Note: Intro -- Preface: Diversity of the Physical Phenomena in Biological Surfaces -- References -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Receptors -- Chapter 1: Cuticle as Functional Interface in Insect Infrared Receptors -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Physical Properties of Infrared Radiation -- 1.3 IR Receptors in Pyrophilous Insects -- 1.4 Bolometer Like IR Receptors in Acanthocnemus and Merimna -- 1.4.1 The 'little ash beetle' Acanthocnemus nigricans -- 1.4.1.1 Pyrophilous Behavior -- 1.4.1.2 The Prothoracic IR Organs -- 1.4.2 IR receptors in Merimna atrata -- 1.4.2.1 Pyrophilous Behavior -- 1.4.2.2 The Abdominal IR Organs -- 1.5 Photomechanic IR Receptors in Melanophila Beetles and Pyrophilous Flat Bugs of the Genus Aradus -- 1.5.1 IR Pit Organs in Melanophila Beetles -- 1.5.1.1 Pyrophilous Behaviour -- 1.5.1.2 The Metathoracic IR Organs -- 1.5.2 IR Receptors in Pyrophilous Aradus Bugs -- 1.5.2.1 Pyrophilous Behavior -- 1.5.2.2 The Thoracic IR Organs -- 1.6 Discussion -- 1.6.1 The Cuticle As an Effective IR Absorber -- 1.6.2 Different Routes of Converting IR Quantum Energy into Bioelectrical Signals -- References -- Part II: Photonics -- Chapter 2: Arthropod Corneal Nanocoatings: Diversity, Mechanisms, and Functions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Functions of Corneal Nanostructures -- 2.2.1 Optical Properties of the Arthropod Eye Nanocoatings -- 2.2.2 Anti-Wetting, Self-Cleaning and Antimicrobial Properties of Arthropod Corneal Nanocoatings -- 2.3 Hypotheses of Formation of Corneal Nanostructures -- 2.3.1 Physical, Chemical and Biological Mechanisms of Formation of Corneal Nanostructures -- 2.3.1.1 The Reaction-Diffusion Model -- 2.3.1.2 Formation of Order in the Nipple Arrays -- 2.3.1.3 The Block Copolymer Model of Nanostructure Formation -- 2.3.1.4 The Genetics of the Nanostructure Formation -- 2.3.2 Ontogenesis of the Corneal Nanostructures. , References -- Chapter 3: Photonics in Nature: From Order to Disorder -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Theoretical Background -- 3.2.1 The Fourier Transform -- 3.2.2 Structure Factor and Crystallography -- 3.2.3 Light Coherence -- 3.3 Ordered and Quasi-Ordered Photonic Structures -- 3.3.1 One-Dimensional Photonic Structures -- 3.3.1.1 Periodic Multilayers in Nature -- 3.3.1.2 Zig-Zag, Chirped, and Fractal Multilayers -- 3.3.1.3 Helicoids -- 3.3.1.4 Diffraction Gratings -- 3.3.2 Two-Dimensional Photonic Structures -- 3.3.2.1 Modelling of Photonic Structures -- 3.3.2.2 Analysing Order and Disorder in 2D Structures -- 3.3.2.3 Diatoms -- 3.3.3 Three-Dimensional Photonic Structures -- 3.3.3.1 Polycrystalline Structures -- 3.3.3.2 Short-Range Ordered Structures -- 3.4 Random Photonic Structures -- 3.4.1 Refractive Index Matching: Diphylleia grayi -- 3.4.2 The Whitest Natural Material: The Cyphochilus Genus -- 3.5 Hierarchical Structures at the Surface -- 3.5.1 Diffractive Surfaces on the Morpho Butterfly Wings -- 3.5.1.1 Wing Structure and Appearance -- 3.5.1.2 Hierarchical Organisation -- 3.5.2 Pixellated Surfaces -- 3.6 Outlook -- References -- Part III: Wetting Phenomena -- Chapter 4: Moisture-Harvesting Reptiles: A Review -- 4.1 The Integument's Diverse Functions -- 4.2 Moisture-Harvesting Reptiles -- 4.3 Stereotypical Moisture-Harvesting Behavior -- 4.4 