Note: Intro -- Foreword to the Second Edition -- Foreword to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notation -- Basic Concepts -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Motivation -- 1.2 Historical Perspective -- 1.3 Modern Approaches -- References -- 2 Polarized Light -- 2.1 Polarization of Coherent Electromagnetic Radiation -- 2.1.1 Maxwell's Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation -- 2.1.2 The Polarization Ellipse -- 2.1.3 Parameterization of Polarization: Stokes Vectors -- 2.1.4 The Principal Frame -- 2.1.5 The Poincaré Sphere -- 2.2 Electric Dipole Radiation from Atomic Transitions -- 2.2.1 Coordinate Frames, Scattering Amplitudes, and Stokes Parameters -- 2.2.2 Atomic State Parameters, Electron Charge Clouds, and Their Experimental Determination -- 2.2.3 The Incoherent Case with Conservation of Atomic Reflection Symmetry -- 2.2.4 The Incoherent Case Without Conservation of Atomic Reflection Symmetry -- 2.2.5 Summary of Parameterization for P-State Excitation -- 2.2.6 Extension to Coherently Excited Stark Manifolds -- References -- 3 Polarized Electrons -- 3.1 The Dirac Equation -- 3.2 Pure Spin States: State Vector Description -- 3.3 Mixed Spin States: Density Matrix Description -- 3.4 Experimental Determination of Electron Polarization -- References -- 4 Experimental Geometries and Approaches -- 4.1 Integrated Cross Sections and Alignment -- 4.1.1 Schematic Setup for Angle-Integrated Measurements -- 4.1.2 Setups with Results for Electron Impact and Atom Impact Excitation -- 4.2 Differential Cross Sections -- 4.2.1 Schematic Setups for Angle-Differential Measurements -- 4.2.2 A Setup with Results for Electron--Atom Collisions -- 4.2.3 The Magnetic Angle Changer -- 4.2.4 Setups with Results for Electron Impact Ionization -- 4.2.5 A Setup with Results for Atom Impact Excitation. , 4.3 Planar Scattering Symmetry: Alignment and Orientation Parameters -- 4.3.1 Schematic Setups for Coherence and Correlation Analysis -- 4.3.2 Setups with Results for Electron Impact Excitation and De-excitation -- 4.3.3 Setups with Results for Atom Impact Excitation -- 4.4 Generalized STU Parameters for Electron Collisions -- 4.5 Generalized Stokes Parameters for Electron--Atom Collisions -- 4.6 Atom--Atom Collisions with Laser-Prepared Targets -- References -- 5 Density Matrices: Connection Between Experiment and Theory -- 5.1 Motivation -- 5.2 Scattering Amplitudes -- 5.2.1 Scattering Amplitudes in Different Coordinate Frames -- 5.2.2 Symmetry Properties -- 5.2.3 Scattering Amplitudes in the Non-relativistic Limit -- 5.3 Density Matrices -- 5.4 An Explicit Example: Generalized STU Parameters -- 5.4.1 Definition in Terms of Scattering Amplitudes -- 5.4.2 Exact Symmetry Relationships -- 5.4.3 An Approximate Symmetry: The Fine-Structure Effect -- 5.5 Irreducible Tensor Operators and State Multipoles -- 5.5.1 Basic Definitions -- 5.5.2 Coupled Systems -- 5.5.3 Time Evolution of State Multipoles: Quantum Beats -- 5.5.4 Time Integration over Quantum Beats -- 5.6 Stokes Parameters -- 5.7 Atomic and Photon Density Matrices for P-State Excitation -- References -- 6 Computational Methods -- 6.1 Electron Versus Heavy-Particle Impact -- 6.2 Computational Methods for Electron Scattering -- 6.2.1 Potential Scattering -- 6.2.2 Perturbation Approaches -- 6.2.3 The Close-Coupling Expansion -- 6.2.4 Time-Dependent Approaches -- 6.2.5 Recent Developments -- 6.3 Computational Methods for Heavy-Particle Collisions -- 6.3.1 Semi-classical Approaches -- 6.3.2 Classical-Trajectory Monte-Carlo Approach -- 6.4 Visualization of Charge Clouds -- References -- Case Studies -- 7 Electron Impact Excitation -- 7.1 Angle-Integrated Stokes Parameters and Cross Sections. , 7.1.1 Excitation of the (6s6p) States in Hg -- 7.1.2 