmonization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Altimeter Database and Processing System (ADS) -- 3 Harmonization of Different Altimetric Missions -- 4 The Effects of New Orbits -- 5 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Combining GEOSAT and TOPEX/Poseidon Data by Means of Data Assimilation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model and Data -- 3 Results -- 4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Reanalysis of GPS Data at Tide Gauges and the Combination for the IGS TIGA Pilot Project -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reprocessing of GPS Data at Tide Gauge Benchmarks at GFT -- 3 Combination of Weekly TIGA Solutions -- 4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Sea Level Rise in North Atlantic Derived from Gap Filled Tide Gauge Stations of the PSMSL Data Set -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The PSMSL Gauge Data Set -- 3 Theoretical Background and Used Method -- 4 Reduced Number of Gauges and Calibration of IFEOM. , 5 Conclusions.