Keywords:
Units of measurement.
;
Units of measurement--History.
;
Units of measurement History.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This book provides comprehensive coverage of the units in physics and engineering and the international system of units. It serves as a useful reference to researchers and engineers.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (169 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9783642007385
Series Statement:
Springer Series in Materials Science Series ; v.122
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=993156
DDC:
530.81
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Units of Measurement -- 1 Metrology Through Ages -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History of Metrology in India -- 1.2.1 Legal Metrology -- 1.2.2 Town Planning -- 1.2.3 Length Measurements -- 1.2.4 Time Measurements -- Time Intervals -- Sidereal Metrics -- Smaller Units of Time Used in the Vedas -- Lunar Metrics -- Tropical Metrics -- Reckoning of Time Among Other Entities -- Counting of Time -- Time Scale in Seconds -- 1.2.5 Units of Time and Angle -- 1.2.6 Mass Measurement -- For Trade in Food Grains and Similar Items -- For Gold Trade -- For Silver Trade -- 1.2.7 Volume Measurements -- 1.2.8 Numeration -- References -- Further Readings -- 2 System of Quantities and Units -- 2.1 Quantities -- 2.2 System of Quantities -- 2.2.1 Quantity -- 2.2.2 Base Quantity -- 2.2.3 System of Base Quantities -- 2.2.4 Derived Quantity -- 2.2.5 Quantity Equation -- 2.3 Measurement Unit -- 2.3.1 System of Measurement Units -- 2.3.2 System of Base Units -- Properties of Base Units -- Minimum Number of Base Units -- 2.3.3 Derived Unit -- 2.3.4 Unit Equation -- 2.3.5 Properties of Units of Measurement -- 2.3.6 Coherent Derived Unit -- 2.4 Quantity of Dimension 1 or Dimensionless Quantity -- 2.4.1 Dimension of a Quantity -- 2.4.2 Quantities of Dimension 1 or Dimensionless Quantities -- 2.4.3 Ordinal Quantity -- 2.4.4 Quantity Scale, Measurement Scale -- 2.4.5 Ordinal Quantity Scale, Ordinal Scale -- 2.4.6 Nominal Property -- 2.5 Conversion Factor Between Units -- 2.6 Quantity Relations -- 2.6.1 Quantity Value -- 2.6.2 Numerical Quantity Value -- 2.6.3 Quantity Calculus -- 2.7 Units Used in Biology Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Forensic Science for Biological Effects -- 2.7.1 Photochemical or Photo-biological Quantitiesand Their Units -- 2.8 Units Used in Photometry -- 2.8.1 Photometry -- 2.8.2 Actinic Action Spectrum -- 2.8.3 Types of Visions.
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2.9 Unit in the Field of Sound -- 2.10 Units in the Field of Ionizing Radiations -- 2.11 SI Units in the Framework of General Relativity -- References -- 3 Various Systems of Units -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Relations Between the Quantities -- 3.2.1 Derived Quantities by Definition -- 3.2.2 Derived Quantities by a Phenomenon -- 3.3 Three-Dimensional Systems of Units -- 3.3.1 Gauss System -- 3.3.2 CGS System -- 3.3.3 FPS System -- 3.4 Four-Dimensional Systems of Units -- 3.4.1 Giorgi System -- 3.4.2 Maxwell System -- 3.4.3 Hartree System -- 3.4.4 Units for Atomic and Molecular Measurements -- 3.4.5 McWeeny System -- 3.4.6 Ohm, Ampere, Second and Metre System -- 3.4.7 Force, Length and Time System -- 3.4.8 System in Terms of Universal Constants (G, H, E and Q) -- 3.4.9 System in Terms of Electric Charge, Flux,Length and Time -- 3.4.10 System in Terms of L, M, T and R -- 3.5 Derived Quantities in Terms of L, M, T and R: An Example -- References -- 4 Metre Convention and Evolution of Base Units -- 4.1 BIPM and Metre Convention -- 4.1.1 General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) -- 4.1.2 International Committee for Weightsand Measures (CIPM) -- 4.1.3 Consultative Committees -- Consultative Committee for Electricity and Magnetism (CCEM) -- Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry (CCPR) -- Consultative Committee for Thermometry (CCT) -- Consultative Committee for Length (CCL) -- Consultative Committee for Time and Frequency (CCTF) -- Consultative Committee for Ionizing Radiation (CCRI) -- Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) -- Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities (CCM) -- Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance: Metrology in Chemistry (CCQM) -- Consultative Committee for Acoustics, Ultrasound and Vibration(CCAUV) -- 4.1.4 International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) -- Scientific Activities.
