Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Summary of Chapters -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Monitoring and Assessment of Air Pollution -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Impacts of Air Pollution -- 2.3 Measurement of Air Pollution -- 2.3.1 Spectroscopic Techniques -- 2.3.2 Sampling Methods -- 2.3.3 Chromatography Techniques -- 2.3.4 Size Measurement Techniques -- 2.3.5 Remote Sensing: An Important Tool for Air Pollution Measurement -- 2.3.5.1 Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosol -- 2.3.5.2 Measurement of Ozone -- 2.3.5.3 Measurement of Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide -- 2.3.5.4 Measurement of Carbon Monoxide -- 2.3.5.5 Measurement of Sulfur Dioxide -- 2.3.5.6 Measurement of Methane -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Air Pollution Modeling -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Components of Air Pollution Modeling -- 3.1.1.1 Inventory of Sources and Emissions -- 3.1.1.2 Transport Circulation and Parameterization -- 3.1.1.3 Chemical Transformations -- 3.1.1.4 Removal Process -- 3.1.1.5 Meteorology -- 3.2 Classification of Air Pollution Models -- 3.2.1 Lagrangian and Eulerian Models -- 3.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Scale -- 3.3 Dispersion Modeling -- 3.3.1 Photochemical Modeling -- 3.3.2 Plume Rise Models -- 3.4 WRF/Chem Model -- 3.5 Overview of Air Pollution Modeling Studies -- 3.5.1 Role of Air Pollution on Human Health -- 3.5.2 Dust Aerosols and Tropospheric Chemistry -- 3.6 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Impact of Air Pollutants on Plant Metabolism and Antioxidant Machinery -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Air Pollutants and Their Impacts on Plant Health -- 4.3 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) -- 4.4 Nitrogen-Containing Pollutants NOX and NHy -- 4.5 Ozone -- 4.6 Fluorides -- 4.7 Effect of Particulate Matter -- 4.8 Summary -- References. , Chapter 5: Role of Global Climate Change in Crop Yield Reductions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Crop Response to Climate Change -- 5.2.1 Effect of Elevated CO2 on C3 Versus C4 Plants -- 5.2.1.1 Elevated CO2 Affects Photosynthesis -- 5.2.1.1.1 C3 Versus C4 Plants -- 5.2.1.1.2 Effect of Elevated CO2 Enrichment on Crop Plant -- 5.2.1.1.3 Implication and Mechanism of Elevated CO2 on C3 Versus C4 Plant -- 5.2.1.2 Elevated CO2 Affects Dark Respiration -- 5.2.1.2.1 Mechanism for Dark Respiration Inhibition -- 5.2.1.3 Elevated CO2 Affects Stomatal Conductance, Water Use Efficiency, and Transpiration -- 5.2.1.4 Elevated CO2 Affects Product Quality and Yields -- 5.3 Effect of Higher Temperature on C3 and C4 Plants -- 5.3.1 Temperature -- 5.3.1.1 Elevated Temperatures Affect Photosynthesis Versus Photorespiration Process -- 5.3.1.2 Effect of Temperature on Phenology of Crop Plants -- 5.4 Interactions of Higher Temperature and Elevated CO2 with Product Quality and Yield -- 5.5 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Air Pollution and Its Role in Stress Physiology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 SO2 and Its Effect on Plant Physiology -- 6.2.1 SO2 and Its Effect on Stomata -- 6.2.2 SO2 and Its Effect on Photosynthesis -- 6.2.3 SO2 and Its Effect on Respiration and Photorespiration -- 6.3 NOX and Its Effect on Plant Physiology -- 6.3.1 Effect of NO2 on Stomatal Conductance -- 6.3.2 Effect of NOx on Photosynthesis -- 6.3.3 Effect of NO2 on Respiration and Photorespiration -- 6.4 O3 and Its Effect on Plant Physiology -- 6.4.1 Effects of Ozone Stress on Stomatal Conductance -- 6.4.2 Effects of Ozone on Photosynthesis -- 6.4.3 Effects of Ozone on Respiration and Photorespiration -- 6.4.3.1 Photorespiration -- 6.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 7: Air Pollution Exposure Studies Related to Human Health. , 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Types of Air Pollution Impacting Human Health -- 7.3 Pollutants Are Categorized into Four Major Categories Depending on Their Physical and Chemical Nature -- 7.3.1 Gaseous Pollutants (e.g., SO2, NOx, COx, O3, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Such as Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) -- 7.3.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) (e.g., Dioxins) -- 7.3.3 Heavy Metals -- 7.3.4 Respirable Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) -- 7.4 Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health -- 7.5 Respiratory System -- 7.5.1 Asthma and Respiratory Disorder -- 7.5.