Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1. Bird diversity survey methods -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Designing the fieldwork -- 1.3 Finding the birds -- 1.4 Standardizing the effort by time and space -- 1.5 Standardizing the effort by McKinnon's list method -- 1.6 Atlas studies -- 1.7 Estimating species richness -- 1.8 Conclusion -- 2. Bird census and survey techniques -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 What are bird surveys and why do we need them? -- 2.1.2 What is monitoring and why do we need it? -- 2.1.3 Useful sources of information -- 2.1.4 Begin at the beginning -- 2.1.5 Population size or index? -- 2.1.6 Survey boundaries -- 2.1.7 Census or sample? -- 2.1.8 Sampling strategy -- 2.1.9 Sampling unit -- 2.1.10 Field methods -- 2.1.11 Accuracy, precision, and bias -- 2.2 Sampling strategies -- 2.2.1 How many sampling units? -- 2.2.2 Which sampling units to count? -- 2.2.3 Using stratification -- 2.3 Field methods -- 2.3.1 Mapping -- 2.3.2 Transects -- 2.3.3 Line transects -- 2.3.4 Point transects -- 2.3.5 Rules for recording birds in the field -- 2.3.6 Choosing between line and point transects -- 2.3.7 Detection probabilities -- 2.3.8 Colonial birds -- 2.3.9 Counting roosts and flocks -- 2.3.10 Counting leks -- 2.3.11 Counting migrants -- 2.3.12 Capture techniques -- 2.3.13 Tape playback -- 2.3.14 Vocal individuality -- 2.4Conclusions -- 3. Breeding biology -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Choosing study areas -- 3.3 Measuring the success of individual breeding attempts -- 3.3.1 Finding and selecting nests -- 3.3.2 Recording the stage of a breeding attempt when it is located -- 3.3.3 Precautions to take so that nests can be relocated for checking -- 3.3.4 Nest checking -- 3.3.5 Determination of chick survival for species with precocial young -- 3.3.6 Estimation of nest success from nest check data. , 3.4 Determination of the proximate causes of breeding failure -- 3.4.1 Signs left at the nest -- 3.4.2 Wax or plasticine eggs in the nests of wild birds -- 3.4.3 Cameras -- 3.4.4 Temperature loggers -- 3.5 Using artificial nests to measure nest success and causes of failure -- 3.6 Measuring annual productivity -- 3.6.1 Why measure annual productivity? -- 3.6.2 Productivity from counts after the breeding season -- 3.6.3 Productivity from captures after the breeding season -- 3.6.4 Intensive studies of breeding -- 3.6.5 Indices of productivity from surveys during the breeding season -- 3.6.6 Use of simulation models -- 3.7 Timing of breeding -- 3.8 Measurements of eggs and chicks -- 3.9 Proximate and ultimate causes of breeding failure -- 3.10 Value of experiments to disentangle ultimate and proximate causes of breeding failure -- 4. Birds in the hand -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Welfare, ethical, and legislative issues -- 4.3 Catching the birds -- 4.3.1 The breeding season -- 4.3.2 Cage traps -- 4.3.3 Spring traps -- 4.3.4 A couple of nestbox traps -- 4.3.5 Noose-carpet traps -- 4.3.6 Mist-nets -- 4.3.7 Clap-nets and whoosh-nets -- 4.3.8 Canon-nets -- 4.3.9 Capture by hand -- 4.4 Individual marking -- 4.5 Notes on bird handling -- 4.6 The bird at close quarters -- 4.6.1 Age and molt -- 4.6.2 Sex -- 4.6.3 Weight -- 4.6.4 Color, for example, UV reflectance -- 4.7 Size -- 4.7.1 Body size -- 4.7.2 Wing -- 4.7.3 Tail -- 4.7.4 Tarsus -- 4.7.5 Tarsus-and-toe -- 4.7.6 Bill -- 4.7.7 Total-head -- 4.7.8 Claw, eye-ring, and other measures -- 4.8 Condition -- 4.8.1 Asymmetry -- 4.8.2 Relative mass -- 4.8.3 Fat reserves -- 4.8.4 Muscle protein -- 4.8.5 Physiological measures -- 4.8.6 Molt and plumage -- 4.8.7 Parasites -- 4.9 Biopsy -- 5. Estimating survival and movement -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Tag type and subsequent encounters -- 5.3 Survival rates. , 5.3.1 Radio-telemetry -- 5.3.2 Capture-recapture/resighting -- 5.3.3 Band recovery -- 5.4 Movement -- 5.4.1 Radio-telemetry -- 5.4.2 Capture-recapture/resighting -- 5.4.3 Band recovery -- 5.5 Summary and general recommendations -- 6. Radio-tagging -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Choice of techniques -- 6.2.1 Constraints on radio tagging -- 6.2.2 Applications and advantages -- 6.2.3 Considerations for tag attachment -- 6.3 Forward planning -- 6.3.1 Equipment -- 6.3.2 Mobile tracking -- 6.3.3 Software -- 6.4 Approaches -- 6.4.1 Pilot studies -- 6.4.2 Recording locations -- 6.4.3 Using location data -- 6.4.4 Demography -- 6.5 The future -- 7. Migration -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Migration systems -- 7.2.1 Mark-recapture -- 7.2.2 Morphology -- 7.2.3 Genetic markers -- 7.2.4 Stable isotopes -- 7.3 Migration behavior and strategies -- 7.3.1 Counting and observing migrants -- 7.3.2 Tracking migrants -- 7.3.3 Remote sensing: