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  • Bet v 1  (2)
  • German-speaking region  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hereditäres Angioödem ; C1-Esterase ; Inhibitordefekt ; Diagnostik ; Therapie ; Deutschsprachiger Raum ; Key words Hereditary angioedema ; C1-Esterase ; inhibitor defect ; Diagnosis-treatment ; German-speaking region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A multicentre, retrospective study of hereditary deficiency of C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) function, a deficiency which clinically manifests as hereditary angioedema (HAE), was performed in six centres in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 242 individuals were registered with proven functional or quantitative deficiency of C1-INH who belonged to kindred with disease manifestation in 2 to 6 generations. Considering the total population in the three countries and the number of registered individuals, a frequency of the deficiency of 0,02×10−4 was calculated. As this epidemiological study involved only 6 centres, a 10 to 100 times higher frequency of C1-INH deficiency is estimated to be a more realistic value. Out of the 242 registered individuals 110 were evaluated for type and location of clinical manifestation of the deficiency, the laboratory data and the therapy outcome. 86 (78,2%) of the patients belonged to the ’’common type’’ and 24 (21,8%) to the ’’variant type’’ of HAE. In 53,9% of the cases first manifestation of the disease was before the age of 20 years. In only 3,9% of the patient population did the disease begin after 40. years of age. A mean time lag of 5,3 years was observed, between the first manifestation and correct diagnosis. Initial diagnosis was correct in only 31,8% of the cases of which dermatologists provided 51,7%. False diagnoses include urticaria (41,3%), allergy (20%), acute abdomen (18,7%), angina (8%), rheumatoid disease (5,3%) and intracranial haemorrhage, CNS tumour, epilepsy, migraine (5,3%). The distribution pattern of HAE resembled that of intolerance reactions and pseudoallergies. Urticarial lesions were not associated with C1-INH deficiency. 24% of the patients had at least one episode of laryngeal edema. 40% of patients were unable to identify a trigger of edema formation. The others indicated as triggers trauma, hormonal changes, mental stress, insect stings and in a few cases food and drugs. Menstruation and oral contraceptives aggravated or made disease manifestations more frequent. In contrast, during pregnancy in many cases clinical manifestations improved and delivery posed no problems. The possibility of HAO is very much suggested by the tailure of edema to respond to classical anti-allergic therapy. Therapy of choice of acute attacks is C1-INH concentrate. No side reactions, antibody formation or virus transmission have been observed. For long term prophylaxis danazol, an attenuated androgen, or tranexamic acid, a protease inhibitor, was chosen. The daily dose of danazol should be kept as low as possible because of its anabolic, anti-estrogenic, anti-gestagenic, and anti-gonadotropic effects. Indeed, adverse reactions were observed in 41,7% of patients receiving danazol. Frequencies of adverse reactions were twice as common in women as in men. Adverse reactions were dose dependent and reversible except for one woman with irreversible deepening of her voice. Measuring C1r is a effective way to assess C1-INH function and monitor therapy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In 6 Zentren der BRD, der Schweiz und Österreichs wurden 242 Personen erfaßt, bei denen ein quantitativer und funktioneller Defekt des C1-Esterase-Inhibitors (C1-INH) biochemisch nachgewiesen und über 2–6 Generationen verfolgt werden konnte. Bezogen auf die Gesamteinwohnerzahl der 3 Länder beträgt die Frequenz des HAE auf der Basis der von uns erfaßten Fälle 0,02×10−4. Da unsere epidemiologischen Untersuchungen nicht flächendeckend erfolgten, ist mit einer um mindestens 1–2 Zehnerpotenzen höheren Dunkelziffer zu rechnen. Innerhalb eines Kollektivs von 110 Personen mit klinischen Manifestationen eines hereditären Angioödems (HAE) wurden retrospektiv anamnestische, klinische, Labor- und Therapieergebnisse ausgewertet; 86 (78,2%) gehörten dem Typ I, 24 (21,8%) dem Typ II des HAE an. Zwischen Erstmanifestation und Diagnosestellung vergingen durchschnittlich 5,3 Jahre. In 12,5% traten in der Aszendenz Todesfälle unter einer Erstickungssymptomatik bei jüngeren Erwachsenen auf. Bei 53,9% manifestierte sich das HAE bis zum 20. Lebensjahr und nur bei 3,9% nach dem 40. Lebenjahr. In 24,5% unserer Fälle war es schon einmal zum Glottisädem gekommen. Nur in 31,8% der Fälle wurde primär die richtige Diagnose gestellt, davon in 51,7% durch Dermatologen. Die häufigsten Fehldiagnosen lauteten Urtikaria (41,3%), Allergie (20%), akutes Abdomen (18,7%), Angina (8%), Rheuma (5,3%), Hirnblutung, Hirntumor, Epilepsie, Migräne (5,3%). Die topographische Verteilung der Hauterscheinungen bei unseren HAE-Patienten ähnelte derjenigen von In- toleranzreaktionen und Pseudoallergien. Quaddelbildung gehörte nicht zum HAE. Häufigste Auslöser waren Traumen, hormonelle Besonderheiten, psychischer Streß, Insektenstiche sowie einige Nahrungs- und Genußmittel. Menstruation und die Einnahme östrogenhaltiger Kontrazeptiva begünstigten die Manifestation des HAE und wirkten aggravierend. In der Schwangerschaft besserte sich dagegen häufiger die klinische Symptomatik. Als diagnostisch wegweisend sahen wir das Nichtansprechen der HAE-Symptomatik auf eine klassische antiallergische Therapie an. Die Therapie der Wahl waren im akuten Anfall die Substitution mit C1-INH-Konzentrat und im Intervall der Einsatz des attenuierten Androgens Danazol. Alternativ vor allem bei Kindern bewährte sich uns die Gabe von Tranexamsäure. Wir beobachteten keine Bildung von C1-INH-Antikörpern nach mehrmaliger C1-INH-Gabe. Danazol zeigte aufgrund seiner anabolen, antiöstrogenen, antigestagenen und antigonadotropen Wirkung geringgradige unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen bei 41,7% unserer Patienten. Sie traten bei Frauen doppelt so häufig auf wie bei Männern, waren dosisabhängig und bis auf die permanente Senkung der Stimmlage bei 1 Patienten reversibel. Als therapiebegleitende Diagnostik eignet sich die Bestimmung der C1-INH-Funktion durch Messung des C1r-Verbrauchs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-3025
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Pollen ; Particle size fractions ; Bet v 1 ; Phl p 5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies describe interactions of pollen surfaces with aerosol particles; pollen surfaces undergo morphological changes and the release of allergens and allergenic fragments from the pollen can be enhanced. Thus allergens from pollen can be found in particle size fractions much smaller than undamaged pollen (〈5Μm). This may explain allergic reactions in parts of the lungs which cannot be reached by undamaged pollen. In Switzerland the birch tree (betula verrucosa) major allergen Bet v 1 and the grass (phleum pratense) pollen major allergen Phl p 5 are of particular relevance for inducing pollinosis. In this study aerosols of different aerodynamic diameters were sampled by Andersen-Impactors over 18 months. Sampling areas are subjected to different levels of air pollution (Zürich, Switzerland, urban; Payerne, Switzerland, rural: Davos, Switzerland, alpine). Samples were scanned by electron microscopy and submitted to specific allergen assays (ELISA) for birch pollen major allergen Bet v 1 and grass pollen major allergen Phl p 5 respectively. Particle and major allergen concentrations were highest in Zürich, followed by Payerne and, significantly lower, Davos. Scanning electron microscopy investigations showed interactions of aerosols with pollen surfaces in Zürich and Payerne. The presence of Bet v 1 in smaller aerosol fractions was demonstrated in Zürich and Payerne some weeks before and after birch pollen was counted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-3025
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Pollen ; Particle size fractions ; Bet v 1 ; Phl p 5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies describe interactions of pollen surfaces with aerosol particles; pollen surfaces undergo morphological changes and the release of allergens and allergenic fragments from the pollen can be enhanced. Thus allergens from pollen can be found in particle size fractions much smaller than undamaged pollen (〈5 μm). This may explain allergic reactions in parts of the lungs which cannot be reached by undamaged pollen. In Switzerland the birch tree (betula verrucosa) major allergen Bet v 1 and the grass (phleum pratense) pollen major allergen Phl p 5 are of particular relevance for inducing pollinosis. In this study aerosols of different aerodynamic diameters were sampled by Andersen-Impactors over 18 months. Sampling areas are subjected to different levels of air pollution (Zürich, Switzerland, urban; Payerne, Switzerland, rural; Davos, Switzerland, alpine). Samples were scanned by electron microscopy and submitted to specific allergen assays (ELISA) for birch pollen major allergen Bet v 1 and grass pollen major allergen Phl p 5 respectively. Particle and major allergen concentrations were highest in Zürich, followed by Payerne and, significantly lower, Davos. Scanning electron microscopy investigations showed interactions of aerosols with pollen surfaces in Zürich and Payerne. The presence of Bet v 1 in smaller aerosol fractions was demonstrated in Zürich and Payerne some weeks before and after birch pollen was counted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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