Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Plant Breeding and Cultivar Development -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Plant breeding: past, present, and future perspectives -- Primitive agriculture and crop domestication -- Pre-Mendelian plant breeding -- Mendelian plant breeding -- Plant breeding in the 20th and 21st centuries -- Green revolution -- Genetically modified crops -- Molecular markers in plant breeding -- Advances in image based and high-throughput phenotyping -- Contributions of plant breeding to the world agriculture -- Complementary role of public and private sector plant breeding -- Future plant breeding -- 2 Mode of reproduction in crop plants -- Sexual reproduction -- The alternation of generation -- Self-pollinated species -- Mechanisms that promote self-fertilization -- Genetic consequences of self-fertilization -- Cross-pollinated species -- Mechanisms that promote cross-fertilization -- Genetic consequences of cross-fertilization -- Asexual reproduction -- Vegetative propagation -- Apomixis -- Genetic consequences of asexual reproduction -- Determination of mode of reproduction -- Selfing and crossing -- Methods of emasculation -- Precautions during emasculation -- Pollination -- Precautions during pollination -- Male sterility and self-incompatibility -- Male sterility -- Self-incompatibility -- Role of self-incompatibility in plant breeding -- Utilization of self-incompatibility in plant breeding -- 3 Genetics in relation to plant breeding -- Cell structure (typical plant cell structure) -- Cell division -- Mitosis -- Meiosis -- Chromosome -- Gene -- Genome -- Mendelian inheritance -- Law of segregation -- Law of independent assortment -- Gene interactions -- Chi-square goodness of fit test -- Linkage and crossing over -- Detection of linkage -- Linkage map -- Incomplete dominance and codominance -- Multiple alleles. , Pleiotropy -- Penetrance and expressivity -- Modifying genes -- Threshold characters -- Quantitative inheritance -- Cytoplasmic inheritance -- Linking plant breeding with molecular biology -- 4 Primer on population and quantitative genetics -- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium -- Factors affecting equilibrium in the population -- Types of populations in a breeding program, and mating designs -- Simple populations -- Three-parent cross -- Double cross -- Complex populations -- Nested or factorial designs -- Top cross -- Polycross -- Combining ability -- Qualitative and quantitative traits -- Types of gene action -- Phenotype, genotype, and environment -- Genotype × environment interactions and stability analyses -- Stability analyses -- Mean-CV -- Regression coefficient type analyses -- Superiority measure -- Multivariate approaches -- Practical consideration for a plant breeder -- Heritability -- Methods for estimating heritability -- Modes of selection -- Systems of mating -- Random mating -- Non-random mating -- Types of response to selection -- Selection theory -- Expected genetic gain -- Variability in the response to selection -- Practical considerations for plant breeders -- Few recommendations to reduce the effect of environment -- Estimated breeding value -- Multiple trait selection -- Generation to select and population sizes -- 5 Plant genetic resources -- Interspecific hybridization -- Polyploidy -- Genetic diversity -- Centers of origin -- Primary and secondary gene centers -- Megagene Centers -- Microcenters -- Centers and non-centers -- Law of homologous series -- Gene pools -- National Germplasm Banks -- Acclimatization -- Plant quarantine -- Genetic erosion -- Genetic vulnerability -- Prebreeding -- Germplasm exploration and collection -- Germplasm conservation -- Molecular conservation -- Evaluation of germplasm. , Documentation of germplasm -- Distribution of germplasm -- Material Transfer Agreement -- The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture -- Text for Farmer's Rights from The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture -- Utilization of germplasm -- 6 Wide hybridization -- Barriers to wide hybridization -- External factors -- Internal factors -- Triticum spp. (wheat) -- Oryza spp. (rice) -- Gossypium spp. (cotton) -- Saccharum spp. (sugarcane) -- Lycopersicon spp. (tomato) -- Cajanus spp. (pigeon pea) -- Cicer spp. (chickpea) -- Vigna spp. (mung bean and urd bean) -- Advantages of wide hybridization -- Limitations of wide hybridization -- 7 Haploidy and polyploidy in crop improvement -- Haploids -- Common wheat -- Maize -- Barley -- Anther, Pollen and Microspore Culture -- Other crops -- Techniques for chromosome doubling -- Advantages and uses of haploids -- Disadvantages of haploids -- Polyploidy -- 8 Hybridization and