Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Rainwater Harvesting Experiences from China -- 1 Why Harvesting Rainwater-China's Experiences -- 1.1 General Information on the Water Resources Globally and in China -- 1.1.1 Global Water Resources -- 1.1.2 Water Resources in China and the Challenges -- 1.1.3 Water Scarcity Problem in the Loess Plateau of Gansu Province -- 1.1.4 How to Address Water Scarcity Problem?-A Case Study of the Loess Plateau of Gansu -- 1.2 Innovation-Rainwater Harvesting Development in Gansu -- 1.2.1 The Potential and Unfavorable Condition for Rainwater Harvesting in the Loess Area of Gansu -- 1.2.2 A Brief Description of the Development of RWH Projects in Gansu -- 1.2.2.1 The Research, Demonstration, and Extension Project -- 1.2.2.2 The "1-2-1" Rainwater Catchment Project -- 1.2.2.3 Rainwater Harvesting Irrigation Project -- 1.3 Evaluation of the RWH System in Gansu -- 1.3.1 Significance of RWH Projects in Gansu -- 1.3.1.1 Effective Way for Domestic Water Supply -- 1.3.1.2 Enhancing the Rain-fed Agriculture -- 1.3.1.3 Promotion of the Ecological and Environmental Conservation -- 1.3.2 Evaluation of the RWH Project -- 1.3.2.1 Economic Evaluation -- 1.3.2.2 Social Impact of the RWH Project -- 1.3.2.3 Environment Impact Assessment -- 1.4 Understanding the Rainwater Harvesting System -- 1.4.1 Rainwater Utilization and Rainwater Harvesting -- 1.4.2 Components of the Rainwater Harvesting System -- 1.4.2.1 Rainwater Collection Subsystem -- 1.4.2.2 Water Storage Subsystem -- 1.4.2.3 Water Supply Subsystem -- 1.4.3 Typical Layout of a Rainwater Harvesting System in China -- 1.4.3.1 Roof-Courtyard RWH System -- 1.4.3.2 Paved Highway Catchment System Supplying a Number of Tanks -- 1.4.3.3 Rainwater Distributed by Concrete Lined Canal to a Number of Storage Tanks. , 1.4.3.4 A purpose-Built Concrete-Lined Catchment Supplies Water to a Number of Tanks -- 1.4.3.5 A Small Catchment Supplies Water to 1-2 Tanks for Irrigation -- 1.4.3.6 Tank Rice Irrigation RWH System -- 1.4.3.7 RWH System with Greenhouse -- References -- 2 Dimensioning the Rainwater Harvesting System -- 2.1 Water Demand -- 2.1.1 Domestic Water Demand -- 2.1.2 Supplemental Irrigation Water Use -- 2.1.3 Animal Husbandry Water Use -- 2.1.4 Other Water Use -- 2.2 Parameters for Dimensioning RWH System -- 2.2.1 Water Supply Reliability and Design Rainfall -- 2.2.2 Water Collection Efficiency -- 2.3 Determining the Area of Catchment -- 2.3.1 Determine Catchment Area by Equation -- 2.3.2 Table for Determining Catchment Area -- 2.4 Determining the Storage Capacity -- 2.4.1 Simulation Model -- 2.4.2 Simplified Model -- 2.5 Annex Calculation Sheets for Dimensioning RWH System -- References -- 3 Structural Design of the Rainwater Harvesting System -- 3.1 Rainwater Collection Subsystem -- 3.1.1 Composition of Rainwater Collection Subsystem -- 3.1.2 Natural Slope as Rainwater Catchment -- 3.1.2.1 Semi-arid Areas -- 3.1.2.2 Humid and Sub-humid Areas -- 3.1.3 Catchments Using Existing Structures -- 3.1.3.1 Roofs -- 3.1.3.2 Paved Highway -- 3.1.3.3 Greenhouse Roofs -- 3.1.3.4 Country