Adaptations of the Integument to Enable Moisture-Harvesting -- 4.4.1 Improved Wettability by Micro Structure -- 4.4.2 Directional Water Transport in Channels -- 4.5 Outlook: Biomimetical Transfer -- References -- Chapter 5: The Velamen Radicum of Orchids: A Special Porous Structure for Water Absorption and Gas Exchange -- 5.1 The Velamen Radicum -- 5.2 The Structure of the Velamen Radicum -- 5.3 The Special Case of Leafless Orchids -- 5.4 Final Remarks -- References. , Chapter 6: Sucking the Oil: Adsorption Ability of Three-Dimensional Epicuticular Wax Coverages in Plants As a Possible Mechanism Reducing Insect Wet Adhesion -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Results -- 6.2.1 Modification of the Water Drops -- 6.2.2 Modification of the Oil Drops -- 6.3 Discussion -- 6.4 Methods -- 6.4.1 Samples -- 6.4.2 Experiments -- 6.4.2.1 Cryo Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 6.4.2.2 Apparent Contact Angle Measurements -- 6.4.2.3 Adsorption Experiments -- 6.4.2.4 Numerical Analysis of Experimental Data -- References -- Part IV: Adhesion -- Chapter 7: Examples of Bioadhesives for Defence and Predation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Defence -- 7.2.1 Centipedes -- 7.2.1.1 Lithobiomorpha - Telopodal Glands -- 7.2.1.2 Geophilomorpha - Sternal (Defensive) Glands -- 7.2.2 Salamanders -- 7.2.3 Hagfish -- 7.3 Predation -- 7.3.1 Trapping Approach -- 7.3.1.1 Glowworm -- 7.3.1.2 Comb Jellies -- 7.3.2 Direct Attack -- 7.3.2.1 Spitting Spider -- 7.3.2.2 Velvet Worms -- References -- Chapter 8: Visualization of the Number of Tarsal Adhesive Setae Used During Normal and Ceiling Walk in a Ladybird Beetle: A Case Study -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Insects -- 8.2.2 Visualization of Applied Tarsal Setae During Normal and Ceiling Walk -- 8.2.3 Estimation of the Number of Setae Used During Normal and Ceiling Walk -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.4 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9: Comparative Study of Tongue Surface Microstructure and Its Possible Functional Significance in Frogs -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Experimental -- 9.3 Results -- 9.3.1 Tongue Surface Structures -- 9.3.2 Three-Dimensional Organization of the Tongue Tissue -- 9.4 Discussion -- References -- Part V: Friction -- Chapter 10: Mucus Matters: The Slippery and Complex Surfaces of Fish -- 10.1 Introduction - Fish Surfaces. , 10.2 Fish Scales - Complex Surfaces -- 10.2.1 Scale Types: A Classification -- 10.2.2 Hypotheses for Functional Diversity in Scales -- 10.2.3 Investigating Scales - SEM, μCT, Histology, and Profilometry -- 10.3 Slippery Surfaces - How Mucus Changes Fish Skin Texture -- 10.3.1 Fish Surfaces with Mucus -- 10.3.2 What Mucus Means for Hypotheses of Function -- 10.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 11: Surface-Contacts During Mating in Beetles: Stiffness Gradient of the Beetle Penis Facilitates Propulsion in the Spiraled Female Spermathecal Duct -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Results -- 11.2.1 Autofluorescence Composition Along the Flagellums -- 11.2.2 Numerical Simulation -- 11.3 Discussion -- 11.4 Methods -- 11.4.1 Autofluorescence Composition of the Male Flagellum and Female Spermathecal Duct -- 11.4.2 Numerical Model -- References -- Index.