Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Biodiversity and Evolution of Parasitic Life in the Southern Ocean -- References -- Chapter 2: Antarctica: The Peculiar World -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3: The History of Antarctic Parasitological Research -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Early Years (1853-1920) -- 3.3 1929-1950 -- 3.4 1951-1960 -- 3.5 1961-1970 -- 3.6 1971-1980 -- 3.7 1981-2000 -- 3.8 2001-2016 -- 3.9 Antarctic Parasitology Research in the Future -- References -- Chapter 4: Biodiversity and Host Specificity of Monogenea in Antarctic Fish Species -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Biodiversity of Antarctic Monogenea -- 4.2.1 Monopisthocotylea -- 4.2.1.1 Gyrodactylidae -- 4.2.1.2 Tetraonchoididae -- 4.2.1.3 Capsalidae -- 4.2.2 Polyopisthocotylea -- 4.3 Host Specificity of Antarctic Monogenea -- 4.4 Biogeography of Antarctic Monogenea -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Biodiversity and Evolution of Digeneans of Fishes in the Southern Ocean -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Historical Notes -- 5.1.2 The Southern Ocean -- 5.1.3 Developing Knowledge of Digenean Diversity in the Southern Ocean -- 5.1.3.1 Exploring the Taxonomy of the Digeneans in the Southern Ocean -- 5.1.3.2 Faunistic and Ecological Studies -- 5.2 Digeneans in Fishes of the Southern Ocean: Taxonomic Diversity and Patterns of Host-Specificity -- 5.3 Contemporary Diversity Assessment: Current Baselines -- 5.3.1 Importance of Baselines for Prediction of Global Changes -- 5.3.2 Spatial Distribution of Host and Parasite Diversity -- 5.4 Phylogenetic Framework: First Molecular Data for Digeneans in the Southern Ocean -- 5.5 Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 6: Cestodes and Nematodes of Antarctic Fishes and Birds -- 6.1 Cestodes of Antarctic Fishes and Birds -- 6.1.1 Introduction. , 6.1.2 Systematic Review of Cestodes Parasitizing Fishes -- 6.1.2.1 Cestodes of Skates -- 6.1.2.2 Cestodes of Bony Fishes -- 6.1.3 Systematic Review of Cestodes Parasitizing Birds -- 6.1.4 Review of Larval Forms Occurring in Teleosts -- 6.1.5 Life Cycle Biology of Antarctic Cestodes -- 6.2 Nematodes of Antarctic Fishes and Birds -- 6.2.1 Introduction -- 6.2.2 Systematic Review of Nematodes Parasitizing Fishes -- 6.2.3 Systematic Review of Nematodes Parasitizing Birds -- References -- Chapter 7: Inventorying Biodiversity of Anisakid Nematodes from the Austral Region: A Hotspot of Genetic Diversity? -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 How Many Anisakid Species Are There? -- 7.3 The Current Taxonomy of Anisakis spp. from the Austral Region -- 7.4 The Current Taxonomy of Pseudoterranova spp. from the Austral Region -- 7.5 The Current Taxonomy of Contracaecum spp. from the Austral Region -- 7.5.1 The Contracaecum osculatum (s. l.) Complex of Species -- 7.5.2 The Contracaecum ogmorhini Species Complex -- 7.6 Current Methods for the Identification of Anisakid Nematodes from the Austral Region -- 7.7 Host Preference in Anisakid Nematodes and Host-­Parasite Co-phylogenetic Pathways -- 7.8 Anisakids as Indicators of Trophic Web Stability and Habitat Disturbance of Marine Ecosystems from the Austral Region -- 7.9 Are Those Anisakids Species from the Austral Region of Zoonotic Importance to Humans? -- 7.10 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 8: Acanthocephalans in Sub-Antarctic and Antarctic -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Checklist of the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Acanthocephala -- 8.3 Representatives of Acanthocephalans Genera Occurring in Antarctica and Sub-Antarctica -- References -- Chapter 9: Macroparasites in Antarctic Penguins -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Diversity and Richness of Helminth Parasites. , 9.3 Life Cycles and Source of Infection of Helminths -- 9.4 Ectoparasites -- 9.5 Prevalence and Parasitism Intensity -- 9.6 Parasite Effects on Antarctic Penguins -- 9.7 Potential Effects of Climate Change -- 9.8 Conclusions and Future Prospective -- References -- Chapter 10: Lice on Seals in the Antarctic Waters and Lice in Temperate Climates -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Morphology of Antarctophthirius ogmorhini -- 10.2.1 General Aspects -- 10.2.2 Peculiarities of Antarctophthirius ogmorhini -- 10.2.3 Comparisons to Other Lice -- 10.3 Transmission of Agents of Diseases -- References and Further reading -- Index.