Road, Threshing Yard, and Other Earthen Surfaces -- 3.1.4 Design of Purpose-Built Catchment -- 3.1.4.1 Concrete-Paved Surface -- 3.1.4.2 Cement Soil -- 3.1.4.3 Plastic Sheeting -- 3.1.4.4 Consolidated Soil -- 3.1.4.5 Other Kinds of Earthen Material for Catchment -- 3.1.4.6 Economic Comparison Among Different Materials for Building Catchment -- 3.1.4.7 Ground Preparation -- 3.2 Water Storage Subsystem -- 3.2.1 Classification of the Water Storage Subsystem in China -- 3.2.2 Underground Rainwater Storage Tank -- 3.2.2.1 Water Cellar with Circular Section. , 3.2.2.2 Rectangular Shaped Underground Tank -- 3.2.2.3 Cave-Type Underground Tank -- 3.2.2.4 Sizing the Underground Tank -- 3.2.3 Design of Surface Tanks -- 3.2.3.1 Classification of Surface Tanks -- 3.2.3.2 Design of the Circular Surface Tank -- 3.2.3.3 Rectangular Surface Tank -- 3.2.3.4 Cover of the Surface Tank -- 3.2.4 Prefabricated Water Tanks -- 3.2.5 Pond and Channel Networks -- 3.2.5.1 Pond -- 3.2.5.2 Channel Network -- 3.2.6 Auxiliary Facilities of Storage Subsystem -- 3.2.6.1 Settling Basin -- 3.2.6.2 Filtration Equipment -- 3.2.6.3 Screening -- 3.3 Water Supply Facility -- 3.3.1 Water Delivery for Domestic Supply -- 3.3.2 Water Delivery for Irrigation -- References -- 4 Construction and Operation and Maintenance of Rainwater Harvesting Project -- 4.1 Building Materials -- 4.1.1 Concrete -- 4.1.1.1 Component Materials of Concrete -- 4.1.1.2 Proportion of Concrete Mixture -- 4.1.2 Cement Mortar -- 4.1.3 Other Materials -- 4.2 Method for Constructing Purpose-Built Catchment -- 4.2.1 How to Build a Catchment with Concrete Pavement -- 4.2.2 How to Build a Catchment with Masonry or a Brick Pavement -- 4.2.3 How to Build a Catchment with Plastic Sheeting -- 4.2.4 How to Build a Pavement of Cement Soil and Lime Soil -- 4.3 Construction of Water Storage Tank -- 4.3.1 Method to Build the Water Cellars -- 4.3.1.1 How to Construct a Circular-Shaped Cellar with a Thin Wall -- 4.3.1.2 How to Build a Circular Water Cellar with a Concrete Dome Structure -- 4.3.1.3 How to Build the Concrete Wall of the Cylindrical Water Cellar Using Brick as Mold -- 4.3.1.4 How to Build a Circular-Section Water Cellar with a Thick Wall on Unstable Subsoil -- 4.3.1.5 How to Build a Rectangular Water Cellar -- 4.3.1.6 Method for Building a Water Cellar in Rock -- 4.3.2 Method for Building a Water Cave -- 4.3.2.1 How to Build a Water Cave in Firm Subsoil. , 4.3.2.2 How to Build a Water Cave in Bedrock -- 4.3.3 Construction of a Surface Water Tank -- 4.4 Operation and Maintenance of Rainwater Harvesting System -- 4.4.1 Operation and Maintenance of Rainwater Catchment -- 4.4.2 Operation and Maintenance of the Storage Subsystem -- 4.4.2.1 Measures for the Safe and Efficient Storage of Rainwater -- 4.4.2.2 Maintenance of the Tank -- 4.4.2.3 Sedimentation Management -- 4.4.3 Maintenance of Water Supply and Irrigation Facilities -- 4.4.3.1 Maintenance of the Hand Pump -- 4.4.3.2 Maintenance of Electric Pumps -- 4.4.3.3 Maintenance of Pipeline -- 4.4.3.4 Maintenance of Drip Systems -- 4.4.4 Water Quality Management -- References -- 5 Rainwater