Note: Cover -- Natural Capital and Exploitation of the Deep Ocean -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of contributors -- CHAPTER 1: Introduction: Evolution of knowledge, exploration, and exploitation of the deep ocean -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Natural capital defined -- 1.1.2 Deep-ocean morphology and abiotic characteristics -- 1.1.3 Diversity and biomass -- 1.1.4 The legal framework of the ocean -- 1.2 Exploration, technical development, and analysis leading to economic benefits of the deep sea -- 1.2.1 Nineteenth century -- 1.2.2 Early twentieth century -- 1.2.3 1920s and 1930s -- 1.2.4 1940s to 1960 -- 1.2.5 1960s -- 1.2.6 1970s -- 1.2.7 1980s -- 1.2.8 1990s -- 1.2.9 2000s -- 1.2.10 2010s -- 1.3 And the future? -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 2: A primer on the economics of natural capital and its relevance to deep-sea exploitation and conservation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Human perceptions and uses of the deep sea -- 2.3 Natural capital and ecosystem services: stocks and flows -- 2.4 Qualitative examples of natural capital accounting for the deep sea -- 2.4.1 Natural capital of the open-oceans biome -- 2.4.2 Natural capital of the world capture fishery stocks -- 2.4.3 Natural capital of the ocean twilight zone's fish stocks -- 2.4.4 Natural capital of the ocean's biological carbon pump -- 2.4.5 Natural capital of deep-seabed minerals -- 2.4.6 Natural capital of the cultural aspects of the deep sea -- 2.4.7 Natural capital of the passive use of deep-sea hydrothermal vents -- 2.5 Emerging institutions for deep-sea governance -- 2.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Appendix -- A1 Theoretical framework for sustainable development -- A2 Accounting price for global public goods -- A3 Accounting price for natural capital -- A3.1 The classical bioeconomic model. , A3.2 The Fenichel et al. (2018) framework -- CHAPTER 3: The legal framework for resource management in the deep sea -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 National law -- 3.3 International law -- 3.3.1 Deep-sea fishing -- 3.3.2 Pollution -- 3.3.3 Deep-sea mining -- 3.3.4 Marine scientific research -- 3.3.5 Current gaps in the law -- 3.4 The role of scientists in ocean governance -- 3.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- International agreements cited -- CHAPTER 4: Exploitation of deep-sea fishery resources -- 4.1 The development of deep-sea fisheries -- 4.1.2 Deep-sea fishing methods -- 4.1.3 The footprint of deep-sea fisheries -- 4.2 Environment and life histories/ energetics of deep-sea demersal fishes -- 4.3 Impacts of deep-sea fisheries and potential for recovery -- 4.3.1 Impacts on fish populations -- 4.3.2 Impacts on habitat -- 4.3.3 Potential for recovery of fish populations -- 4.3.4 Recovery of impacted habitat -- 4.4 Management and stakeholder processes -- 4.4.1 International debate and negotiations over deep-sea fisheries -- 4.4.2 Implementation of the resolutions: protection of deep-sea ecosystems and sustainable deep-sea fisheries on the high seas -- 4.5 The future of deep-sea fisheries -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 5: Deep-sea mining: processes and impacts -- 5.1 Deep-sea mining -- 5.2 Seafloor minerals -- 5.2.1 Abyssal Plains and polymetallic nodules -- 5.2.2 Seamounts, ridges, and polymetallic crusts -- 5.2.3 Hydrothermal vents and seafloor massive sulphides -- 5.3 Fauna living in association with mineral accumulations -- 5.3.1 Polymetallic nodules -- 5.3.2 Polymetallic crusts -- 5.3.3 Hydrothermal vents -- 5.4 Regulations and jurisdictions -- 5.5 Practicalities of deep-sea mining -- 5.6 Environmental impacts of deep-sea mining -- 5.6.1 Wide-reaching impacts across depths and habitats. , 5.6.2 Impacts of mining seafloor massive sulphides -- 5.6.3 Environmental impacts of mining polymetallic nodules -- 5.6.4 The effects of mining polymetallic crusts -- 5.7 Cross-ecosystem impacts: