Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction to the Application of Paleoecological Techniques in Estuaries -- 1 Natural Variability -- 2 Human Impacts -- 2.1 Climate Change -- 2.2 Human Activity Within Estuaries and Their Catchments -- 3 Paleoecology -- 4 Summary and Purpose of This Book -- References -- Part I: Estuaries and Their Management -- Chapter 2: Estuary Form and Function: Implications for Palaeoecological Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 What Is an Estuary? -- 3 Types of Estuary -- 3.1 Tide-Dominated Estuaries -- 3.2 Wave-Dominated Estuaries -- 3.3 Intermittent Estuaries -- 4 Estuarine Stressors -- 4.1 Salinity -- 4.2 Turbidity -- 5 Nutrient and Organic Matter Cycling in Estuaries -- 5.1 Nutrients -- 5.1.1 Catchment Nutrient Inputs -- 5.1.2 Internal Processing -- 5.2 Organic Matter -- 5.2.1 Sources of Organic Matter -- 5.2.2 Catchment and Fringe Organic Matter Inputs -- 5.2.3 Autochthonous Organic Matter -- 5.3 Impacts of Nutrient Enrichment on Autochthonous Production -- 5.4 Organic Matter and Sulfur in the Sediment Record -- 6 Estuarine Biota and Resilience -- 6.1 Typical Habitats and Biota -- 6.1.1 Tide-Dominated Estuaries -- 6.1.2 Wave-Dominated Estuaries -- 6.1.3 Intermittent Estuaries -- 7 Implications for Palaeoecological Studies -- References -- Chapter 3: Geology and Sedimentary History of Modern Estuaries -- 1 Introduction and Definitions -- 2 An Australian Perspective -- 3 Geological Setting of Modern Estuaries -- 4 Geomorphic Classification -- 5 Deposition Within Estuaries: Facies Models -- 5.1 Wave-Dominated Estuaries -- 5.2 Tide-Dominated Estuaries -- 6 Quantification of Parameters -- 7 Geomorphic Evolution of Estuaries -- 8 Conceptual Models, Estuary Function, Modern Trends in Sedimentation -- 9 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 4: Paleoecological Evidence for Variability and Change in Estuaries: Insights for Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Paleoecology -- 2.1 Natural Variability -- 2.2 Baseline State Prior to Human Impacts -- 2.3 Assessing Management Options -- 3 Integrating Paleoecology into the Scientific Basis for Management Actions -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II: Coring and Dating of Estuarine Sediments -- Chapter 5: Sediment Sampling in Estuaries: Site Selection and Sampling Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Consideration of "Experimental" Design -- 3 Prior to Field Work and Sampling -- 4 Surface Sampling -- 5 Coring: General Principles and Definitions -- 6 Multi-Drive Coring -- 7 Coring in Different Types of Sediments -- 8 Maximum Penetration of Subsurface: Measurements During Coring -- 9 Core Retrieval -- 10 Core Barrel Material: Use of Core Liner -- 11 Coring Techniques -- 11.1 Basic Open-Barrel Coring -- 11.2 Gravity Coring (Fig. 5.4) -- 11.3 Percussion/Hammer Coring -- 11.4 Vibro- (or Vibra-) Coring -- 11.5 Box Coring -- 11.6 Chamber-Style Coring -- 11.7 Piston Coring -- 11.8 Rotary Coring -- 11.9 Freeze Coring -- 12 Other Coring Considerations -- 13 Transport, Sub-Sampling and Storage of Cores -- 14 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6: Some Practical Considerations Regarding the Application of 210Pb and 137Cs Dating to Estuarine Sediments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Basics of 210Pb Dating -- 3 The Basics of 137Cs Dating -- 4 Choice of 210Pb Dating Model in an Estuarine Setting -- 5 Working on a Mass Basis -- 6 Sediment Mixing -- 7 Post-depositional Mobility -- 8 Grain Size Dependency -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Radiocarbon Dating in Estuarine Environments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials Suitable for Radiocarbon Dating, Pre-treatment Methods and Implications -- 2.1 Terrestrial Samples -- 2.2 Bulk Sediments. , 2.3 Carbonate Samples -- 3 Nomenclature and Guidelines on Reporting 14C Ages and Calibrated Ages -- 4 14C Reservoir Ages and Calculations -- 5 Estimating the Contemporaneous Atmospheric 14C Activity, 14CT(t) -- 6 Using R(t) to Constrain Age Modelling -- 7 Case Studies -- 7.1 Case I: 14C Reservoir Age Variability of the Baltic Sea -- 7.2 Case II: Local Reservoir Age Variability in Danish Fjords and Estuaries -- 7.3 Case III: 14C Variability Along the Coast of Scotland -- 8 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Techniques for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstructions in Estuaries -- Chapter 8: Lipid Biomarkers as Organic Geochemical Proxies for the Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Estuarine Environments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biomarkers for Organic Matter Sources -- 2.1 Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Pigments -- 2.2 n-Alkyl Lipids: Fatty Acids, Alcohols and Alkanes -- 2.3 Sterols -- 2.4 Diterpenoids Including Resin Acids -- 2.5 Pentacyclic Triterpenoids, Including Hopanoids -- 2.6 Alkenones -- 2.7 Tetraether Membrane Lipids -- 2.8 Lignin -- 3 Paleoclimate Proxies -- 3.1 Alkenones and Derivatives -- 3.2 The GDGT-Based TEX86 and MBT/CBT Temperature and pH Proxies -- 3.3 Radiocarbon Measurements of Individual Compounds -- 4 Diagenetic Effects on Biomarker Distributions -- 4.1 Degradation of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids -- 4.2 Degradation of Sterols, Alkenones and GDGTs -- 4.3 Lignin Degradation -- 5 Effects of Changing Environmental Conditions Including Salinity on Lipid Distributions -- 6 Stable Isotopes of Carbon and Hydrogen to Assess Terrestrial Vegetation Changes and Terrestrial Hydrology -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: C/N ratios and Carbon Isotope Composition of Organic Matter in Estuarine Environments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Analytical Considerations -- 3 Sources of Organic Matter in Estuarine Systems -- 3.1 Terrestrial Plants. , 3.2 Aquatic Plants -- 3.3 Particulate and Dissolved Organic Carbon -- 3.4 Decomposition of Plants -- 4 Estuarine Palaeoenvironments -- 4.1 Saltmarsh -- 4.2 Riverine Estuaries -- 4.3 Mangrove Habitats -- 4.4 Lagoons -- 4.5 Isolation Basins -- 4.6 Fjords and Glacial Embayments -- 5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10: Physical and Chemical Factors to Consider when Studying Historical Contamination and Pollution in Estuaries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Contamination in Estuaries -- 2.1 Urban and Industrial Discharges -- 2.2 Mining Activities -- 2.3 Inputs from Agricultural Activities -- 2.4 Atmospheric Input -- 3 Factors Influencing the Deposition of Contaminants in Estuarine Sediments -- 3.1 Influence of Grain Size -- 3.2 Role of Colloidal Particles in Contaminant Transport -- 3.3 Influence of Salinity Gradients on Contaminant Transport -- 3.4 Seasonal Variability: An Australian Perspective -- 3.5 pH, Redox and Mobilization -- 3.6 Total Organic Carbon and its Importance in Partitioning and Binding -- 4 Sampling Considerations -- 4.1 Site Selection -- 4.2 Sample Collection and Storage -- 5 Targeted Analyses -- 6 Analytical Considerations -- 6.1 Sediment Normalization -- 6.1.1 Size Normalization -- 6.1.2 Inert Mineral Normalization -- 6.1.3 Chemically Mobile Fraction Normalization -- 6.1.4 Conservative Element Normalization -- 6.1.5 Post Extraction Normalization -- 6.2 Sequential Extraction -- 7 Measuring Organic Compounds -- 8 Interpreting Results of Field Studies -- 9 Future Considerations -- 10 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11: Diatoms as Indicators of Environmental Change in Estuaries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Estuarine Diatom Ecology -- 3 Estuarine Diatom Taxonomic Keys -- 4 Applications of Diatoms to Estuarine Paleoecological Research -- 4.1 Natural Processes -- 4.1.1 Sea Level -- 4.1.2 Climate Variability -- 4.1.3 Floods, Hurricanes and Tsunamis. , 4.1.4 Earthquakes and Rates of Uplift -- 4.2 Anthropogenic Impacts -- 4.2.1 Salinity -- 4.2.2 Nutrients -- 4.2.3 Determining Ecosystem Response to Remediation -- 5 Potential Limitations of Using Diatoms in Paleo-estuarine Studies -- 6 Informative Limitations -- 7 Challenges Going Forward -- References -- Chapter 12: Dinoflagellate Cysts as Proxies for Holocene Environmental Change in Estuaries: Diversity, Abundance and Morphology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Link Between the Metabolically Active, Flagellated, Vegetative Stage and the Resting Cyst -- 3 Methods for Preparing and Studying Dinoflagellate Cysts -- 4 Dinoflagellate Cysts as Proxies of Nutrient Levels and Pollution -- 5 Dinoflagellate Cysts as Proxies of Salinity -- 6 Dinoflagellate Cysts as Proxies of Temperature -- 6.1 Effect of Temperature on Cyst Assemblage Composition -- 6.2 Effect of Temperature on Cyst Morphology -- 7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 13: Applications of Foraminifera, Testate Amoebae and Tintinnids in Estuarine Palaeoecology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Foraminifera -- 2.1 Case Studies -- 2.1.1 Foraminiferal Assemblages of the UK Coasts: Sea-Level Reconstruction -- 2.1.2 Foraminiferal Assemblages in Gullmar Fjord, West Coast Sweden: Climate Variability -- 3 Testate Amoebae -- 3.1 Case Studies -- 3.1.1 Testate Amoebae Assemblages in Scheldt Estuary, Belgium: Water Level Changes -- 3.2 Testate Amoebae Assemblages in Atlantic North America: Sea-level Reconstruction -- 4 Tintinnida -- 4.1 Case Studies -- 4.1.1 Tintinnid Assemblages in the Coastal Regions of Sunderban Mangroves, India: Seasonal Environmental Variations -- 4.1.2 Tintinnid Assemblages in Atlantic Canada: Organic Matter Input -- 5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 14: Ostracods as Recorders of Palaeoenvironmental Change in Estuaries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ecology -- 3 Tools -- 3.1 Assemblages -- 3.2 Morphology. , 3.3 Preservation.