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  • 1
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    Fluxes and gas transfer rates of the biogenic trace gas DMS derived from atmospheric gradients (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004): C08S10, doi:10.1029/2003JC001795.
    Description: Gas transfer rates were determined from vertical profile measurements of atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMS) gradients over the equatorial Pacific Ocean obtained during the GasEx-2001 cruise. A quadratic relationship between gas transfer velocity and wind speed was derived from the DMS flux measurements; this relationship was in close agreement with a parameterization derived from relaxed eddy accumulation measurements of DMS over the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, the GasEx-2001 relationship results in gas transfer rates that are a factor 2 higher than gas transfer rates calculated from a parameterization that is based on coincident eddy correlation measurements of CO2 flux. The measurement precision of both the profiling and eddy correlation techniques applied during GasEx-2001 is comparable; the two gas transfer data sets are in agreement within their uncertainty. Differences in the number of samples and the wind speed range over which CO2 and DMS fluxes were measured are likely causes for the observed discrepancy.
    Description: Funding for this work came from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and from the NOP project 951203: ‘‘Micrometeorology of air/sea fluxes of carbon dioxide. This work was supported by the Global Carbon Cycle project of the NOAA Office of Global Programs grant NA17RJ1223, National Science Foundation grant OCE-9986724, and NSF grant ATM-0120569.
    Keywords: Dimethylsulfide (DMS) ; Atmospheric gradients ; Micrometeorology ; GasEx-2001
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    Physical exchanges at the air–sea interface : UK–SOLAS field measurements (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of The UK–SOLAS projects were funded by the Natural Environment Research Council Grants NE/C001826/1 (HiWASE), NE/C001842/1 (SEASAW), NE/C001702/1 (DOGEE), and NE/E011489/1 (DMS Fluxes); and by NSF Grants ATM05-26341 (Hawaii), OCE-0623450 (Miami), and NSF-OCE 0549887/0834340/0550000 (APL-UW). for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90 (2009): 629-644, doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2578.1.
    Description: As part of the U.K. contribution to the international Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study, a series of three related projects—DOGEE, SEASAW, and HiWASE—undertook experimental studies of the processes controlling the physical exchange of gases and sea spray aerosol at the sea surface. The studies share a common goal: to reduce the high degree of uncertainty in current parameterization schemes. The wide variety of measurements made during the studies, which incorporated tracer and surfactant release experiments, included direct eddy correlation fluxes, detailed wave spectra, wind history, photographic retrievals of whitecap fraction, aerosol-size spectra and composition, surfactant concentration, and bubble populations in the ocean mixed layer. Measurements were made during three cruises in the northeast Atlantic on the RRS Discovery during 2006 and 2007; a fourth campaign has been making continuous measurements on the Norwegian weather ship Polarfront since September 2006. This paper provides an overview of the three projects and some of the highlights of the measurement campaigns.
    Description: As part of the U.K. contribution to the international Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study, a series of three related projects—DOGEE, SEASAW, and HiWASE—undertook experimental studies of the processes controlling the physical exchange of gases and sea spray aerosol at the sea surface. The studies share a common goal: to reduce the high degree of uncertainty in current parameterization schemes. The wide variety of measurements made during the studies, which incorporated tracer and surfactant release experiments, included direct eddy correlation fluxes, detailed wave spectra, wind history, photographic retrievals of whitecap fraction, aerosol-size spectra and composition, surfactant concentration, and bubble populations in the ocean mixed layer. Measurements were made during three cruises in the northeast Atlantic on the RRS Discovery during 2006 and 2007; a fourth campaign has been making continuous measurements on the Norwegian weather ship Polarfront since September 2006. This paper provides an overview of the three projects and some of the highlights of the measurement campaigns.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Sea-to-air fluxes from measurements of the atmospheric gradient of dimethylsulfide and comparison with simultaneous relaxed eddy accumulation measurements (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004): C01026, doi:10.1029/2002JC001617.
    Description: We measured vertical profiles of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the atmospheric marine boundary layer from R/P FLIP during the 2000 FAIRS cruise. Applying Monin-Obukhov similarity theory to the DMS gradients and simultaneous micrometeorological data, we calculated sea-to-air DMS fluxes for 34 profiles. From the fluxes and measured seawater DMS concentrations, we calculated the waterside gas transfer velocity, kw. Gas transfer velocities from the gradient flux approach are within the range of previous commonly used parameterizations of kw as a function of wind speed but are a factor of 2 smaller than simultaneous determinations of transfer velocity using the relaxed eddy accumulation technique. This is the first field comparison of these different techniques for measuring DMS flux from the ocean; the accuracy of the techniques and possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed.