selection in self-pollinated crops -- Early history of hybridization -- Steps in the development of pure line cultivars -- Setting plant breeding objectives -- Selection of parents -- Procedures of hybridization -- Growing the F1 hybrid generation -- Genetic basis of combination breeding -- Handling of segregating generations -- Reduction of inter-row competition -- 9 Mass and pure line selection -- The pure line theory -- Genetic basis of pure line selection -- Pure line selection -- General procedure of pure line selection -- How pure line become impure? -- How long does a pure line remain pure? -- Merits of pure line selection -- Limitations of pure line selection -- Mass selection -- Merits of mass selection -- Limitations of mass selection -- 10 Bulk method -- General procedure of bulk method -- Modifications of bulk method -- Salient features. , Genetic basis of bulk method -- Application of bulk method -- Merits of bulk method -- Limitations of bulk method -- 11 Pedigree method -- General procedures for pedigree selection -- Modified pedigree methods -- Early modifications of pedigree method -- Early generation yield testing -- Genetic basis of pedigree method -- Application of pedigree method -- Examples of pedigree method and its modifications in legume cultivars -- Examples of modified pedigree method in the development of wheat cultivars -- Merits of pedigree method -- Limitations of pedigree method -- Writing pedigree and selection history -- F& -- num -- and S& -- num -- symbols -- Single gene example with two homozygous parents -- Using "Fx:y" or "Sx:y" to describe breeding lines according to the generation they were derived -- Writing a standard pedigree -- Writing a backcross pedigree -- Assigning an identity number to each cross or backcross -- Recording selection history using a Breeder's cross identification designation -- 12 Single seed descent method -- General outline of single seed descent method -- Examples of single seed descent method and its variations -- Genetic basis of single seed descent method -- Application of single seed descent method -- Merits of single seed descent method -- Limitations of single seed descent method -- 13 Backcross method -- The recurrent parent -- Maintenance of the character under transfer -- General out-line of the backcross method -- Dominant gene transfer -- Recessive gene transfer -- Backcrossing procedures in different scenarios -- Modifications of the backcross method -- Genetic basis of the backcross method -- Number of backcrosses -- Seasons needed for backcrossing -- Application of the backcross method -- Merits of the backcross method -- Limitations of the backcross method -- 14 Mutation breeding -- Main classes of mutagenesis. , Types of mutations -- Spontaneous mutation and cultivar development -- Induced mutation and cultivar development -- Important factors to consider in mutation breeding -- Mutagen(s) and their doses -- Chemicals -- Radiation -- Choice of variety -- When to use mutation breeding -- Mutation breeding methodology -- Identification of mutations -- Scenario I: desired allele is recessive "a" -- Scenario II: desired allele is dominant "A" -- Major differences between seed and vegetatively propagated crops -- 15 Inbreeding depression and heterosis -- Effects of inbreeding -- Inbreeding depression -- Genetic hypotheses for inbreeding depression -- Heterosis -- Dominance hypothesis -- Overdominance hypothesis -- Dominance versus overdominance hypothesis -- Non-allelic gene interaction in heterosis -- Types of heterosis -- Fixation of heterosis -- Asexual reproduction -- Apomixis -- Balanced polymorphism -- Polyploidy -- 16 Population improvement -- Interpopulation improvement -- Reciprocal recurrent selection -- General outline of reciprocal recurrent selection-half sib -- Genetic basis of reciprocal recurrent selection-half sib -- Merits of reciprocal recurrent selection -- Full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection -- General outline of full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection -- Genetic basis of full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection -- Merit of full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection -- Intrapopulation improvement -- Mass selection -- Differences between mass selection and phenotypic recurrent selection -- General outline of mass selection -- Genetic basis of mass selection -- Merits of mass-selection -- Limitations of mass-selection -- Application of mass-selection -- Modified mass-selection -- General outline of modified mass-selection -- Application of modified mass-selection -- Family selection methods (genotypic selection) -- A. Ear-to-row selection. , 1. Ear-to-row selection method (half-sib).