Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Photosynthesis and Energy Transfer -- Molecular Mechanism of Photosynthesis Driven by Red-Shifted Chlorophylls -- 1 General Knowledge of Photosynthesis -- 2 Photosynthetic Organisms -- 2.1 Photosynthetic Eukaryotes -- 2.2 Photosynthetic Prokaryotes -- 2.2.1 Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Prokaryotes -- 2.2.2 Oxygenic Photosynthetic Prokaryotes (Cyanobacteria) -- 3 Photopigments -- 3.1 Carotenoids -- 3.2 Phycobiliprotein Complexes -- 3.3 Chlorophylls -- 3.3.1 Chl a and Its Spectral Properties -- 3.3.2 Formyl Substitution in Chl b, Chl d, and Chl f -- 3.3.3 Diformyl Variants -- 3.3.4 Chl c Family -- 3.3.5 Other Chlorophyll Variants (Including Chemically Modified) -- 4 Photopigment-Binding Protein Complexes -- 4.1 Photosystem I -- 4.2 Photosystem II -- 4.3 Chlorophyll-Binding Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes (CBPs) -- 4.3.1 Inner Antenna Complexes -- 4.3.2 Chl-Binding Proteins in Cyanobacteria -- 4.3.3 Iron-Stress-Induced Chlorophyll-binding Protein A (IsiA) -- 4.4 Phycobilisomes (PBSs) -- 5 Acaryochloris marina -- 5.1 Light-Harvesting Systems -- 5.1.1 Chl d-Binding Light-Harvesting Proteins -- 5.1.2 Phycobiliproteins -- 5.2 Photosystems -- 5.3 Biochemistry of Chlorophyll d -- 6 Chl f-Producing Cyanobacteria -- 6.1 Occurrence of Chl f-Producing Cyanobacteria -- 6.2 Chl f and Photosynthetic Reactions -- 6.3 Biochemistry of Chl f -- 7 Applications of Red-Shifted Chlorophylls -- References -- Cyanobacterial NDH-1-Photosystem I Supercomplex -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Identification -- 3 Function -- 4 Assembly -- 5 Evolutional Change -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Recent Progress on the LH1-RC Complexes of Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure of the LH1-RC Complexes -- 2.1 Overall Structure of LH1-RC Complex -- 2.2 Novel Structural Features of the Intact RC Complex. , 2.3 Potential Exchange Pathway for Quinones -- 2.4 Structural Basis for the Redshift and Enhanced Thermostability -- 3 Dynamic Process Involved in the LH1-RC -- 3.1 Exciton Delocalization and Relaxation on the LH1 Ring -- 3.2 LH1 → RC Energy Trapping -- 3.3 Charge Separation and Electron Transfer in RC -- 3.4 Carotenoid and Photo-Protection -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Composition, Organisation and Function of Purple Photosynthetic Machinery -- 1 General Introduction -- 2 Structural Components -- 2.1 Peripheral Antenna Complexes -- 2.1.1 Light-Harvesting Complex 2 -- 2.1.2 Light-Harvesting Complexes 3 and 4 -- 2.2 The Core Complex of Purple Bacterial Photosynthesis -- 2.2.1 Light-Harvesting Complex 1 -- 2.2.2 The Photochemical Reaction Centre -- 2.2.2.1 Quinones -- 2.2.3 Additional Core Complex Components -- 2.2.3.1 PufX -- 2.2.3.2 Protein W -- 2.2.3.3 The Gamma Subunit -- 2.2.4 Architectures of Core Complexes -- 2.3 Cofactors and Pigments -- 2.3.1 Carotenoids -- 2.3.2 Bacteriochlorophylls -- 2.3.3 Bacteriopheophytins -- 2.4 Cofactor-Cofactor and Protein-Protein Interactions -- 2.5 Assembly of Complexes -- 2.6 Spectroscopic Properties of Light-Harvesting Complexes -- 2.7 Cytochrome bc1 -- 2.8 ATP Synthase -- 2.9 Cytochrome c2 -- 3 Organisation and Assembly of Photosynthetic Membranes -- 3.1 Common Features of the Photosynthetic Membranes -- 3.2 Functional Importance of Photosynthetic Membrane Organisation -- 4 Energy Transfer -- 4.1 Transfer of Excitation Energy -- 4.2 Charge Separation in the RC -- 4.3 Electron Transfer in Cytochrome c2 -- 4.4 Modified Q Cycle -- 4.5 Proton Translocation and ATP Synthase -- 5 Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle -- References -- Redox Potentials of Quinones in Aqueous Solution: Relevance to Redox Potentials in Protein Environments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Em for Quinones in Water and in Protein Environments. , 3 Alternative Approach for Calculating Em of Quinones and Other Cofactors -- References -- Photosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: What We Have Learned So Far? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Photosynthetic Complexes Biogenesis and Regulation -- 2.1 Photosynthetic Genes Expression -- 2.2 Photosynthetic Pigments Biosynthesis -- 2.3 PSI Biogenesis and Functional Regulation -- 2.4 PSII Biogenesis and Functional Regulation -- 2.5 Photosynthetic Electron Transport -- 3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II: Photosynthesis and the Environment -- Photosynthetic Performances of Marine Microalgae Under Influences of Rising CO2 and Solar UV Radiation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Effects of Increasing CO2 Concentration and Declining pH -- 3 UV and Its Effect on Marine Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation -- 4 The Combined Effects of OA and UV Radiation -- 5 Perspectives -- References -- Acquisition of Inorganic Carbon by Microalgae and