Harvesting Techniques for Irrigation -- 5.1 Principle of Rainwater Harvesting Irrigation -- 5.1.1 Why LORI Is so Efficient -- 5.1.2 Basic Concepts -- 5.2 RWH Irrigation Scheduling -- 5.2.1 Testing and Analysis Method -- 5.2.2 Brief Introduction to the Result of Previous Researches -- 5.2.2.1 Spring Wheat -- 5.2.2.2 Corn -- 5.2.2.3 Millet -- 5.2.3 Empirical Method to Determine Irrigation Schedules -- 5.3 RWH Irrigation Methods -- 5.3.1 Locally Innovated Water-Saving Methods -- 5.3.1.1 Irrigation During Seeding -- 5.3.1.2 Plastic Sheeting for Rainwater Conservation and Concentration -- 5.3.1.3 Irrigation with Plastic Sheeting -- 5.3.1.4 Injection Irrigation -- 5.3.1.5 Seepage Irrigation with Vessel -- 5.3.1.6 Irrigation by Hand -- 5.3.2 Micro-Irrigation -- 5.3.2.1 General Introduction to Micro-Irrigation -- 5.3.2.2 Equipment Used for the Micro-Irrigation System Under RWH Condition -- 5.3.2.3 Layout and Design of the Drip System Under RWH Conditions -- 5.3.3 Paddy Irrigation with RWH System -- References -- 6 Rainwater Harvesting and Agriculture -- 6.1 Tillage Techniques -- 6.1.1 Deep Ploughing -- 6.1.1.1 Summer Deep Ploughing -- 6.1.1.2 Autumn Ploughing. , 6.1.1.3 Spring Ploughing -- 6.1.2 Sub-soiling -- 6.1.3 Inter-tillage for Preserving Soil Moisture -- 6.1.4 Harrowing and Levelling -- 6.1.5 Contour Farming -- 6.1.6 Contour Ditch and Ridge Cultivation -- 6.1.6.1 Contour Cultivation on Levelled Hill Land -- 6.1.7 Ridge Cropping Along the Contour -- 6.1.8 Furrow Cultivation with Soil Fertility Improvement -- 6.2 Mulch Cultivating and Soil Moisture Preservation -- 6.2.1 Role of Farmland Mulch -- 6.2.2 Types and Application Methods for Farmland Mulch -- 6.2.2.1 Stubble Mulch -- 6.2.2.2 Plastic sheeting -- 6.3 Soil Fertility and Field Improvements -- 6.3.1 Using Biotechnology and Crop Rotation to Raise Soil Fertility -- 6.3.2 Use of Organic Fertilizers -- 6.3.3 Rational Application of Chemical Fertilizers -- 6.4 Techniques for Conserving Soil Water with Chemical Treatment -- 6.4.1 Evapo-Transpiration Resistance Treatment -- 6.4.2 Water Absorbing Resin -- 6.4.3 Chemical Cover Treatments -- References -- Part II Rainwater Harvesting Experiences from Around the World -- 7 Rainwater Harvesting: Global Overview -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Examples of Rainwater Harvesting and Utilization Around the World -- 7.2.1 Bangladesh -- 7.2.2 Bermuda -- 7.2.3 Botswana -- 7.2.4 Brazil -- 7.2.5 Cambodia -- 7.2.6 Japan (Tokyo) -- 7.2.7 Kenya -- 7.2.8 Thailand -- 7.2.9 China, Gansu Province -- 7.2.10 Taiwan -- 7.3 Future Development Prospects of Rainwater Harvesting -- 7.3.1 Future Needs -- 7.3.1.1 Rainwater Harvesting: Global Networks and Initiatives -- 7.3.2 National Policy for Rainwater Utilization -- 7.3.3 Utilization of Rainwater in Megacities -- 7.3.4 Future Prospect of Rainwater Harvesting Development -- 7.3.4.1 Short-Term Prospects -- 7.3.4.2 Long-Term Prospects -- 7.3.5 Further Development of the Technology -- References -- 8 Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Supply -- 8.1 Types of Water Storage Structure. , 8.1.1 Surface Tanks.