Note: Front Cover -- Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands: Eco-engineering Systems for Wastewater and Sludge Treatment -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Author Biography -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1. Natural V. Constructed Wetlands -- 1.1.1. Definitions -- 1.1.2. Function and Values of Natural Wetlands -- 1.1.3. Economic Value of Natural Wetlands -- 1.1.4. From Natural to Constructed Wetlands -- 1.1.5. Evaluating the Benefits of Constructed Wetlands -- 1.2. Development of Constructed Wetland Technology -- 1.3. Conventional V. Constructed Wetlands Systems -- 1.3.1. Sustainable Wastewater Treatment -- 1.3.2. Economic and Technical Benefits-Feasibility -- 1.3.3. Limitations of Constructed Wetlands -- 1.4. Scope of This Book -- 1.4.1. Part A-VFCWs for Wastewater Treatment -- 1.4.2. Part B-Sludge Treatment Wetlands -- 1.4.3. Part C-Technoeconomical Aspects -- Chapter 2: Constructed Wetlands Classification -- 2.1. Free Water Surface constructed wetlands -- 2.2. Horizontal Subsurface Flow constructed wetlands (HSF CWs) -- 2.3. Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands -- 2.4. Hybrid Constructed Wetlands -- 2.5. Floating Treatment Wetlands -- Chapter 3: VFCW Types -- 3.1. Hydraulic Mode of Operation -- 3.1.1. VFCWs with Intermittent Loading (Downflow) -- 3.1.1.1. The French System -- 3.1.2. Recirculating VFCWs -- 3.1.3. Tidal Flow CWs -- 3.1.4. Saturated Vertical Upflow CWs -- 3.1.5. Saturated Vertical Downflow CWs -- 3.1.6. Integrated VFCWs -- 3.2. The Problem of Bed Clogging -- 3.2.1. Clogging Mechanisms and Contributing Factors -- Chapter 4: VFCW Components -- 4.1. Vegetation -- 4.1.1. Wetland Plant Classification -- 4.1.2. Plant Species in VFCWs -- 4.1.3. The Role of Plants -- 4.2. Substrate Material -- Chapter 5: Treatment Processes in VFCWs -- 5.1. General Pollutant Removal Mechanisms -- 5.2. Organic Matter. , 5.3. Suspended Solids -- 5.4. Nitrogen -- 5.4.1. Ammonification -- 5.4.2. Nitrification -- 5.4.3. Denitrification -- 5.4.4. Plant Uptake -- 5.4.5. Adsorption -- 5.4.6. Other Nitrogen Processes -- 5.4.6.1. Ammonia Volatilization -- 5.4.6.2. N2 Fixation -- 5.4.6.3. ANAMMOX -- 5.4.6.4. CANON -- 5.5. Phosphorus -- 5.5.1. Adsorption and Precipitation -- 5.5.2. Plant Uptake -- 5.5.3. Microbial Uptake -- 5.6. Heavy Metals -- 5.6.1. Adsorption and Precipitation -- 5.6.2. Filtration and Sedimentation -- 5.6.3. Plant Uptake -- 5.6.4. Microbial Activities -- 5.7. Pathogen Removal -- 5.7.1. Abiotic Mechanisms: Sedimentation, Filtration, and Adsorption -- 5.7.2. Biotic Mechanisms: Predation, Retention in Biofilm, and Plant Presence -- 5.7.2.1. Predation Activity -- 5.7.2.2. Biofilm Retention -- 5.7.2.3. Plant Presence -- 5.7.3. Other Factors -- 5.8. Organic Micropollutants -- 5.8.1. Phenolic and Other Aromatic Compounds -- 5.8.1.1. Biodegradation -- 5.8.1.2. Plant Uptake -- 5.8.1.3. Adsorption -- 5.8.2. Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, and Endocrine Disruptors -- Chapter 6: Domestic/Municipal Wastewater Treatment with VFCWs -- 6.1. Basic Design Considerations -- 6.1.1. Unit Area Requirement -- 6.1.2. Organic and Hydraulic Load -- 6.1.3. Oxygen Transfer Capacity -- 6.2. Facility Layout, Design, and Operation -- 6.2.1. Pretreatment -- 6.2.2. Feeding Strategy -- 6.2.3. Wastewater Distribution and Collection -- 6.2.4. Bed Thickness and Porous Media Layers -- 6.2.5. Post-Treatment -- 6.2.6. The French System -- 6.3. Performance -- 6.3.1. Removal of Organic Matter and Nitrogen -- 6.3.2. Removal of Phosphorus -- 6.3.3. Effects of Porous Media -- 6.3.3.1. Filter Units with Porous Media -- 6.3.4. Removal of Pathogenic Microorganisms -- 6.3.5. Effects of Vegetation -- 6.3.5.1. Removal of OM, N, and P and Other Compounds -- 6.3.5.2. Bacteria Removal. , 6.3.5.3. Nutrient Uptake by Plants and Harvesting -- 6.3.6. Effects of Different Aeration Configurations -- 6.3.6.1. Aeration Pipes -- 6.3.6.2. Artificial Aeration (Aerated Wetlands) -- 6.3.6.3. Effluent Recirculation -- 6.3.6.4. TF Configuration -- 6.3.7. Effect of Evapotranspiration -- Chapter 7: Treatment of Special Wastewaters in VFCWs -- 7.1. Treatment of Special Wastewaters -- 7.1.1. Tannery Wastewater -- 7.1.2. Landfill Leachate Effluents -- 7.1.3. Azo-Dye and Textile Industries -- 7.1.4. Other Industrial Effluents -- 7.1.5. Dairy Wastewater -- 7.1.6. Animal Farms -- 7.1.7. Olive Mill Wastewater -- 7.1.8. Summary, Design, and Future Research Suggestions -- 7.2. Groundwater Remediation -- Chapter 8: Modeling of Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Regression Equation Models -- 8.3. Mechanistic Models for VFCWs -- 8.3.1. FITOVERT Model -- 8.3.2. CW2D Model -- 8.3.3. Other Mechanistic Models -- 8.3.4. Pollutant Removal Kinetics -- 8.4. Clogging Model -- 8.5. Conclusions -- Chapter 9: General Aspects of Sludge Management -- 9.1. Municipal Sludge Characteristics -- 9.2. Sludge Handling and Management-The Problem -- 9.3. Legislation -- Chapter 10: Sludge Treatment Wetlands-Basic Design Considerations -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Basic Design Considerations -- 10.2.1. Operational Lifetime -- 10.2.2. Sludge Loading Rate -- 10.2.3. Sludge Quality and Origin -- 10.3. Facility Layout -- 10.4. Operation and Feeding Strategy -- 10.5. Common Operational Problems -- 10.6. Vegetation -- Chapter 11: Processes and Mechanisms in Sludge Treatment Wetlands -- 11.1. Sludge Dewatering -- 11.1.1. Draining -- 11.1.2. Evapotranspiration -- 11.2. Sludge Mineralization -- Chapter 12: Performance of Sludge Treatment Wetlands -- 12.1. Dewatering Efficiency -- 12.1.1. Vertical Profile of the Residual Sludge Layer. , 12.1.2. Comparison with Other Dewatering Methods -- 12.2. Organic Matter (Volatile Solids) -- 12.2.1. Vertical Profile of the Residual Sludge Layer -- 12.2.2. Comparison with Other Dewatering Methods -- 12.3. Nutrients (N, P), pH, and EC -- 12.3.1. Vertical Profile of the Residual Sludge Layer -- 12.4. Heavy Metals -- 12.4.1. Vertical Profile of the Residual Sludge Layer -- 12.5. Pathogens -- 12.5.1. Vertical Profile of the Residual Sludge Layer -- 12.6. Specific Microcompounds -- 12.7. Drained Water -- 12.8. Stability and Maturity of Residual Sludge -- 12.8.1. Stability -- 12.8.2. Maturity -- 12.9. Effects of Vegetation -- 12.9.1. Presence of Plants and Plant Species -- 12.9.2. Plant Uptake -- 12.10. Effects of Porous Media -- Chapter 13: Techno-Economic Aspects of Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands -- 13.1. Costing -- 13.2. Economic and Environmental Evaluation -- References -- Nomenclature -- Index.