Cyanobacteria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rubisco and the Calvin Cycle Are Central Features of C Acquisition in All Cyanobacteria and Microalgae -- 3 Rubisco Also Has an Oxygenase Activity Which Leads to Inefficiencies in C Assimilation -- 4 Cyanobacteria and Microalgae Possess Mechanisms That Minimise the Effects of Unfavourable Rubisco Kinetics and Photorespiration -- 4.1 Evolution of Rubiscos More Favourable to the  Carboxylase Activity -- 4.2 CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms Increase CO2:O2 at the Rubisco Active Site -- 4.2.1 Biochemical CCMs -- 4.2.2 Biophysical CCMs -- 4.2.3 The Extent of CCM Activity -- 4.3 Heterotrophic Carbon Assimilation -- 4.3.1 Dark Carbon Fixation -- References -- Circadian Clocks in Cyanobacteria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Kai-Based Oscillator -- 3 Synchronization with the Environment -- 4 Coordination of Cellular Activities -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Iron Deficiency in Cyanobacteria. , 1 The Challenges of Iron Deficiency in Cyanobacteria -- 2 The Strategies for Adaptation to Iron Deficiency in Cyanobacteria -- 2.1 Retrenchment -- 2.2 Compensation -- 2.3 Acquisition -- 3 Important Iron-Deficiency Proteins in Cyanobacteria -- 3.1 IsiA -- 3.2 Fur -- 3.3 IdiA -- 3.4 PfsR -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Adaptive Mechanisms of the Model Photosynthetic Organisms, Cyanobacteria, to Iron Deficiency -- 1 The Feature of Cyanobacterial Cell Wall -- 2 The Distribution of Cyanobacteria and Its Significance in Global Primary Productivity -- 3 The Indissoluble Bond Between Cyanobacteria and Iron -- 4 Existence Form and Availability of Iron -- 5 The Physiological Functions of Iron in Cyanobacteria -- 6 Iron Limitation Hypothesis -- 7 Physiological Response of Cyanobacteria to Iron Limitation -- 7.1 Photosynthesis -- 7.2 Respiration -- 7.3 Nitrogen Fixation -- 7.4 Oxidative Stress -- 8 Adaptative Strategies of Cyanobacteria to Iron Limitation -- 8.1 Biosynthesis and Secretion of Iron Chelators -- 8.1.1 Types of Siderophores -- 8.1.2 Siderophore Biosynthesis and Phylogenetical Distribution in Cyanobacteria -- 8.1.3 Siderophore Secretion and Uptake in Cyanobacteria -- 8.2 Induction of Protective Proteins Such as IsiA to Avoid Photooxidation of Photosystem I -- 8.3 Decrease Iron Demand and Maintain a Lower Metabolic Level -- 8.4 Increase of Iron Uptake Capacity and Balance Active and Passive Transport -- 8.4.1 Active Transport of Siderophore-Chelated Iron and Unchelated, Inorganic Iron (Fe′) -- 8.4.2 Passive Diffusion: Uptake of Inorganic Free Iron -- 8.5 Optimize Ferrous and Ferric Iron Transport -- 8.6 Development of Special Cell Surface Structure to Facilitate Iron Adhesion and Uptake -- 8.7 Reduce the Cell Size and Increase Specific Surface Area to Facilitate Passive Diffusion of Iron -- 9 Signal Transduction of Iron Deficiency in Cyanobacteria. , 9.1 The Global Regulator Fur -- 9.2 PfsR -- 9.3 Noncoding RNA -- 10 Outlooks on Cyanobacterial Adaptive Strategies to Marine Iron Limitation -- References -- The Roles of sRNAs in Regulating Stress Responses in Cyanobacteria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods for Studying the Noncoding Transcriptomes of Cyanobacteria and Identifying Stress-Responsive sRNAs -- 3 sRNAs Involved in Stress Response Pathways -- 3.1 Light-Dependent Stress -- 3.2 Nitrogen Stress -- 3.3 Iron Homeostasis -- 4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Part III: Artificial Photosynthesis and Light-driven Biofactory -- Mimicking the Mn4CaO5-Cluster in Photosystem II -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure of the OEC -- 3 Mechanism for the Water-Splitting Reaction in the OEC -- 4 Challenge for the Synthesis of the OEC in Laboratory -- 5 Closer Mimicking of the OEC -- 6 Implications for the Mechanism of the Water-Splitting Reaction in OEC -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Photosynthetic Improvement of Industrial Microalgae for Biomass and Biofuel Production -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Genetic and Biological Engineering of Photosynthesis in Microalgae -- 2.1 Photoprotection Mechanisms and Antenna Size -- 2.2 Manipulation of Antenna and Its Size -- 2.3 Engineering of PS Pigments -- 2.4 Delivery of Heterologous Proteins to the Plastids of Target Species -- 3 Photosynthesis and Lipids -- 3.1 Classification of Lipids -- 3.2 Storage Lipids in Microalgae: Triacylglycerol -- 3.3 Functional Lipids in Microalgae -- 3.3.1 Membrane Lipids for Photosynthesis -- 3.3.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) for Plant Defense -- 3.3.3 Carotenoids for Stress Response and Photosynthesis -- References -- Self-Assembly, Organisation, Regulation, and Engineering of Carboxysomes: CO2-Fixing Prokaryotic Organelles -- 1 Bacterial Microcompartments -- 1.1 The BMC Shells -- 1.2 The BMC Cargo Enzymes. , 2 CO2-Concentrating Mechanisms and CO2 Uptake Systems.