Note: Front Cover -- Trace Element Analysis in Biological Specimens -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Authors -- Introduction -- Part 1: Basic principles and methods -- Chapter 1. Sampling and sample storage -- Introduction -- Physiological sources of variation -- Kinetic sources of variation -- Variation associated with specimen collection and storage -- Contamination -- Loss of water -- Redistribution of the analyte -- References -- Chapter 2. Sample treatment of human biological materials -- Introduction -- Basic considerations -- Sample treatment of human biological materials -- Suggested procedures for sample treatment of human biological materials -- References -- Chapter 3. Graphite furnace AAS -- Introduction -- The stabilized temperature platform furnace -- Analytical experience -- References -- Chapter 4. Atomic absorption spectrometry . Flame AAS -- References -- Chapter 5. Atomic emission spectrometry -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Parameters and practical experience -- Special remarks on the DCP-plasma source -- Applications of plasma emission spectroscopy: Biomedical and environmental -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. Voltammetry -- Introduction -- Why voltammetry? -- Stripping analysis -- Pulse polarography -- Automated voltammetric analysis -- Speciation studies -- Sample pretreatment for voltammetric analysis -- Selected applications of voltammetry -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 7. Neutron activation analysis -- Introduction -- Fundamentals -- Nuclear decay -- Radiochemical versus instrumental procedures -- Counting equipment -- Sensitivity -- Sources of error -- Advantages -- Disadvantages and limitations -- Biomedical applications -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8. Isotope dilution mass spectrometry. , Choice of optimal conditions for isotope dilution by selecting appropriate sample to spike mixing ratios -- Examples of the use of the graphs -- Remarks concerning optimal isotope dilution work -- References -- Chapter 9. The chemical speciation of trace elements in biomedical specimens: Analyti- cal techniques -- Introduction -- Factors that affect the stability of metal-ligand interactions -- Procedures for the study of chemical species -- Combination of analytical techniques -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10. lnterlaboratory and intralaboratory surveys . Reference methods and refer- ence materials -- Introduction -- Potential sources of analytical error -- lnterlaboratory surveys and collaborative studies -- Quality assessment schemes -- Reference methods -- Reference materials -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11. Reference materials for trace element analysis -- General principles and definitions -- Suppliers of reference materials -- Preparation of reference materials -- Certification of reference materials -- Selected data for appropriate reference materials -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12. Statistics and data evaluation -- Introduction -- References -- Part 2: Elements -- Chapter 13. Aluminium -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Analytical methods -- Collection and contamination problems -- References -- Chapter 14. Arsenic -- Introduction -- Environmental and toxicological significance -- Biotransformation and excretion in mammals and man -- Human exposure and dose indicators -- Arsenic levels in body fluids and tissues -- Analytical considerations -- Quality assurance -- References -- Chapter 15. Cadmium -- Introduction -- Toxicological and environmental significance -- Human exposure and dose indicators -- Cadmium levels in body fluids -- Analytical considerations -- Quality assurance. , References -- Chapter 16. Chromium -- Introduction -- Toxicological and environmental significance -- Analytical considerations -- Analytical procedures -- Speciation of chromium -- References -- Chapter 17. Copper -- Introduction -- Essentiality and toxicity -- Copper levels in body fluids and tissue -- Analytical considerations -- References -- Chapter 18. Lead -- Introduction -- Determination of lead in whole blood (PbB) -- Determination of lead in teeth (PbT) -- Determination of lead in other biological materials -- References -- Chapter 19. Manganese -- Introduction -- Determination of manganese -- Procedures -- Speciation -- Reference materials -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20. Mercury -- Introduction -- Environmental and toxicological significance -- Analytical considerations -- Analytical procedures -- Automation of analysis -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 21. Nickel -- Introduction -- Biological and environmental significance -- Analytical considerations -- Analytical methods -- Speciation -- Future prospects -- References -- Chapter 22. Selenium -- Introduction -- References -- Chapter 23. Thallium -- Introduction -- Environmental and toxicological significance -- Biotransformation in animals and man -- Analytical methods for biological specimens -- References -- Chapter 24. Vanadium -- Environmental and toxicological significance -- Analytical introduction -- Analytical procedure -- References -- Chapter 25. Zinc -- Introduction -- Zinc metabolism - an outline -- Disorders of zinc metabolism -- Biochemical and clinical presentation of zinc deficiency -- Occurrence of human deficiency -- Laboratory investigation of zinc metabolism -- Limitation of contamination -- Determination of dietary zinc -- Bioavailability of zinc from diet and the recommended dietary allowance -- Tissue zinc content -- Zinc in hair. , Zinc in peripheral blood -- Plasma/serum zinc - practical considerations -- Interpretation of plasma zinc concentrations -- Pharmacology of zinc therapy -- References -- Subject index.