infrared device -- 7.3.4 Remote sensing: radar -- 7.3.5 Stopover -- 7.4 Physiology of migration -- 7.4.1 Body composition -- 7.4.2 Energetics -- 7.4.3 Endocrinology -- 7.5 Flight in wind tunnels -- 7.6 Orientation and navigation -- 7.6.1 Emlen funnels -- 7.6.2 Manipulating sensory input -- 7.6.3 Displacement experiments -- 7.6.4 Selection experiments -- 7.6.5 Circular statistics -- 7.7 Modeling migration -- 7.8 Concluding remarks -- 8. Information from dead and dying birds -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Terminology-definitions and explanation -- 8.1.2 Methodology-an overview of techniques -- 8.2 The postmortem examination -- 8.3 Health and safety -- 8.4 Postmortem examinations (necropsies) -- 8.5 Laboratory investigations -- 8.6 Interpretation of findings -- 8.7 Legal aspects -- 8.8 Conclusions -- 9. Techniques in physiology and genetics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sampling techniques -- 9.2.1 Ethical considerations. , 9.2.2 Legal considerations-catching wild birds for research -- 9.2.3 Legal considerations-scientific experiments on birds -- 9.2.4 Housing and husbandry -- 9.2.5 Blood sampling -- 9.2.6 Administration of substances -- 9.2.7 Anesthesia -- 9.2.8 Implants -- 9.2.9 Laparotomy -- 9.3 Ecotoxicology -- 9.4 Endocrinology -- 9.5 Energetics -- 9.6 Molecular genetics -- 10. Diet and foraging behavior -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Diet composition -- 10.2.1 Direct observation -- 10.2.2 Nest observations -- 10.2.3 Remains and signs -- 10.2.4 Dropping analysis -- 10.2.5 Pellet analysis -- 10.2.6 Stomach analysis -- 10.2.7 Direct observations of crop -- 10.2.8 Regurgitates -- 10.2.9 Cafeteria experiments -- 10.2.10 Morphology -- 10.2.11 Neck ligatures -- 10.2.12 Emetics and flushing -- 10.2.13 Isotope differences between habitats -- 10.3 Determining prey size -- 10.3.1 Direct observation of prey size -- 10.3.2 Determining size from prey remains -- 10.3.3 Determining prey size from regurgitates -- 10.3.4 Measuring fragments in pellets, droppings, or stomach -- 10.4 Prey quality -- 10.4.1 Energy content -- 10.4.2 Prey digestibility -- 10.5 Foraging behavior -- 10.5.1 Time budgets -- 10.5.2 Time spent feeding per day -- 10.5.3 Night observations -- 10.5.4 Handling time -- 10.5.5 Intake rate and the functional response -- 10.5.6 Interference -- 10.5.7 Depletion -- 10.5.8 Prey availability -- 10.5.9 Exclosures -- 10.5.10 Mate provisioning and brood provisioning rates -- 11. Habitat assessment -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Habitat associations -- 11.1.2 Documenting changes over time -- 11.2 Protocols -- 11.3 Physical environment -- 11.3.1 Temperature and thermoregulation -- 11.3.2 Rainfall and soil wetness -- 11.3.3 Slope, aspect, elevation, and topography -- 11.3.4 Type, chemistry, and penetrability of soils -- 11.3.5 Water chemistry -- 11.4 Vegetation. , 11.4.1 Mapping of broad habitat types -- 11.4.2 Species composition of vegetation -- 11.4.3 Vegetation architecture -- 11.5 Quantifying habitat selection -- 11.5.1 Comparing the relative abundance of birds or records of tracked birds in each of several habitats with the relative areas of the habitats available -- 11.5.2 Relating numbers or densities of individuals or records of tracked birds in spatial units to the habitat composition of those units -- 11.5.3 Comparison of habitat at places used by birds with that at places that are representative of the study area or known to be unused -- 11.6 Food abundance and availability -- 11.7 Predator abundance -- 11.8 Disturbance -- 12. Conservation management of endangered birds -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Process in the restoration of endangered species -- 12.2.1 Step one: know your species -- 12.2.2 Step two: diagnose causes of population decline and test remedial action -- 12.2.3 Stage three: intensive management -- 12.2.4 Stage four: population management -- 12.2.5 Stage five: monitoring -- 12.3 Broad population management approaches -- 12.3.1 Supplemental feeding -- 12.3.2 Enhancing nest-sites and the provision of nest-boxes -- 12.3.3 Disease control -- 12.3.4 Predator control -- 12.4 Intensive management of focal pairs -- 12.4.1 Close guarding and monitoring of nests -- 12.4.2 Clutch and brood manipulations -- 12.5 Reintroduction and translocations -- 12.5.1 Reintroduction -- 12.5.2 Translocations -- 12.6 Supportive management for bird restoration projects -- 12.6.1 Role of captive facilities -- 12.6.2 Model or surrogate species -- 12.6.3 Artificial incubation and hand-rearing -- 12.7 Integrated management -- 12.8 Discussion -- 13. Exploitation -- 13.1 Introduction: assessment of exploitation -- 13.1.1 Taking a conservative approach -- 13.1.2 Minimum estimates of population size. , 13.1.3 Estimates of harvest levels.