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) -- 7.5.3 Pulmonary Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis -- 7.6 Cardiovascular System -- 7.6.1 Blood Pressure and Hypertension -- 7.6.2 Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress -- 7.6.3 Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis -- 7.6.4 Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, and Anemia -- 7.7 Nervous System -- 7.7.1 Neuro-inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neurotoxicity -- 7.7.2 Neurological Disorder and Neuropsychological Effects -- 7.7.3 Stroke -- 7.8 Digestive System -- 7.8.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Appendicitis -- 7.8.2 Gastrointestinal Tumor -- 7.9 Effect on Fertility, Reproduction, and Pregnancy -- 7.9.1 Fertility -- 7.9.2 Fetus Development, Child Birth, and Development -- 7.9.3 In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), Clinical Pregnancy, and Implantation Rates -- 7.9.4 Miscarriage -- 7.10 Effect on Skin -- 7.10.1 Oxidative Stress, Skin Aging, and Pigmentation -- 7.10.2 Dermatitis, Psoriasis, and Eczema -- 7.10.3 Skin Cancer -- 7.11 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8: Impacts of Air Pollution on Epidemiology and Cardiovascular Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Air Pollution and Human Health -- 8.2.1 Particulate Matter (PM) -- 8.2.2 Ozone (O3) -- 8.2.3 Carbon Monoxide (CO) -- 8.2.4 Nitrogen Oxides -- 8.2.5 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). , 8.3 Air Pollution-Induced Cardiovascular Index and Their Consequences to Morbidity and Mortality -- 8.3.1 Heart Rate (HR) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) -- 8.3.2 Arrhythmia, Heart Failure, and Cardiac Arrest -- 8.3.3 Ischemic Heart Disease -- 8.3.4 Thrombosis and Coagulation -- 8.3.5 Cerebrovascular Disease/Stroke -- 8.3.6 Blood Pressure, Vascular Tone, and Atherosclerosis -- 8.3.7 Hypertension -- 8.4 Mechanism of Cardiovascular Toxicity Induced by Air Pollutants -- 8.4.1 PM-induced Pulmonary Inflammatory Responses Promote Oxidative and Cardiovascular Stress -- 8.4.2 Exposure of PM Leads to Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Imbalance and Pathological Alterations -- 8.4.3 Inhaled Air Pollutants Directly Translocate in the Circulatory System and Perturb the Distant Cell and Tissue Components... -- 8.5 Epidemiology of Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease -- 8.6 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 9: Health Risk Assessment and Management of Air Pollutants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) -- 9.1.2 Outdoor/Ambient Air Pollution -- 9.2 Air Pollutants -- 9.2.1 Classification of Air Pollutants -- 9.2.1.1 Primary Air Pollutants (Precursors) -- 9.2.1.2 Secondary Air Pollutants -- 9.3 Sources of Air Pollutants -- 9.3.1 Natural Sources -- 9.3.2 Anthropogenic (Human-Made) Sources -- 9.4 Effect of Air Pollutants on Human Health -- 9.5 Health Risk -- 9.5.1 Estimation of Health Risk -- 9.5.2 Quantification of Health Impact -- 9.5.2.1 Number of Attributable Deaths or Cases of Diseases -- 9.5.2.2 Years of Life Lost (YLL) -- 9.5.2.3 Years Lost Due to Disability (YLD) -- 9.5.2.4 Disability-Adjusted Life Years -- 9.5.3 Health Risk Assessment (RA) -- 9.6 Approaches to Improve Ambient Air Quality -- 9.6.1 Source Control -- 9.6.1.1 Transportation -- 9.6.1.2 Waste Burning -- 9.6.1.3 Industries -- 9.6.1.4 Diesel Generator. , 9.6.1.5 Dust and Construction -- 9.6.1.6 Coal: Fired Power Plant -- 9.6.2 Other Measures -- 9.6.3 Purification of Air -- 9.6.4 Implication of Policies -- 9.7 Approaches to Improve Air Quality in Indoor Environment -- 9.7.1 Source Control -- 9.7.1.1 Domestic Cooking -- 9.7.2 Ventilation Improvements -- 9.7.3 Air Cleaners -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Air Quality Management Practices: A Sustainable Perspective -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Development of the Concept of Sustainable Development -- 10.2.1 The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 1972 -- 10.2.2 World Commission on Environment and Development Report of 1987 -- 10.2.3 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 1992 -- 10.2.4 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), 2002 -- 10.3 Toward Sustainable Air Practices -- 10.3.1 Indian Experience -- 10.3.2 Introduction of ``Command and Control´´ -- 10.3.3 Justification for Air Act, 1981 -- 10.3.4 Amendments to the Air Act in the 1980s -- 10.3.5 Central and State Pollution Control Boards -- 10.3.6 Powers of ``Direct Enforcement´´: Power to Issue Directions -- 10.3.7 Mechanism for Enforcement: Importance of Criminal Sanctions -- 10.4 Judicial Attempts to Ensure Sustainable Air Practices -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References.