Excitation of Ions: Cd+(2P3/2) -- 7.1.3 An Unresolved Mystery: Electron Impact Excitation of (4s5s)3S1 in Zn and (6s7s)3S1 in Hg -- 7.2 Angle-Differential Stokes and STU Parameters -- 7.2.1 Electron Impact Excitation of Helium -- 7.2.2 Electron Impact Excitation of Hydrogen, Lithium, and Sodium -- 7.2.3 Electron Impact Excitation of Heavy Noble Gases -- 7.2.4 Electron Impact Excitation of Mercury -- 7.2.5 Elastic Electron Scattering from Cesium -- 7.2.6 Recent Developments in Electron Scattering from Cesium -- 7.3 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Ion and Atom Impact Excitation -- 8.1 Angle-Differential S rightarrow P, D Excitation and Transfer -- 8.1.1 S rightarrow P, D Excitation in Mg+- and Li-Rare-Gas Systems -- 8.1.2 S rightarrow P Transfer Excitation in B3+-He, Ne Collisions -- 8.1.3 S rightarrow P Transfer in Small-Angle H+, Li+-Na(3s) Collisions -- 8.1.4 Vortex Formation in Antiproton-Atomic-Hydrogen Collisions -- 8.2 Angle-Integrated Alignment Studies Using Optically Prepared Targets -- 8.2.1 Alignment Effects in H+, Li+-Na(3p) Collisions -- 8.2.2 Alignment Effects in He2+-Na(3p) Collisions -- 8.3 Angle-Differential Studies Using Optically Prepared Targets -- 8.3.1 Level Populations in H+-Na(3p)rightarrowH(n=2,3)-Na+ Scattering -- 8.3.2 Level Populations in Li+-Na(3p)rightarrowLi(2p)-Na+ Scattering -- 8.3.3 Level Populations in He+ - Na(3p)rightarrowHe(2p)-Na+ Scattering -- 8.4 Angle-Differential Studies Using Optically Prepared -- 8.4.1 H+-Na(3p)rightarrowH (2p)-Na+ Scattering Experiments -- 8.4.2 Li+-Na(3p)rightarrowLi(2p)--Na+ Scattering Experiments -- 8.5 Reaction Microscope Studies: COLTRIMS with Alkali MOTs -- 8.5.1 Li+ Capture from a Na (3s, 3p) MOT -- 8.5.2 Na+ Capture from a Rb (5p) MOT -- References -- 9 Propensity Rules. , 9.1 Orientation for S to P Impact Excitation by Electrons and Positrons -- 9.2 Orientation for S to P Impact Excitation by Protons and Antiprotons -- 9.3 Orientation for Excitation and De-Excitation by Electrons and Positrons -- 9.4 Principal Quantum Number Dependence of Orientation and Alignment Parameters -- 9.5 Spin-Dependent Propensities -- 9.6 Validity Limits of Propensity Rules -- 9.6.1 Electron Impact Excitation of Neon -- 9.6.2 Electron Impact Excitation of He(1s3d)1D -- References -- 10 Impact Ionization -- 10.1 Ionization by Electron Impact -- 10.1.1 Angle-Integrated Studies -- 10.1.2 Angle-Differential Studies -- 10.1.3 Selected Developments Since 2001 -- 10.2 Ionization by Heavy-Particle Impact: Reaction Microscope Studies with Optically Prepared Targets -- 10.3 Ionization with Excitation by Heavy-Particle Impact -- 10.3.1 Angle-Integrated Studies -- 10.3.2 Angle-Differential Studies -- References -- 11 Photo-Driven Processes -- 11.1 Introductory Remarks -- 11.2 Photoionization by Continuous Radiation -- 11.3 Photoionization by Short-Pulse Radiation -- References -- 12 Related Topics and Applications -- 12.1 Spin-Polarized Auger Electrons -- 12.2 Autoionization Anisotropies in Heavy-Particle Collisions -- 12.3 Collisions with Molecules -- 12.3.1 Electron Collisions with Molecules -- 12.3.2 Heavy-Particle Collisions with Molecules -- 12.4 Collisions with Surfaces and Foils -- 12.5 Polarization in Collisional Broadening and Redistribution -- 12.6 Alignment and Orientation Studies at Thermal Energies -- 12.6.1 Alignment Studies Involving an Optically Prepared Atom -- 12.6.2 Alignment and Orientation Studies Involving Two Optically Prepared Atoms -- 12.7 Plasma Polarization Spectroscopy -- 12.8 Spin-Polarized Beams for Nuclear and Particle Physics -- 12.9 Quantum Entanglement and Bell Correlation in Electron-Exchange Collisions. , References -- Selection of Historical Papers (1925-1976) -- 13 Introductory Summaries -- Appendix Further Readings -- Index.