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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth response of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) to climate in the Olympic Mountains, Washington, USA (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Global change biology 1 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Growth response of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) to climate was studied across its local geographical and elevation range in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. A dendroecological analysis of subalpine fir across a range of elevations (1350-1850 m) and annual precipitation (125-350 cm y−1), was used to compare environmental factors affecting growth. Climate-growth relationships were explored using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients; partial correlation analysis was used to assess relationships among site chronologies and climatic variables. Radial growth is negatively correlated with winter precipitation at high elevation and wet sites, but not at low and middle elevation dry sites. Growth is positively correlated with current growing season temperature at all sites; however, growth is negatively correlated with previous year August temperature, indicating that climate affects growth in subsequent years. Positive correlations between growth and summer precipitation during the growing season at low and middle elevation dry sites suggest that soil moisture is partially limiting to growth on these sites. If the climate of the Pacific Northwest becomes warmer and drier, then subalpine fir growth may increase at high elevation and wet sites, but may decrease at lower elevation dry sites in the Olympic Mountains. However, the growth response of subalpine fir to potentially rapid climate change will not be uniform because subalpine fir grows over a wide range of topographic features, habitats, and local climates at different geographical scales. A comparison of growth response to current growing season temperature suggests that the temperature-related growth response of subalpine fir is not adequately described by the parabolic curve used in JABOWA-based models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00023.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extreme climate and variation in tree growth: individualistic response in subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Global change biology 1 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Dendroecological techniques were used to describe the variation in growth response of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)to climate across a range of elevations (1350–1850 m) and annual precipitation (125–350 cm y−1) in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. Correlation analysis is used to describe individual growth-climate relationships. Growth response is quantified in years with unusually warmer, colder, wetter, and drier climates during the period 1895–1990. Combinations of climatic variables that result in unusually fast or slow growth years are also described. Differences in growth-climate relationships among sites, and among individuals from the same site, emphasize within-species variability in response to climate. Growth was not significantly faster or slower on the majority of sites for extreme climate years examined. Few climate variables are correlated with growth of the majority of individuals on most sites, suggesting that some individuals are relatively unresponsive to climate. Individual growth-climate correlations also indicate an increase in the percentage of individuals whose growth is significantly correlated with a climate variable, as the value of the mean site growth correlation increases for that climate variable. Individual differences in growth-climate relationships probably result from microsite variation (soil depth, soil moisture, wind, insolation) and from individual genetic differences. Descriptions of tree species response to climate change need to incorporate both individual and site variation in growth response to climate in order to accurately represent existing environmental heterogeneity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00024.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identifying structural self-similarity in mountainous landscapes (1992)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 6 (1992), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: model ; fractals ; landscape ecology ; ecosystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Digital elevation model data were used to partition a mountainous landscape (northwestern Montana, USA) into watershed/hillslope terrain units at several different spatial scales. Fractal analysis of the perimeter to area relationships of the resulting partition polygons identified statistical self-similarity across a range of spatial scales (approximately four orders of magnitude in partition area). The fractal dimension was higher for a relatively complex fluvially-dominated terrain than for a structurally simpler glacially-dominated terrain (1.23 vs. 1.02, respectively). The structural self-similarity exhibited by this landscape has direct implications in scaling up ecosystem process models for landscape to regional simulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129701
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A case study of resources management planning with multiple objectives and projects (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 729-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Analytic hierarchy process ; resource allocation ; linear programming ; Olympic National Park
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Each National Park Service unit in the United States produces a resources management plan (RMP) every four years or less. The plans commit budgets and personnel to specific projects for four years, but they are prepared with little quantitative and analytical rigor and without formal decision-making tools. We have previously described a multiple objective planning process for inventory and monitoring programs (Schmoldt and others 1994). To test the applicability of that process for the more general needs of resources management planning, we conducted an exercise on the Olympic National Park (NP) in Washington State, USA. Eight projects were selected as typical of those considered in RMPs and five members of the Olympic NP staff used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to prioritize the eight projects with respect to their implicit management objectives. By altering management priorities for the park, three scenarios were generated. All three contained some similarities in rankings for the eight projects, as well as some differences. Mathematical allocations of money and people differed among these scenarios and differed substantially from what the actual 1990 Olympic NP RMP contains. Combining subjective priority measures with budget dollars and personnel time into an objective function creates a subjective economic metric for comparing different RMP’s. By applying this planning procedure, actual expenditures of budget and personnel in Olympic NP can agree more closely with the staff’s management objectives for the park.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394636
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developing inventory and monitoring programs based on multiple objectives (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 707-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Analytic hierarchy process ; Capital budgeting ; Integer programming ; Multiple objective planning ; National parks ; Resource allocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Resource inventory and monitoring (I&M) programs in national parks combine multiple objectives in order to create a plan of action over a finite time horizon. Because all program activities are constrained by time and money, it is critical to plan I&M activities that make the best use of available agency resources. However, multiple objectives complicate a relatively straightforward allocation process. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) offers a structure for multiobjective decision making so that decision-makers’ preferences can be formally incorporated in seeking potential solutions. Within the AHP, inventory and monitoring program objectives and decision criteria are organized into a hierarchy. Pairwise comparisons among decision elements at any level of the hierarchy provide a ratio scale ranking of those elements. The resulting priority values for all projects are used as each project’s contribution to the value of an overall I&M program. These priorities, along with budget and personnel constraints, are formulated as a zero/one integer programming problem that can be solved to select those projects that produce the best program. An extensive example illustrates how this approach is being applied to I&M projects in national parks in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The proposed planning process provides an analytical framework for multicriteria decisionmaking that is rational, consistent, explicit, and defensible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394635
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Planning for implementation of long-term resource monitoring programs (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 26 (1993), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Guidelines for the early stages of developing a monitoring program are presented. Jumping right into a monitoring program based on standard protocols and a number of commonly monitored parameters is an attractive idea, but it is unlikely to lead to an intelligent allocation of time and money. Rather, a number of well-defined planning steps must be followed before monitoring is begun: 1. Objectives for the program should be well defined. 2. The attributes to be monitored in order to meet objectives should be listed. 3. Methods of monitoring these attributes should be developed. 4. A pilot study should be conducted to determine spatial and temporal variability of the attributes being monitored and the cost of sampling. 5. The results of the pilot study should be carefully evaluated to determine whether program objectives can be met for an acceptable cost. 6. Objectives, attributes to be monitored, and methods should be revised in accordance with the results of the pilot study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547496
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