Note: Intro -- Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Reference -- Acknowledgement -- 1 Introduction: Prehistoric Remains on the Continental Shelf - Why do Sites and Landscapes Survive Inundation? -- The Big Question -- General Issues -- Recent History of Collaboration -- Outline of this Book -- Conventions and Standards -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Sea Level and Climate -- Introduction -- Tectonic and Geological Setting of Europe with Special Reference to the Shelf and Marginal Seas -- Proto-Europe -- Paleo-Europe -- Meso-Europe -- Neo-Europe -- Quaternary Climate and Sea-level Change -- The Quaternary and European Sedimentary Environments -- Glacio-isostatic Adjustment and Relative Sea-level Modeling -- The Baltic Glacio-isostatic Adjustments -- North Sea and Atlantic Shelf from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Atlantic Period -- Tectonic Controls: The Mediterranean Sea -- A Hydrologic System: The Black Sea since MIS 2 -- Holocene Climate and Coastal Morphodynamics -- Climate -- Coastal morphodynamics -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Non-Cultural Processes of Site Formation, Preservation and Destruction -- Introduction -- The Continental Shelf Profile, Landscape, and Factors Determining Site Survival on Different Timescales -- Effect of sea-level variation on the shelf profile -- Assessments of How and Why Sites Survive or are Destroyed in the Long, Intermediate, or Short Term -- Effects of coastal and shallow water processes on the timescale of 100 years to 20,000 years -- Processes in the short term: weeks to 100-1000 years -- Site Formation and Coastal Landscapes and Processes -- High latitude (> -- 50°N) rock weathering -- Glacial erosion and transport -- Eolian erosion and transport -- Mid latitude (50°N-30°N) rock weathering. , Fluvial erosion, transport and coastline evolution -- Early diagenesis -- Substrate and coastal physiography -- Selected Case Examples -- Golfe du Morbihan, Brittany, France, 5000 BP to 4500 BP -- Pavlopetri, southern Greece, 5000 BP -- Southwest Baltic, Danish and German coasts -- Western UK and Severn Estuary, 8000 BP to 6000 BP -- Atlit-Yam, Israel, Pre-Pottery Neolithic, 8000 BP -- Bouldnor Cliff, Isle of Wight, UK, 8000 BP -- Rotterdam Port, the Netherlands, North Sea, 30,000 BP to 10,000 BP -- Cap Lévi, Anse de La Mondrée, France, 100 ka -- A240 concession, East Anglia, UK, North Sea, 300 ka to 250 ka -- Value of Understanding the Submerged Landscape: Sites in Context -- Environmental and Industrial Threats to Known Sites and Preserved Submerged Landscapes -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Standard Core Variables for Continental Shelf Prehistoric Research and Their Availability -- Introduction: The Concept of Core Variables -- Suggested Core Variables for All European Sea Areas -- Characteristics and Sources for Core Variables -- Bathymetry -- Relevance of electronic charts: ECDIS -- Available multibeam surveys, areas covered -- Coastlines and coastal processes -- Coastal processes: coastal behavior and erosion -- Solid substrate geology and Quaternary geology -- Sediments -- European-scale data on Quaternary marine and coastal features -- Sub-bottom acoustic data -- Seabed core data -- Examples of Seabed Features Relating to Terrestrial Landscapes -- Automatic Feature Recognition -- Recommendations -- References -- 5 The Baltic Sea Basin -- Introduction -- General description -- Coastlines -- Bathymetry -- Data sources -- Earth Sciences -- Pre-Quaternary geology -- Pleistocene and Holocene sediment thickness -- Data sources -- Climate and ice-sheet history -- Data sources -- Development of the Baltic Sea: alternating lake and marine stages. , Postglacial rebound, relative shore-level changes and evolution of coastlines -- Paleogeographic reconstructions -- Evidence for Submerged Terrestrial Landforms -- Potential for Prehistoric Archaeological Site Survival -- Conclusion and Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 The Northwest Shelf -- Introduction -- Taphonomic Processes -- Paleoenvironmental Change -- Evidence Base -- Conclusion -- Data Sources -- Bathymetry -- Substrate/geology/geomorphology -- Oceanographic processes -- Quaternary paleoenvironments -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 The North Sea -- Introduction -- Physical Geography and Modern Environment -- Quaternary Background and Paleogeographic Framework -- Early Pleistocene -- Middle Pleistocene -- Late Pleistocene up to the Last Glacial Maximum -- Late Glacial and Holocene -- Outlook on data, mapping and reconstruction quality -- Evidence of Submerged Landscapes on the Shelf -- Taphonomy -- Taphonomic variables -- Mapping