Note: Intro -- Phytohortology -- The Scientific Term -- About the Main Authors -- Explanation and Remarks on Publishing -- Brief Introduction to the Book -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- The distribution of major botanical gardens in China* -- Abbreviation of Chinese Botanical Garden Names -- CONTENTS -- Chapter 1 Botanical Garden and Botanical Garden Science, PHYTOHORTOLOGY -- 1.1 Professional Concept of a Botanical Garden -- 1.2 Nature and Function of Botanical Gardens -- 1.2.1 Nature -- 1.2.2 Function -- 1.2.3 Feature of Scientific Research in Botanical Gardens -- 1.3 Classification of Botanical Gardens and Their Features -- 1.3.1 Multi-function Integrated Botanical Gardens -- 1.3.2 Botanical Gardens Belonging to University or Research Institute -- 1.3.3 Professional Botanical Gardens -- 1.3.4 Other Types of Botanical Gardens -- References -- Chapter 2 The History of Botanical Gardens -- 2.1 The History of World Botanical Gardens -- 2.1.1 The Beginning of Modern Botanical Gardens -- 2.1.2 Growth of Modern Botanical Gardens -- 2.1.3 The Establishment of International Botanic Gardens Organization Promoted the Development of Botanical Gardens -- 2.2 The history of Chinese Modern Botanical Gardens -- 2.2.1 The Feature of Botanical Garden Development -- 2.2.2 Development of the Quantity of Botanical Gardens -- 2.2.3 Distribution of Botanical Gardens in China -- 2.2.4 The Prospects of Professional Development of Botanical Gardens -- References -- APPENDIX: The Declaration of Gran Canaria -- Chapter 3 Ex-situ Conservation in Botanical Gardens -- 3.1 Essentials of Ex-situ Conservation -- 3.1.1 Status and Reasons for Species Endangerment -- 3.1.2 The Concept of the Integrative Conservation -- 3.1.3 Significance and Function of Ex-situ Conservation -- 3.1.4 The Target Taxa Appropriated to Ex-situ Conservation. , 3.1.5 Ex-situ Conservation in Botanical Garden Provides "Refuge" for Endangered Plants, and a "Transition Point" of Cultivation for Wild Plants -- 3.2 The Status Quo of Ex-situ Conservation in Botanical Gardens and the Convention On Biological Diversity (CBD) -- 3.2.1 The Status Quo of Plant Introduction and Collections in Botanical Gardens -- 3.2.2 The Relationship of Ex-situ Conservation and the Convention on Biological Diversity -- 3.3 The Evaluation of Ex-situ Conservation -- 3.3.1 The Multiple and Comprehensive Evaluation System -- 3.3.2 Establishing the Evaluation Criteria for Collections According to the Character and Assignments of Each Garden -- 3.4 Ex-situ Conservation Technique -- 3.4.1 Basic Scientific Disciplines -- 3.4.2 Minimum Population -- 3.4.3 The Sampling Technique -- 3.4.4 Seed Bank -- 3.5 The Recordkeeping System of Living Plant Collections -- 3.5.1 The Importance of Recordkeeping -- 3.5.2 Traditional Plant Recordkeeping -- 3.5.3 The Development of the Computerization of Plant Recording Systems -- 3.5.4 Analysis on the Issues and Outlooks in the Computerization Process of Plant Records in Botanical Gardens -- 3.6 The Ex-situ Conservation of Medicinal Plants -- 3.6.1 The Complexity of Medicinal Plant Conservation -- 3.6.2 The Urgency of the Medicinal Plant Conservation -- 3.6.3 Ex-situ Conservation Is the Base of Medicinal Plant Cultivation -- 3.7 Urban Biodiversity Conservation -- 3.7.1 The Process of Urbanization Is the Result of Social and Economic Development -- 3.7.2 Urban Development Causes a Serious Loss of Biodiversity -- 3.7.3 The Ecological Environment of Urban Bring About Variation of Plant Species -- 3.7.4 Urgent Protection Needed for Germplasm Resources in Cities -- 3.7.5 Cities Need More Plant Resources Than Before -- 3.8 The Ex-situ Conservation and the Blue Book. , 3.8.1 Species That Can Be Removed From the Red List -- 3.8.2 Species That Can be Listed in the Blue Book -- 3.9 Improvement of the Ex-situ Conservation Pattern, and Study on the Centers For Ex-situ Plant Conservation -- 3.9.1 Improvement of the Ex-situ Conservation Pattern -- 3.9.2 Exploration of the Centers for Plant Ex-situ Conservation -- References -- APPENDIX I -- APPENDIX II -- Chapter 4 Plant Introduction and Acclimatization in Botanical Gardens -- 4.1 The Definition and Criterion of Plant Introduction and Acclimatization -- 4.2 The Theory of Plant Introduction and Acclimatization and Its Application -- 4.2.1 Climatic Similarity Theory -- 4.2.2 Ecological History Analysis -- 4.2.3 The Original Center of Cultivated Plants -- 4.2.4 Ecological Factor Analysis Method and Plant Introduction Effect Theory -- 4.2.5 The Biodiversity Centers -- 4.3 The Mission of Plant Introduction and Acclimatization of Botanical Gardens -- 4.4 The