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Objects of BIPM -- Staff at BIPM -- Publications -- Metrologia -- 4.1.5 Linkages of Various Organs of Metre Convention -- 4.2 International System of Units (SI) -- 4.2.1 Base Units -- 4.3 Evolution of Base Units -- 4.3.1 Unit of Length -- 4.3.2 Unit of Mass -- International Prototype of Kilogram -- 4.3.3 Unit of Time -- 4.3.4 Unit of Electric Current -- 4.3.5 Unit of Luminous Intensity -- 4.3.6 Unit of Temperature -- Unit of Thermodynamic Temperature (Kelvin) -- 4.3.7 Unit of Amount of Substance (Mole) -- 4.3.8 Dependence of Base Units -- References -- 5 Realization of Base Units -- 5.1 The Metre -- 5.1.1 Standard Radiations -- 5.2 The Kilogram -- 5.2.1 Method of Cleaning -- Cleaning with Chamois Leather -- Cleaning with Steam -- Efficacy of the Cleaning Procedure -- 5.2.2 Uncertainty in National Standards -- 5.3 The Second -- 5.4 The Ampere -- 5.4.1 Josephson and Klitzing Constants -- 5.4.2 Values of Josephson and Klitzing Constants -- 5.5 The Candela -- 5.6 The Kelvin -- 5.6.1 Triple Point of Water -- 5.6.2 Temperature Scales -- 5.6.3 ITS-90 -- Defining Fixed Points on ITS-90 -- ITS-90 and PLTS-2000 -- Defining Fixed Points on PLTS-2000 -- 5.7 The Mole -- References -- 6 Derived Quantities and Their Units -- 6.1 Derived Quantities -- 6.2 Units of Derived Quantities -- 6.3 SI Derived Units -- 6.3.1 Units Expressed in Terms of Base Units -- 6.3.2 Derived Units with Special Names -- 6.3.3 Derived Units Formed from the Derived Units with Special Names -- 6.3.4 Derived Quantities of Dimension 1 -- 6.4 Units Outside the SI -- 6.4.1 Units Accepted for Use with the SI -- 6.4.2 Non-SI Units with Experimentally Obtained Values -- 6.4.3 Non-SI Units Used by Special Groups -- 6.4.4 Other Non-SI Units with Special Names -- 6.4.5 Other Non-SI Units Found in the Old Literature -- References -- 7 Expressing SI Units -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 SI Prefixes.
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7.2.1 Rules for Using SI Prefixes -- 7.2.2 Prefix About the Kilogram -- 7.3 Writing of SI Unit Symbols -- 7.3.1 Unit Symbols and Their Combinations -- 7.3.2 Names of Units -- 7.3.3 Quantity Calculus -- Value of Quantity -- Numerical Value of a Given Quantity -- Formatting the Value of a Quantity -- Symbols of Quantities -- Quantity Symbols and Unit Symbols -- 7.3.4 Stating Values of Quantities of Dimension 1 -- Use of Symbol % -- 7.4 Expression of Numbers -- 7.4.1 Formatting Numbers, and the Decimal Marker -- 7.4.2 Expressing the Measurement Uncertainty -- 7.5 Advantages of SI Units -- 7.5.1 Harmonization of Units -- General Principle -- 7.5.2 Expressing the Values of o and o in Terms of SI Units -- 7.5.3 Expressing Electrostatic and ElectromagneticQuantities in SI Units -- Charge and Current -- Potential -- Electrical Resistance -- Electrical Capacitance -- emu of Magnetic Flux -- Magnetic field Strength (Flux Density) -- Electric field -- Inductance -- 7.5.4 SI Units of Quantities in Magnetic Field -- SI Unit of Magnetic Pole Strength -- Magnetic Flux Density/Magnetizing Force -- Intensity of Magnetization -- 7.5.5 Homogenizing of Units of Energy in Heat -- 7.5.6 Coherent System -- Coherent Derived Unit -- 7.5.7 Well-Defined Units -- References -- 8 Future Definitions of SI Units -- 8.1 In Terms of Physical Constants -- 8.1.1 Basis of SI Units -- 8.2 From Single Source -- 8.2.1 In Terms of Hydrogen Atom -- 8.2.2 In Terms of Only One Standard (Frequency) -- 8.2.3 In Terms of Fundamental Constants UsingMaxwell Equations -- 8.2.4 A Consistent Set of Fundamental Constants by BIPM -- 8.3 CIPM Recommendation 1 (CI-2005) -- 8.4 A Proposal to Redefine Kilogram, Ampere, Kelvin and Mole -- 8.4.1 Kilogram -- 8.4.2 Ampere -- 8.4.3 Kelvin -- 8.4.4 Mole -- 8.5 The Values of h, e, k and NA -- 8.5.1 Observations -- 8.6 Practical Standards to Realize Kilogram.
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8.6.1 Other Methods of Redefining Kilogram -- 8.6.2 Conclusion in Regard to the Kilogram -- 8.6.3 Measurement Standards -- Embodiment of Units of Measurements -- References -- 9 Scientists Associated with Units of Measurements -- 9.1 Scientists Associated with Base Units -- 9.1.1 Lord Kelvin -- 9.1.2 Anders Celsius -- 9.1.3 Andre Marie Ampere -- 9.2 Scientists Associated with Derived Units -- 9.2.1 Sir Isaac Newton -- 9.2.2 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz -- 9.2.3 Blaise Pascal -- 9.2.4 James Prescott Joule -- 9.2.5 James Watt -- 9.2.6 Charles Augustin Coulomb -- 9.2.7 Alessandro Volta -- 9.2.8 Michael Faraday -- 9.2.9 Wilhelm Eduard Weber -- 9.2.10 Nickola Tesla -- 9.2.11 Joseph Henry -- 9.2.12 Antoine Henri Becquerel -- 9.2.13 Louis Harold Gray -- 9.2.14 Rolf M. Sievert -- Sievert Chamber -- 9.2.15 Georg Simon Ohm -- 9.2.16 Werner von Siemens -- 9.3 Some Units Not Named After Any Scientist -- Appendix A: National Physical laboratory -- A.1 Metre -- A.2 Kilogram -- A.3 Second -- A.4 Ampere -- A.5 Kelvin -- A.6 Candela -- A.7 Mole -- A.8 Radiation -- References -- Index.
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