Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Aims and Scope -- Series Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- Bonn Agreement Actions to Eliminate Illegal and Accidental Oil Pollution from Ships in the North Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 What Does the Bonn Agreement Cover? -- 3 Changes in Traffic Levels and Pollution: The BE-AWARE Project -- 3.1 Results from Phase I of the BE-AWARE Project -- 3.1.1 Sensitivity Analysis and Vulnerability Mapping -- 3.1.2 Quantitative Analysis of Oil Spill Risk -- 3.1.3 Qualitative Analysis of HNS Spill Risk -- 3.2 Conclusions -- 4 Marine Pollution Offences -- 4.1 Development of the North Sea Manual on Maritime Oil Pollution Offences -- 4.2 Purpose of the Manual -- 4.3 Chapters in the Manual -- 5 Surveillance -- 5.1 Zones of Responsibility (Control Zones) -- 5.2 Purpose of Surveillance Flights -- 5.3 Flight Types -- 5.3.1 National Flights -- 5.3.2 Regional Flights -- 5.3.3 Tour de Horizon Flights -- 5.3.4 Coordinated Extended Pollution Control Operation (CEPCO) -- 5.3.5 Aerial Surveillance Exercise -- 5.3.6 National Navigation Points -- 5.4 Reporting from Surveillance Flights -- 5.4.1 Reporting to Responsible Authorities -- 5.5 Surveillance Evidence: The Present -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- European Maritime Safety Agency CleanSeaNet Activities in the North Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of the European Maritime Safety Agency -- 2.1 EMSA Structure -- 2.2 The Developing Role of EMSA -- 3 EMSA Operational Tasks -- 3.1 Vessel Reporting Service -- 3.2 Integrated Maritime Services -- 3.3 Pollution Response Service -- 4 EMSA Earth Observation Services -- 4.1 Integrated Maritime Service Activities -- 4.2 CleanSeaNet Service -- 5 5 EMSA CSN First Generation Data by North Sea State, 2007-2011 -- 6 Conclusions -- References. , The Role of the International Maritime Organization in the Prevention of Illegal Oil Pollution from Ships: North Sea Special S... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Status Quo of the North Sea -- 2.1 Abstraction of Special Status Area -- 2.2 North Sea Special Status Area -- 3 Oil Discharge in the North Sea -- 3.1 Operational Discharge vs Illegal Discharge -- 3.2 Illegal Oil Pollution in the North Sea -- 4 The Role of IMO in the Prevention of Illegal Oil Pollution -- 4.1 A Critique of MARPOL 73/78 -- 4.2 European Union Directive and North Sea Coastal State Legislation -- 4.2.1 North Sea Coastal States Shift Towards Stringency -- 4.2.2 Directive 2005/35/EC as Distinguished from MARPOL 73/78 -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Oil Pollution in the Waters of the Danish Sector of the North Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Responsibility for Aerial Surveillance and Combating Oil Spills and Chemical Pollution at Sea -- 2.1 The Danish National Legal Framework for Marine Environmental Preparedness -- 2.1.1 The Danish Ministry of Defence´s Responsibility -- 2.1.2 The Danish Act on the Protection of the Marine Environment, Section 34 -- 2.1.3 Municipal Responsibility the Danish Act on the Protection of the Marine Environment, Section 35 -- 2.1.4 The Danish Act on the Protection of the Marine Environment, Section 35, Subsection 6 -- 2.1.5 Options -- 2.2 The Rule of International Law Based on the Marine Environment -- 2.2.1 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982 -- 2.2.2 The MARPOL Convention -- 2.3 Multilateral Agreements in Relation to the Marine Environment -- 2.3.1 The Bonn Agreement -- 2.3.2 The Copenhagen Agreement [9] -- 2.3.3 Trilateral Agreements: DENGERNETH [10] -- 3 National Organization and Responsibilities -- 3.1 Geographical Responsibilities and Allocation of Responsibilities. , 3.1.1 Drilling Rigs, Production Platforms (Oil and Gas), Subsea Pipelines and Similar Installations -- 3.1.2 The Macondo/Deep-Water Horizon Oil Spill -- 3.1.3 Oil Spill Contingency Plans (OSCP) -- OSCPs for Offshore Operators in Denmark -- Coordination During Spill Identification and Spill Recovery -- 3.1.4 Aerial Surveillance -- Danish Sea Environmental Aircraft -- German Sea Environmental Aircraft -- EMSA -- Tour d´Horizon [16] -- Coordinated Extended Pollution Control Operations (CEPCOs) [16] -- 3.1.5 Oil Pollution Response -- Combat Readiness in the Form of Environmental Equipped Ships -- Combating Methods Used in Connection With Oil Spills in the Danish Sector of the North Sea -- International Cooperation Regarding Oil Spill Response -- OSPAR: International Cooperation to Protect the Marine Environment -- 3.2 Marine Environment Organization -- 3.2.1 Organization for Oil Pollution and Chemical Pollution Response at Sea -- 3.2.2 Organization for Oil Pollution Response and Chemical Pollution Response on the Coast and in Harbours -- 3.3 Sailing Equipment for Oil Spill Response -- 3.3.1 Danish Naval Assets -- 3.3.2 Rescue Boats -- 3.3.3 The Danish Naval Home Guard -- 3.3.4 Cooperation with Private Stakeholders -- Maersk Oil and Gas/Esbjerg Guard Ship Company -- 3.4 Other Partners -- 3.4.1 The Danish Emergency Management Agency -- 3.4.2 The Local Authority´s Preparedness -- 3.4.3 Nord -- 3.4.4 The Police -- 4 Preventive Measures on the Marine Environment -- 4.1 The Safety of Navigation in the Danish Sector of the North Sea -- 4.2 Hailing of Ships -- 5 Oil Spill Statistics -- 5.1 Incidents in the Period 2010-2014 -- 5.1.1 Collision Between Golden Trader and Vidar -- 5.1.2 Spill of Crude Oil During Bunkering from the Syd Arne Platform -- 5.1.3 Other Incidents -- 5.2 Observations of Possible Oil in the Danish Sector of the North Sea. , 5.2.1 All Observed Spills in the Danish Sector of the North Sea Using Bonn Agreement Data -- 5.2.2 Observed Spills from Oil Platforms -- 5.2.3 Observed Discharges from Shipsy -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Oil Pollution In and Around the Waters of Belgium -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Ecological Importance of Belgian Waters and Shores -- 1.2 Socioeconomic Importance of Belgian Waters and Shores -- 1.3 A Key Risk Area for Ship-Source Pollution -- 2 Illegal Oil Discharges from Ships -- 2.1 Aerial Surveillance as Method for Monitoring Oil Pollution In and Around the Waters of Belgium -- 2.2 Significant Decrease in Chronic Oil Pollution Pressure -- 3 Accidental Marine Pollution -- 3.1 Historical Overview of Shipping Accidents with (Risk for) Accidental Oil Pollution -- 3.2 Outcome of Recent Risk Assessment Studies -- 3.3 Oil Pollution Prevention, Preparedness and Response -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Oil Pollution in the Dutch Sector of the North Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Study Area -- 3 Terminology -- 4 History of Oil Pollution in Dutch Waters -- 4.1 When It All Started: Oil Pollution in Dutch Waters, 1915-1968 -- 4.2 A Period of Technological Developments: Monitoring Oil Pollution in 1969-1991 -- 4.3 Monitoring Oil Pollution in Recent Years: 1992-2011 -- 5 Statistical Analysis of Recent Trends in SLAR Detections -- 5.1 Annual Trend -- 5.2 Spatial Patterns -- 5.3 Seasonal Patterns -- 5.4 Diurnal Patterns -- 6 Law Enforcement -- 7 Discussion -- References -- Oil Pollution in the Waters of the United Kingdom North Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Review of Vessel-Source Oil Pollution in the UK Waters -- 3 Oil Pollution, North Sea and UK Legislation -- 3.1 Inclusion of Conventions in Current UK National Law -- 3.2 UK and North Sea International Agreements -- 4 Obscured Oil Pollution Intervention and the UK Legal Regime. , 4.1 An Analysis of UK Intervention Policy for the North Sea -- 4.2 Comparison with Australian Legislation -- 5 Instruments Against Illegal Oil Discharge -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- The German Operational Monitoring System in the North Sea: Sensors, Methods and Example Data -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The German Part of the North Sea -- 1.2 Sensitivity of the German North Sea Coast to Oil Pollution -- 1.3 The ``Wadden Sea´´: A Sensitive Environment -- 2 History and Projects -- 2.1 Historical Experiments -- 3 Monitoring System and Sensors -- 3.1 Airborne Sensors -- 3.2 Spaceborne Sensors -- 3.3 Combined Monitoring System -- 4 Example Data -- 4.1 Statistics -- 4.1.1 ``Clean Seas´´ Statistics -- 4.1.2 Combined Statistics -- 5 Application of Chemical Dispersants in Intertidal Waters -- 5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Application of Chemical Dispersants -- 5.2 Modelling in Case of an Accident -- 5.3 Modelling for Risk Analyses -- 6 Summary -- References -- Beached Bird Surveys in the North Sea as an Instrument to Measure Levels of Chronic Oil Pollution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Beached Bird Surveys Around the North Sea: Historical Overview -- 3 The Development of a Monitoring Instrument -- 4 OSPAR EcoQOs and Oil Pollution -- 5 Oil Pollution and Stranded Seabirds in the 1950s-1970s -- 6 Oil Pollution and Stranded Seabirds in the 1980s and 1990s -- 7 Recent Patterns and Trends -- 8 Discussion -- References -- Monitoring Oil Pollution from Oil and Gas Installations in the North Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Role of the OSPAR Commission in Monitoring Oil Inputs from Oil and Gas Industry -- 2.1 OSPAR Offshore Industry Committee Role and Responsibilities -- 2.2 Measures Relating to Discharges Contaminated with Oil -- 2.3 Measures Relating to the Use and Discharge of Drilling Fluids and Cuttings. , 3 The Role of the Bonn Agreement in Monitoring Oil Pollution in the North Sea.