Plant Introduction of Specific Groups, Families, and Genera -- 4.4.1 The Introduction of Specific Groups -- 4.4.2 The Introduction of Specific Families -- 4.4.3 The Introduction of Specific Genera -- 4.4.4 Geographical Regional Introduction-Chinese Plants Around the World -- 4.5 The Plant Introduction and Exploration of Economic Plants in Botanical Gardens-with Special Reference of Industrial Plant Materials in China -- 4.5.1 Hevea brasiliensis -- 4.5.2 Nicotiana tabacum -- 4.5.3 Lavandula angustifolia -- 4.5.4 Carthamus tinctorius -- 4.5.5 Stevia rebaudiana -- 4.5.6 Toxicodendron vernicifluun -- 4.5.7 Cistus ladaniferus -- 4.6 Some Cases of the Fruit Tree Introduction and Development by Chinese Botanical Gardens -- 4.6.1 Vitis -- 4.6.2 Actinidia -- 4.6.3 Rubus -- 4.6.4 Vaccinium -- 4.6.5 Mangifera indica -- 4.6.6 Others. , 4.7 The Introduction and Acclimatization of Trees and Environmental Plants in Chinese Botanical Gardens -- 4.7.1 Trees -- 4.7.2 Psammophyte -- 4.8 The Introduction and Acclimatization of Medicinal Plants in Chinese Botanical Gardens -- 4.8.1 A Survey of Chinese Botanical Garden in Medicinal Plant Introduction -- 4.8.2 The Key Species Researched in Chinese Botanical Gardens -- 4.8.3 The Stress Cultivation -- 4.9 The Introduction of Ornamental Plants in Chinese Botanical Gardens -- 4.9.1 Paeonia -- 4.9.2 Chimonanthus -- 4.9.3 Victoria -- 4.9.4 Nelumbo and Nymphaea -- 4.10 The Introduction and Acclimatization of Ground Cover Plants and Turf Grass in Chinese Botanical Gardens -- 4.10.1 The Ground Cover Plants -- 4.10.2 Turf Grass -- 4.11 The Introduction of Hedgerow Plants -- 4.12 The Plant Introduction and Acclimatization and Invasive Species -- 4.12.1 The Concept of Invasive Species -- 4.12.2 The Damage Status of Invasive Species -- 4.12.3 The Invasive Species and the Introduction and Acclimatization of Plants -- References -- Chapter 5 The Greenhouse System in Botanical Gardens -- 5.1 The Types and Functions of Botanical Garden Greenhouses -- 5.1.1 The Exhibition Greenhouse -- 5.1.2 Propagation Greenhouse -- 5.1.3 Experimental Greenhouse -- 5.2 The History of the Exhibition Greenhouse in Botanical Gardens.. -- 5.2.1 Early Non-exhibition Greenhouse -- 5.2.2 The Birth of Large-scale Exhibition Greenhouses and Their Three Development Stages -- 5.2.3 The Architectural Art in Large-scale Exhibition Greenhouses -- 5.2.4 The Origin About the Name of Greenhouse -- 5.3 Examples of Greenhouse Systems in Botanical Gardens -- 5.3.1 Greenhouse Series in RBG Kew -- 5.3.2 The Eden Project -- 5.4 A Great Variety of Greenhouse Plants -- 5.4.1 Types of Display -- 5.4.2 The Plants Displayed in Exhibition Greenhouses -- 5.5 Ancillary Facilities -- 5.5.1 The Sun-shelters. , 5.5.2 The Preparation of Soil in Greenhouse and Soil Disinfection Equipment -- 5.5.3 The Reservoir -- References -- Chapter 6 Education in Botanical Gardens -- 6.1 Aim, Significance, and Role of Education in Botanical Gardens -- 6.2 Objects of Botanical Gardens Education -- 6.2.1 Children and Students -- 6.2.2 Adults -- 6.2.3 People with Special Needs -- 6.3 Educational Approaches and Forms in Botanical Gardens -- 6.3.1 Ordinary Information for Visitors -- 6.3.2 Scientific Guide -- 6.3.3 Plant Labels -- 6.3.4 Popular Science Exhibition and Flower Show -- 6.3.5 Summer (Winter) Camp -- 6.3.6 Popular Science Lectures and Training Courses -- 6.3.7 Popular Science Competition -- 6.3.8 Education Gallery, Propaganda Window and Cordial Labels -- 6.3.9 Popular Science Reading Materials and Press -- 6.3.10 Setting up Advisory Mailbox and Hotline -- 6.3.11 Establishing Cooperative Relationships with Schools -- 6.3.12 International Cooperation and Exchanges -- 6.4 Education Facilities in Botanical Gardens -- 6.4.1 Hardware -- 6.4.2 Software -- 6.5 Association: Friends of Botanical Gardens -- References -- Chapter 7 Landscape Planning, Design and Architecture in Botanical Gardens -- 7.1 Basic Principles for Landscape Architecture in a Botanical Garden -- 7.1.1 Adapting to the Characteristics of Botanical Gardens -- 7.1.2 Reflecting the Nature of Botanical Gardens -- 7.1.3 Fully Utilizing Native Natural Resources -- 7.2 Selecting Location for Botanical Gardens -- 7.2.1 Selecting Geographical Locations -- 7.2.2 Selecting Site -- 7.3 Layout of a Botanical Garden -- 7.3.1 Adjusting Topography and Regulating Water Systems -- 7.3.2 Functional Areas and Roads -- 7.3.3 Landscape Structures -- 7.3.4 Arrangement of Plant Groups -- 7.4 Exhibit the Plant Diversity, Landscape Architecture and Planning in Specific and Topic Gardens. , 7.4.1 Scientific Research Foundation of Specific and Topic Garden Development.