Note: Front Cover -- Antarctic Climate Evolution -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- 1 Antarctic Climate Evolution - second edition -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Structure and content of the book -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Sixty years of coordination and support for Antarctic science - the role of SCAR -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Scientific value of research in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean -- 2.3 The international framework in which SCAR operates -- 2.4 The organisation of SCAR -- 2.5 Sixty years of significant Antarctic science discoveries -- 2.6 Scientific Horizon Scan -- 2.7 Summary -- References -- Appendix -- 3 Cenozoic history of Antarctic glaciation and climate from onshore and offshore studies -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Long-term tectonic drivers and ice sheet evolution -- 3.3 Global climate variability and direct evidence for Antarctic ice sheet variability in the Cenozoic -- 3.3.1 Late Cretaceous to early Oligocene evidence of Antarctic ice sheets and climate variability -- 3.3.2 The Eocene-Oligocene transition and continental-scale glaciation of Antarctica -- 3.3.3 Transient glaciations of the Oligocene and Miocene -- 3.3.4 Pliocene to Pleistocene -- 3.4 Regional seismic stratigraphies and drill core correlations, and future priorities to reconstruct Antarctica's Cenozoic... -- 3.4.1 Ross Sea -- 3.4.2 Amundsen Sea -- 3.4.3 Bellingshausen Sea and Pacific coastline of Antarctic Peninsula -- 3.4.4 The Northern Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands -- 3.4.5 The Eastern Margin of the Antarctic Peninsula -- 3.4.6 The South Orkney Microcontinent and adjacent deep-water basins -- 3.4.7 East Antarctic Margin -- 3.4.7.1 Weddell Sea -- 3.4.7.1.1 Gondwana break-up, Weddell Sea opening and pre-ice-sheet depositional environment. , 3.4.7.1.2 The Eocene-Oligocene transition and paleoenvironment during increasing glacial conditions -- 3.4.7.1.3 Recent geophysical survey beneath the Ekström Ice Shelf and future directions for drilling -- 3.4.7.2 Prydz Bay -- 3.4.7.2.1 Early Cenozoic greenhouse and earliest glacial phase in late Eocene -- 3.4.7.2.2 Oligocene-Miocene ice-sheet development -- 3.4.7.2.3 The Polar Ice Sheet (late Miocene(?)-Pleistocene) -- 3.4.7.3 East Antarctic Margin - Sabrina Coast -- 3.4.7.4 Wilkes Land margin and Georges V Land -- 3.5 Summary, future directions and challenges -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Water masses, circulation and change in the modern Southern Ocean -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Defining the Southern Ocean -- 4.2 Water masses - characteristics and distribution -- 4.2.1 Upper ocean -- 4.2.2 Intermediate depth waters -- 4.2.3 Deep water -- 4.2.4 Bottom water -- 4.3 Southern Ocean circulation -- 4.3.1 Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) -- 4.3.2 Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation (SOMOC) -- 4.3.3 Deep western boundary currents -- 4.3.3.1 Pacific deep western boundary current -- 4.3.3.2 Indian deep western boundary currents -- 4.3.3.3 Atlantic deep western boundary current -- 4.3.4 Subpolar circulation - gyres, slope and coastal currents -- 4.3.4.1 Gyres -- 4.3.4.2 Antarctic slope and coastal currents -- 4.4 Modern Southern Ocean change -- 4.4.1 Climate change -- 4.4.2 Ocean change -- 4.4.3 Change in dynamics and circulation -- 4.5 Concluding remarks -- References -- 5 Advances in numerical modelling of the Antarctic ice sheet -- 5.1 Introduction and aims -- 5.2 Advances in ice sheet modelling -- 5.2.1 Grounding line physics -- 5.2.2 Adaptive grids -- 5.2.3 Parallel ice sheet model - PISM -- 5.2.4 Coupled models -- 5.3 Model input - bed data -- 5.4 Advances in knowledge of bed processes -- 5.5 Model intercomparison. , 5.6 Brief case studies -- 5.7 Future work -- References -- 6 The Antarctic Continent in Gondwana: a perspective from the Ross Embayment and Potential Research Targets for Future Inve... -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Antarctic plate and the present-day geological setting of the Ross Embayment -- 6.3 East Antarctica -- 6.3.1 The Main Geological Units during the Paleoproterozoic-Early Neoproterozoic Rodinia Assemblage -- 6.3.2 From Rodinia breakup to Gondwana (c. 800-650Ma) -- 6.3.3 The 'Ross Orogen' in the Transantarctic Mountains during the late Precambrian-early Paleozoic evolution of the paleo-... -- 6.4 West Antarctic Accretionary System -- 6.4.1 West Antarctica in the Precambrian to Mesozoic (c. 180Ma) evolution of Gondwana until the middle Jurassic breakup -- 6.4.1.1 Precambrian to Cambrian metamorphic basement -- 6.4.1.2 Devono-Carboniferous arc magmatism ('Borchgrevink Event') (c. 370-350Ma) -- 6.4.1.3 Beacon Supergroup (Devonian-Permo-Triassic-earliest