Note: Intro -- STATE AND EVOLUTION OF THE BALTIC SEA, 1952-2005 -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Contributors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Oceanography of the Baltic Sea -- 2.1 Specific Natural Conditions and Their Consequences -- 2.2 Estuarine Circulation -- 2.2.1 Long-Term Exchange -- 2.2.2 Short-Term Barotropic Exchange -- 2.2.3 Stratification and Mixing in the Channels -- 2.2.4 Quantifying the Stochastic Salt Exchange Associated with the Barotropic Water Exchange -- 2.3 Wind-Driven Currents -- 2.3.1 Ekman Current and Transport -- 2.3.2 Upwelling and Coastal Jets -- 2.4 Surface Waves, Tides, Seiches, Surges -- 2.4.1 Surface Gravity Waves -- 2.4.2 Seiches and Wind Stau -- 2.4.3 Tides -- 2.5 Kelvin Waves, Topographic Waves, and Eddies -- 2.5.1 Kelvin Waves -- 2.5.2 Coastal Trapped Waves and Continental Shelf Waves -- 2.5.3 Eddies -- 2.6 Internal Waves, Turbulence, Diapycnal Mixing -- 2.6.1 Introduction -- 2.6.2 Vertical Mixing in the Interior -- References -- 3. The History of Long-Term Observations in Warnemünde -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Shipborne Measurements at Fixed Stations -- 3.2.1 Basic Oceanographic Instrumentation for Shipborne Measurements -- 3.2.2 Oceanographic Observations in the 1950s and 1960s -- 3.2.3 International Cooperation 1969-2005 -- 3.2.4 Activities in the Frame of BMP, 1979-2005 -- 3.3 Buoy Stations and Measuring Platforms -- 3.3.1 The First Buoy Stations -- 3.3.2 MARNET Stations -- 3.3.3 Current Meter Stations in the Central Baltic Sea -- 3.4 Parameters Measured -- 3.5 Data Quality -- References -- 4. Weather of the Baltic Sea -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Extreme Weather Conditions -- 4.2.1 Hurricanes, Gales -- 4.2.2 Storm Surges -- 4.2.2.1 Features of the Northwest Situation -- 4.2.2.2 Features of the Northeast Situation -- 4.3 Special Weather Situations -- 4.3.1 Baltic Cyclones -- 4.3.2 Land and Sea Breeze. , 4.3.3 Warnemünder Wind -- 4.3.4 General Vb- and Omega-Weather Types -- 4.3.4.1 The Vb-Weather Type -- 4.3.4.2 The Omega-Weather Type -- 4.4 Greenhouse Effect -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5. Baltic Climate Change -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Seasonal Cycles -- 5.3 Climatic Trends -- 5.4 Climatic Variability -- 5.4.1 Year-to-Year Fluctuations -- 5.4.2 Decadal Scale Changes -- 5.4.3 Possible Trigger Mechanisms -- 5.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 6. Current Observations in the Western Baltic Sea -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Great Belt and Fehmarnbelt -- 6.2.1 Great Belt -- 6.2.2 Fehmarnbelt -- 6.3 Arkona Sea West and Drogden Sill -- 6.3.1 Darss Sill -- 6.3.2 Drogden Sill -- 6.3.3 From Kriegers Flak to Hiddensee -- 6.4 Around Rügen -- 6.4.1 West Off Hiddensee -- 6.4.2 Wittow -- 6.4.3 Kap Arkona -- 6.4.4 Tromper Wiek -- 6.4.5 From Landtief A to Jan Heweliusz -- 6.4.6 Oderbank -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7. Sea State, Tides -- 7.1 Sea State -- 7.1.1 History of Observation and Research -- 7.1.2 Observation and Measurement -- 7.1.3 Sea State Characteristics and Wave Generating Factors -- 7.1.3.1 Wind Sea Characteristics -- 7.1.3.2 Wave Height Frequency Distribution -- 7.1.3.3 Wave Spectra -- 7.1.3.4 Wave Generating and Wave Modifying Factors (Wind, Fetch, Wind Duration, Water Depth) -- 7.1.3.5 Special Phenomena (Air-Sea Temperature, Currents, Crossing Seas) -- 7.1.4 Calculation and Forecast of the Sea State -- 7.1.4.1 Empirical Wave Parameter Calculation -- 7.1.4.2 Empirical Wave Spectra -- 7.1.4.3 Numerical Models -- 7.1.5 Wave Climatology -- 7.1.5.1 Open Sea Wave Climate -- 7.1.5.2 Wave Climate of the Coastal Zone -- 7.1.6 Extreme Wave Conditions -- 7.2 Tides -- 7.2.1 History of Tidal Research in the Baltic Sea -- 7.2.2 Theory of Tides in the Baltic Sea and a Proper Model Concept. , 7.2.3 Modeling of Co-Oscillating and Direct Tides -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8. Ice -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Baltic Sea and Winter Time Maritime Transportation -- 8.3 Frequency of Ice Occurrence in the Baltic Sea as Well as Mean and Extreme Ice Parameters from Representative Stations in the Period 1956-2005 -- 8.4 Ice Conditions in the Baltic Sea and Adjacent Waters in 1956-2005 -- 8.4.1 Transition Area between the North Sea and Baltic Sea -- 8.4.1.1 Skagerrak and Kattegat -- 8.4.1.2 Belts and Sound -- 8.4.2 Western Baltic -- 8.4.3 Southern Baltic -- 8.4.4 Northern Baltic -- 8.4.5 Gulf of Riga -- 8.4.6 Gulf of Finland -- 8.4.7 Gulf of Bothnia -- 8.4.7.1 Sea of Åland -- 8.4.7.2 Archipelago Sea -- 8.4.7.3 Sea of Bothnia -- 8.4.7.4 Bay of Bothnia and the Quark -- 8.5 Classification of Ice Winters -- 8.5.1 Maximum Extent of Ice Coverage in the Baltic Sea 1720-2005 -- 8.5.1.1 Material -- 8.5.1.2 Classification of Ice Coverage -- 8.5.1.3 Analysis of Time Series -- 8.5.1.4 Ice Seasons 1956-2005 -- 8.5.2 Ice Winter Severity Indicator-Swedish Coast -- 8.5.3 Ice Winter Severity Indicator for the Southern Baltic Sea -- 8.5.4 Accumulated Areal Ice Volume for the Western Baltic Sea -- 8.5.5 Changes of Sea Ice Conditions in the Western Baltic from 1300 to Present -- References -- 9. Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperature for the Period 1990-2005 -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodology -- 9.3 Seasonal, Regional, and Interannual Variations of SST in the Baltic Sea -- 9.4 Trends in the Development of SST -- 9.5 Relation to Climate Indices -- 9.6 Regional Particularities in SST Patterns -- 9.6.1 Upwelling and Other Dynamical Features in the Baltic Sea -- 9.6.2 Oder River Discharge and Oder Flood -- 9.6.3 Coastal Wind-Driven Processes along the German Baltic Sea Coast -- 9.7 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References. , 10. The Inflow of Highly Saline Water into the Baltic Sea -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Causes of MBIs and Their Basic Impact on the Baltic Sea -- 10.3 The Statistical Analysis of Major Baltic Inflows -- 10.4 The Analysis of Selected Events -- 10.4.1 MBIs in the 1950s and 1960s -- 10.4.2 The 1970s -- 10.4.3 The Very Strong MBI in January 1993 -- 10.4.4 The Warm Water MBI in Autumn 1997 -- 10.4.5 The Specific MBI in January 2003 -- 10.5 The Analysis of Baroclinic Summer Inflows -- 10.6 The Effects of MBIs and Baroclinic Summer Inflows in the Central Baltic Deepwater -- 10.6.1 The Effects on the Hydrographic Parameters Temperature, Salinity, and Oxygen Concentration -- 10.6.2 The Effects on Inorganic Nutrients -- References -- 11. BALTIC: Monthly Time Series 1900-2005 -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Data Material -- 11.3 Quality Control and Uncertainties -- 11.3.1 IOW Data -- 11.3.2 SMHI Data -- 11.3.3 NERI Data -- 11.3.4 IMGW Data -- 11.3.5 Additional Data -- 11.4 Monthly Time Series 1900-2005 -- References -- 12. Nutrient Concentrations, Trends and Their Relation to Eutrophication -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Nutrient Inputs -- 12.3 Annual Inorganic Nutrient Cycles and Long Term Nutrient Trends in the Surface Layer -- 12.4 Inorganic Nutrient Reservoirs in the Deep Basins -- 12.5 Organic Nutrients -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- 13. Trace Metals in Baltic Seawater -- 13.1 The State of Knowledge until 1993 -- 13.2 Trace Metal Trends in the Western and Central Baltic Sea Between Saltwater Inflow Events in 1993 and 2003 -- 13.3 The Influence of Major Saltwater Inflow Events and Stagnant Anoxic Deepwater Conditions on Trace Metal Trends in the Gotland Deep -- 13.3.1 Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn Trends "Above and Below Halocline" -- 13.3.2 Quantification of Trace Metal Fluxes across the Redox Interface Caused by Vertical Turbulent Mixing. , 13.3.3 The Relation between External and Internal Fluxes -- 13.4 Seasonal Particulate Trace Metal Fluxes across the Halocline in the Water Column of the Eastern Gotland Basin -- 13.4.1 Composition of Particles -- 13.4.2 Mass Fluxes of Main Components and Trace Metals -- 13.5 Flux and Budget Estimations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the Surface Water of the Central Baltic Sea -- 13.6 Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 14. Sedimentary Records of Environmental Changes and Anthropogenic Impacts during the Past Decades -- 14.1 Changing Coastlines of the Baltic Sea -- 14.1.1 Introduction -- 14.1.2 The Geological/Tectonic Setting of the Baltic Area -- 14.1.3 Relative Sea-Level Change -- 14.1.4 Palaeogeography-Coastline Change -- 14.1.5 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- 14.2 Recent Sedimentation in the Eastern Gotland Basin: Spatial Patterns, Rates, and Drivers -- 14.2.1 Introduction -- 14.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Sedimentation Rates -- 14.2.3 Element Accumulation Rates -- 14.2.4 Vertical Versus Horizontal Fluxes of Biogenic Elements -- 14.2.5 Summary -- 14.3 Reconstruction of Pollution History in Sediment Cores from Different Baltic Sea Basins -- 14.3.1 Introduction and Background -- 14.3.2 Field Work and Laboratory Methods -- 14.3.3 Sediment Properties and Age Models -- 14.3.4 Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants in the Sediment Cores -- 14.3.5 Inventories of Pollutants -- 14.3.6 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 14.4 Repeated Geochemical Mapping of the Arkona Basin after 17 Years (1988 and 2005) -- 14.4.1 Introduction -- 14.4.2 Methodology -- 14.4.3 Results -- 14.4.4 General Sedimentology, Hydro- and Sediment Dynamics -- 14.4.5 Redox-Dependent Processes -- 14.4.6 Fe-Mn Microconcretions -- 14.4.7 Pollution (Heavy Metals) -- 14.4.8 Conclusions and Outlook -- 14.4.9 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15. Phytoplankton. , 15.1 History of Phytoplankton Research and Methodology in the Baltic Sea.