degradation and recovery -- 5.8 Knowledge gaps: a need to deepen understanding -- 5.9 Environmental management: reducing the impact of deep-ocean mining -- 5.9.1 Environmental management processes -- 5.9.2 Environmental management responsibilities -- 5.10 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 6: The natural capital of offshore oil, gas, and methane hydrates in the World Ocean -- 6.1 The natural capital of hydrocarbon reserves -- 6.1.1 Oil and gas reserves in offshore systems -- 6.1.2 The potential of deep-sea gas hydrate reservoirs -- 6.2 The ecology of offshorehydrocarbon-associated ecosystems: a brief sketch -- 6.3 Operational impacts -- 6.3.1 Physical and chemical impacts on organisms and ecosystems -- 6.3.2 Long-term and climate impacts -- 6.4 Best practices for exploitation and management -- 6.5 Spatial overlap between ecological assets and oil leases creates challenges -- 6.6 Ecosystem recovery from operational impacts -- 6.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 7: The exploitation of deep-sea biodiversity: components, capacity, and conservation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Exploitable components of deep-sea biodiversity -- 7.2.1 Deep-sea biodiversity as inspiration for innovation -- 7.2.2 'Actual or potential' value -- 7.3 Capacity: capturing benefits -- 7.3.1 Benefits -- 7.3.2 Capturing benefits: the role of science and technology -- 7.3.3 Conservation -- 7.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 8: The deep ocean's link to culture and global processes: nonextractive value of the deep sea -- 8.1 Ecosystem services and nonuse values -- 8.2 A diverse and inspiring dark sea. , 8.2.1 The deep, dark water -- 8.2.2 The expanse of marvellous mud -- 8.2.3 Habitats that break the global mud belt -- 8.3 Cultural services -- 8.4 Deep-sea science: exploration and research to understand the past, present, and future earth -- 8.5 Supporting and regulating services -- 8.5.1 Primer on deep-ocean flow and function -- 8.5.2 Nutrients for the shallows that fuel fisheries and oxygenate the atmosphere -- 8.5.3 A bottom-up view of vents and seeps -- 8.6 An overlap of use and nonuse -- 8.7 Current state of valuation of nonuse values in the deep sea -- 8.8. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 9: Climate change cumulative impacts on deep-sea ecosystems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Predicting climate-change impacts: projected changes and species vulnerability -- 9.2.1 Earth System Model projections and observations at depth -- 9.2.2 Species sensitivity to change in natural abiotic conditions -- 9.3 Identifying the drivers and impacts of climate change in deep-sea ecosystems -- 9.3.1 Export of organic resources at depth -- 9.3.2 Combination of climate stressors in space and time -- 9.4 Required monitoring to forecast vulnerability -- 9.5 Climate policy and the deep sea -- 9.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 10: Space, the final resource -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Organised, deliberate waste disposal -- 10.2.1 Particulate waste: sewage sludge, dredge spoils, and mining tailings -- 10.2.2 Marine litter: shipping and commercial fishing sources -- 10.2.3 Radioactive waste -- 10.2.4 Chemical and pharmaceutical waste -- 10.2.5 Munitions -- 10.3 Inadvertent disposal -- 10.3.1 Shipwrecks and maritime accidents -- 10.3.2 Microplastics -- 10.4 Buffer space -- 10.4.1 Noise -- 10.4.2 Heat absorption and transfer and CO2 uptake -- 10.5 Technology space. , 10.5.1 Submarine telecommunication cables-connecting the continents -- 10.5.2 Deep-ocean military and scientific infrastructure -- 10.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 11: A holistic vision for our future deep ocean -- 11.1 Challenges and possibilities for a healthy ocean -- 11.2 Cumulative and synergistic interactions -- 11.3 Advancing science in policy -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Name index -- Subject index.