archaeological potential -- Conclusion -- Data sources/Useful links -- Belgium -- Denmark -- Germany -- Norway -- The Netherlands -- UK -- General -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Northern North Sea and Atlantic Northwest Approaches -- Introduction -- Earth Sciences and Sources of Data -- Geomorphological background -- Data sources: BGS seabed sediments and Quaternary sheets 1:250,000 -- Background Bedrock and Quaternary Geology -- Bedrock geology -- Quaternary geology -- Bathymetry -- Post-Last Glacial Maximum Climate, Sea Level and Paleoshorelines -- Late Glacial shoreline isobase map -- Holocene Relative Sea-Level Changes -- Models of Postglacial Isostatic Adjustment -- Relative Sea-Level Changes -- Rockall -- St. Kilda -- Outer Hebrides -- Northwest Scotland mainland -- Northeast Scotland and the Northern Isles -- Taphonomy and Potential for Archaeological Site Survival. , Potential Example Areas for Future Work -- Known Submerged Finds -- Areas of high potential -- Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 9 Paleolandscapes of the Celtic Sea and the Channel/La Manche -- Introduction -- Earth Sciences and Sources of Data -- Modern coastline, best sources of high-resolution data -- Data sources -- Wetlands, deltas, marshes, lagoons, coastal lakes -- Coastal geomorpho-dynamics, erosion, accumulation -- Solid geology -- Bathymetry -- Vertical earth movements -- Pleistocene and Holocene sediment thickness on the continental shelf -- Post-LGM Climate, Sea Level, and Paleoshorelines -- General climatic conditions and changes after the LGM -- Evolution of sea level and coastline since the LGM -- Climate conditions on the shelf -- Evidence for Submerged Terrestrial Landforms and Ecology -- Submerged river valleys -- Descriptions or maps of known seabed-submerged terrestrial features -- Paleoclimate and faunal indicators -- Taphonomy and Potential for Archaeological Site Survival -- Oceanographic conditions, wind, waves, and currents -- Areas with the potential for discovery of archaeological material -- Zone A: Celtic Sea, shelf margin, and Western Approaches up to the Start-Cotentin Ridge -- Zone B: The Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary -- Zone C: The central English Channel from the Start-Cotentin Ridge to Beachy Head -- Zone D: The eastern Channel -- General conclusions about possibility of site preservation -- Potential Example Areas for Future Work -- References -- 10 Irish Sea and Atlantic Margin -- Introduction -- Earth Sciences -- Modern coastline and physical processes -- Solid geology -- Bathymetry, sources of bathymetric data and digital archives -- Pleistocene and Holocene sediment thickness on the continental shelf -- Data sources -- Post-LGM Climate and Sea-Level Change -- Climate change and ice-sheet evolution. , Sea-level and paleogeographic change -- Shelf climate -- Shelf paleoenvironments (floral evidence) -- Shelf paleoenvironments (faunal evidence) -- Submerged Landscape Evidence -- Paleochannels -- Glacial features -- Paleoshoreline features -- Former terrestrial environments -- Taphonomy and Potential for Archaeological Site Survival -- Potential Areas for Future Work -- Regions with least and highest chance of site survival -- Prioritization of potential sites -- Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 11 The Iberian Atlantic Margin -- Introduction -- Geomorphological Framework of the Iberian Atlantic Margin -- Northern margin -- Northwestern margin: northern Nazaré canyon -- Western margin: southern Nazaré canyon to Cape Sines -- Western margin between Cape Sines and Cape St. Vicente -- Southern margin between Cape St. Vicente and Cape Santa Maria -- Gulf of Cádiz -- Marine Climate -- Northwestern coast -- Western coast -- Southern coast between Cape St. Vicente and Cape Santa Maria -- Quaternary Evolution -- Past Landscapes and Their Preservation -- Data Sources -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 The Western Mediterranean Sea -- Introduction -- Earth Sciences and Sources of Data -- Modern coastline: best sources of high-resolution data -- Solid geology -- Bathymetry -- Vertical earth movements -- Pleistocene and Holocene sediment thickness on the continental shelf -- Post-LGM Climate, Sea Level and Paleoshorelines -- General climatic conditions -- Evolution of sea level and coastline since the LGM -- Broad classification of the climate conditions on the shelf -- Submerged Terrestrial Landforms and Ecology -- Submerged river valleys -- Seabed submerged terrestrial features -- Regional paleoclimate and vegetation indicators, peat, pollen, organics -- Climate variability and marine productivity. , Taphonomy and Potential for Archaeological Site Survival.