Jurassic) -- 6.4.1.4 The Ellsworth-Whitmore Mountains Terrane and the Permo-Triassic arc magmatism -- 6.4.1.5 Ferrar Supergroup and the Gondwana breakup (c. 180Ma) -- 6.4.1.6 The Antarctic Andean Orogen -- 6.5 Mesozoic to Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains -- 6.6 Tectonic evolution in the Ross Sea Sector during the Cenozoic -- 6.7 Concluding remarks, open problems and potential research themes for future geoscience investigations in Antarctica -- 6.7.1 Persistent challenges for onshore geoscience investigations -- 6.7.2 Antarctica and the Ross Orogen in the Transantarctic Mountains -- 6.7.3 Antarctica after Gondwana fragmentation -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 The Eocene-Oligocene boundary climate transition: an Antarctic perspective -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Background -- 7.2.1 Plate tectonic setting -- 7.2.2 Antarctic paleotopography. , 7.2.3 Paleoceanographic setting -- 7.2.4 Global average and regional sea level response -- 7.2.5 Proxies to reconstruct past Antarctic climatic and environmental evolution -- 7.2.6 Far-field proxies -- 7.3 Antarctic Sedimentary Archives -- 7.3.1 Land-based outcrops -- 7.3.1.1 Antarctic Peninsula Region -- 7.3.1.2 King George (25 de Mayo) Island, South Shetland Islands -- 7.3.1.3 The Ross Sea Region -- 7.3.2 Sedimentary archives from drilling on the Antarctic Margin -- 7.3.2.1 Drill cores in the western Ross Sea -- 7.3.2.2 The Prydz Bay Region -- 7.3.2.3 Weddell Sea -- 7.3.2.4 Wilkes Land -- 7.4 Summary of climate signals from Antarctic sedimentary archives -- 7.4.1 Longer-term changes -- 7.4.2 The climate of the Eocene-Oligocene transition -- 7.5 The global context of Earth and climate system changes across the EOT -- 7.5.1 Climate modelling -- 7.5.2 Relative sea-level change around Antarctica -- 7.6 Summary -- 7.6.1 Early-middle Eocene polar warmth -- 7.6.2 Late Eocene cooling -- 7.6.3 Eocene-Oligocene transition -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics during the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene: climatic conundrums revisited -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Oligocene-Miocene Transition in Antarctic geological records and its climatic significance -- 8.3 Conundrums revisited -- 8.3.1 What caused major transient glaciation of Antarctica across the OMT? -- 8.3.2 Apparent decoupling of Late Oligocene climate and ice volume? -- 8.4 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Antarctic environmental change and ice sheet evolution through the Miocene to Pliocene - a perspective from the Ross Sea ... -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Overview and relevance -- 9.1.2 Far-field records of climate and ice sheet variability -- 9.1.2.1 The Early Miocene -- 9.1.2.2 The mid-Miocene -- 9.1.2.3 The Late Miocene -- 9.1.2.4 The Pliocene. , 9.1.3 Southern Ocean Paleogeography and Paleoceanography -- 9.1.4 Land elevation change and influences on Antarctic Ice Sheet evolution -- 9.2 Records of Miocene to Pliocene climate and ice sheet variability from the Antarctic margin -- 9.2.1 Introduction to stratigraphic records -- 9.2.2 George V Land to Wilkes Land Margin -- 9.2.2.1 Geological setting -- 9.2.2.2 Oceanography of the Adélie coast -- 9.2.2.3 Seismic stratigraphy off the George V Land to Wilkes Land Margin -- 9.2.2.4 Drill core records from the George V Land to Wilkes Land Margin -- 9.2.2.5 Neogene history of the George V Land to Wilkes Land margin -- 9.2.3 The Ross Sea Embayment and Southern Victoria Land -- 9.2.3.1 Geological setting -- 9.2.3.2 Oceanography and climate in the Ross Sea Region -- 9.2.3.3 Seismic stratigraphic records in the Ross Sea -- 9.2.3.4 Stratigraphic records from drill cores in the Ross Sea -- 9.2.3.5 Terrestrial records from Southern Victoria Land -- 9.2.3.6 Neogene history in the Ross Sea Region -- 9.3 Numerical modelling -- 9.3.1 Miocene -- 9.3.2 Pliocene -- 9.4 Synthesis/summary of key climate episodes and transitions in Antarctica through the Miocene and Pliocene -- 9.4.1 Early to mid-Miocene -- 9.4.2 Miocene Climate Optimum -- 9.4.3 Miocene Climate Transition -- 9.4.4 Late Miocene -- 9.4.5 Pliocene -- 9.5 Next steps -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Pleistocene Antarctic climate variability: ice sheet, ocean and climate interactions -- 10.1 Background and motivation -- 10.1.1 Introduction -- 10.1.2 Orbital cyclicity and climate -- 10.1.3 Antarctic feedbacks in the global climate system -- 10.1.4 Strengths of Pleistocene research on Antarctica -- 10.2 Archives of Pleistocene Antarctic climate and climate-relevant processes -- 10.2.1 Polar ice cores -- 10.2.1.1 Background and characteristics of ice core records -- 10.2.1.2 Ice core climate proxies. , 10.2.1.3 Recent advances in ice core proxies and attempts to obtain ice older than one million years.