Notes: Abstract Xenoliths in primitive olivine tholeiite lavas from Merelava Volcano, Vanuatu, include recrystallized wehrlites and harzburgites characterized by extremely fine grain size (0.02–2 mm) and equigranular textures. The harzburgites display mineral segregations, have highly variable ratios of ol: opx, minor clinopyroxene and accessory Cr-spinel, and are interpreted as the residues of high degrees of melting of upper mantle peridotite. Annealed Cr-spinel aggregates in harzburgite sample # 31564B enclose numerous small inclusions of sodic sanidine and minor plagioclase, attributed to infiltration of the harzburgite by a residual melt derived from an earlier period of island arc magmatism. The recrystallized wehrlites have high ol/cpx ratios and depleted REE patterns compatible with a cumulus origin. The refractory nature of the phases in both groups of recrystallized xenoliths compares closely with phases in ‘Alpine-type’ peridotites and primitive arc lavas, and is incompatible with compositions of abyssal peridotites. The recrystallized wehrlites give equilibration temperatures of 1070–1130° C and are interpreted as cumulates derived from an earlier period of Vanuatu Arc magmatism. The range of composition displayed by phases in the harzburgites is greater than phase variation in the wehrlites, and reflects a more complex thermal history. Textural, mineralogical, and geothermometric considerations indicate the harzburgites underwent cooling to 800°/900° C before being re-heated to 1000–1100° C by the current magmatic regime. A shallow crustal origin for these xenoliths is indicated by gravity data and tectonic considerations which strongly imply the presence of an ophiolite body beneath Merelava, representing the northward extension of the Pentecost Ophiolite. These interpretations are compatible with a published model for generation of the host basalts by partial melting at the crust/mantle boundary (ca. 17 km). Sr isotopic data show that the harzburgites are incompatible with residues of ocean-floor magmatism, or with residues of Merelava and Central Chain magmatism, but suggest an affinity with Vitiaz Arc magmatism of Eocene-lower Miocene age. Both groups of xenoliths were apparently entrained from wall rocks during ascent of the host magmas.