    Description: This work was supported in part by funds from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, NSF grant ATM-0120569, ONR grant N00014-00-1-0403, and NOAA CICOR grant NA87RJ0445.
    Keywords: Air-sea exchange ; Gas transfer ; Sulfur emissions
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Dimethylsulfide emissions over the multi-year ice of the western Weddell Sea (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 35 (2008): L06603, doi:10.1029/2007GL031847.
    Description: This study, conducted in December 2004, is the first to present observations of DMS in a snow pack covering the multi-year sea ice of the western Weddell Sea. The snow layer is important because it is the interface through which DMS needs to be transported in order to be emitted directly from the ice to the overlying atmosphere. High concentrations of DMS, up to 6000 nmol m−3, were found during the first weeks of December but concentrations sharply decline as late spring-early summer progresses. This implies that DMS contained in sea ice is efficiently vented through the snow into the atmosphere. Indeed, field measurements by relaxed eddy accumulation indicate an average release of 11 μmol DMS m−2 d−1 from the ice and snow throughout December.
    Description: This work was financially supported by the Marie Curie Training Site Fellowship (contract HPMF-CT-2002-01865), by NERC (award NER/B/S/2003/00844) and by the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE-0327601, and OCE-0425166).
    Keywords: Dimethylsulfide ; Multi-year ice ; Weddell Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Environmental turbulent mixing controls on air-water gas exchange in marine and aquatic systems (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 34 (2007): L10601, doi:10.1029/2006GL028790.
    Description: Air-water gas transfer influences CO2 and other climatically important trace gas fluxes on regional and global scales, yet the magnitude of the transfer is not well known. Widely used models of gas exchange rates are based on empirical relationships linked to wind speed, even though physical processes other than wind are known to play important roles. Here the first field investigations are described supporting a new mechanistic model based on surface water turbulence that predicts gas exchange for a range of aquatic and marine processes. Findings indicate that the gas transfer rate varies linearly with the turbulent dissipation rate to the inline equation power in a range of systems with different types of forcing - in the coastal ocean, in a macro-tidal river estuary, in a large tidal freshwater river, and in a model (i.e., artificial) ocean. These results have important implications for understanding carbon cycling.
    Description: This research was performed and the manuscript prepared with support from: the National Science Foundation (OCE-03-27256, OCE-05-26677, ATM 01-20569, and DEB-05-32075), the Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Program (N00014-04-1-0621), the Hudson River Foundation (010/02A), NOAA (NA03OAR4320179), the Marie Curie Training Site Fellowship (HPMFCT- 2002-01865), the NERC (NER/B/S/2003/00844), the David and Lucille Packard Foundation, and the LDEO Climate Center.
    Keywords: Air-sea gas exchange ; Turbulent dissipation rate ; Carbon
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Rain-induced turbulence and air-sea gas transfer (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 114 (2009): C07009, doi:10.1029/2008JC005008.
    Description: Results from a rain and gas exchange experiment (Bio2 RainX III) at the Biosphere 2 Center demonstrate that turbulence controls the enhancement of the air-sea gas transfer rate (or velocity) k during rainfall, even though profiles of the turbulent dissipation rate ɛ are strongly influenced by near-surface stratification. The gas transfer rate scales with ɛ inline equation for a range of rain rates with broad drop size distributions. The hydrodynamic measurements elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the rain-enhanced k results using SF6 tracer evasion and active controlled flux technique. High-resolution k and turbulence results highlight the causal relationship between rainfall, turbulence, stratification, and air-sea gas exchange. Profiles of ɛ beneath the air-sea interface during rainfall, measured for the first time during a gas exchange experiment, yielded discrete values as high as 10−2 W kg−1. Stratification modifies and traps the turbulence near the surface, affecting the enhancement of the transfer velocity and also diminishing the vertical mixing of mass transported to the air-water interface. Although the kinetic energy flux is an integral measure of the turbulent input to the system during rain events, ɛ is the most robust response to all the modifications and transformations to the turbulent state that follows. The Craig-Banner turbulence model, modified for rain instead of breaking wave turbulence, successfully predicts the near-surface dissipation profile at the onset of the rain event before stratification plays a dominant role. This result is important for predictive modeling of k as it allows inferring the surface value of ɛ fundamental to gas transfer.
    Description: This work was funded by a generous grant from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Climate Center. Additional funding was provided by the National Science Foundation (OCE-05-26677) and the Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Program (N00014-04-1-0621).
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Rain ; Gas transfer
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Relaxed eddy accumulation measurements of the sea-to-air transfer of dimethylsulfide over the northeastern Pacific (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004): C01025, doi:10.1029/2002JC001616.
    Description: Gas transfer rates were determined from relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) measurements of the flux of dimethylsulfide (DMS) over the northeastern Pacific Ocean. This first application of the REA technique for the measurement of DMS fluxes over the open ocean produced estimates of the gas transfer rate that are on average higher than those calculated from commonly used parameterizations. The relationship between the total gas transfer rate and wind speed was found to be gas kgas = 0.53 (±0.05) U102. Because of the effect of the airside resistance, the waterside transfer rate was up to 16% higher than kgas. Removal of the airside transfer component from the total transfer rate resulted in a relation between wind speed and waterside transfer of k660 = 0.61 (±0.06) U102. However, DMS fluxes showed a high degree of scatter that could not readily be accounted for by wind speed and atmospheric stability. It has to be concluded that these measurements do not permit an accurate parameterization of gas transfer as a function of wind speed.
    Description: Funding for this work came from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and from the NOP project: ‘Micrometeorology of air/sea fluxes of carbon dioxide’ No. 951203. This work was also supported in part by the Office of Naval Research Grant No. N00014-00-1-0403, NOAA CICOR Grant No. NA87RJ0445, and the U.S. National Science Foundation Grant ATM- 0120569.
    Keywords: Dimethylsulfide ; DMS ; Relaxed eddy accumulation ; Micrometeorology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Influence of rain on air-sea gas exchange : lessons from a model ocean (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004): C08S18, doi:10.1029/2003JC001806.
    Description: Rain has been shown to significantly enhance the rate of air-water gas exchange in fresh water environments, and the mechanism behind this enhancement has been studied in laboratory experiments. In the ocean, the effects of rain are complicated by the potential influence of density stratification at the water surface. Since it is difficult to perform controlled rain-induced gas exchange experiments in the open ocean, an SF6 evasion experiment was conducted in the artificial ocean at Biosphere 2. The measurements show a rapid depletion of SF6 in the surface layer due to rain enhancement of air-sea gas exchange, and the gas transfer velocity was similar to that predicted from the relationship established from freshwater laboratory experiments. However, because vertical mixing is reduced by stratification, the overall gas flux is lower than that found during freshwater experiments. Physical measurements of various properties of the ocean during the rain events further elucidate the mechanisms behind the observed response. The findings suggest that short, intense rain events accelerate gas exchange in oceanic environments.
    Description: Funding was provided by a generous grant from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation.
    Keywords: Gas exchange ; Rain ; SF6 ; Turbulence ; Stratification
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Supplement to physical exchanges at the air–sea interface : UK–SOLAS field measurements (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90 (2009): ES9-ES16, doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2578.2.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    CO2 deposition over the multi-year ice of the western Weddell Sea (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 22 (2006): L13606, doi:10.1029/2006GL026320.
    Description: Field measurements by eddy correlation (EC) indicate an average uptake of 0.6 g CO2 m−2 d−1 by the ice-covered western Weddell Sea in December 2004. At the same time, snow that covers ice floes of the western Weddell Sea becomes undersaturated with CO2 relative to the atmosphere during early summer. Gradients of CO2 from the ice to the atmosphere do not support significant diffusive fluxes and are not strong enough to explain the observed CO2 deposition. We hypothesize that the transport of air through the snow pack is controlled by turbulence and that undersaturation of CO2 is caused by biological productivity at the ice-snow and snow-atmosphere interface. The total carbon uptake by the multi-year ice zone of the western Weddell Sea in December could have been as high as 6.6 Tg C y−1.
    Description: This work was financially supported by the Marie Curie Training Site Fellowship (contract HPMF-CT-2002-01865) and by NERC (award ref. NER/B/S/2003/00844). This research was also supported in part by Belgian Science Policy (contract EV/12/7E, SD/CA/ 03A -Belcanto) and Belgian French Community (ARC-contract 02/07-287 - Sibclim), and by the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE- 0327601).
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