Note: Intro -- Regional Assessment of Climate Change in the Mediterranean -- CIRCE - Climate Change and Impact Research: The Mediterranean Environment -- Foreword -- CIRCE - Climate Change and Impact Research: The Mediterranean Environment -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part III: Agriculture, Forests and Ecosystem Services -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2: Vulnerability of Ecosystem Services in the Mediterranean Region to Climate Changes in Combination with Other Pressures -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Characterization of the Mediterranean, Its Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services -- 2.3 Projected Climatic Changes and Impacts in the Mediterranean -- 2.4 Land Use Changes -- 2.5 Vulnerability of Ecosystem Services and the Sectors They Support -- 2.6 Results from CIRCE Research Line 7 - Vulnerability Assessment -- References -- Chapter 3: Impact of Climate Variability and Extremes on the Carbon Cycle of the Mediterranean Region -- 3.1 Recent and Ongoing Changes of Mediterranean Climate Change -- 3.2 Observed Impacts of Climate Variability and Extremes on Ecosystems -- 3.3 Projected Changes of Mediterranean -- 3.4 Expected Impacts of the Projected Changes -- 3.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Climate Change Impacts on Typical Mediterranean Crops and Evaluation of Adaptation Strategies to Cope With -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Material and Methods -- 4.2.1 Study Area: Mediterranean Basin -- 4.2.2 Climate Data -- 4.2.3 Selected Crops -- 4.2.3.1 Durum Wheat -- 4.2.3.2 Grapevine -- 4.2.3.3 Olive Tree -- 4.2.4 Model Description -- 4.2.4.1 SIRIUS Quality v.1.1 -- 4.2.4.2 Grapevine Growth Model -- 4.2.4.3 Olive Tree Ecological Model -- 4.2.5 Impact Assessment -- 4.2.6 Adaptation Strategies -- 4.3 Results -- 4.3.1 Climatic Trend -- 4.3.2 Model Calibration and Validation. , 4.3.3 Climate Change Impact in STD -- 4.3.3.1 Durum Wheat -- 4.3.3.2 Grapevine -- 4.3.3.3 Olive Tree -- 4.3.4 Adaptation Strategies -- 4.3.4.1 Durum Wheat: Advanced Sowing -- 4.3.4.2 Durum Wheat: Shorter and Longer Cycle Varieties -- 4.3.4.3 Durum Wheat: Higher Fertilization -- 4.3.4.4 Grapevine: Advanced/Delayed Bud-Break -- 4.3.4.5 Grapevine: Shorter and Longer Cycle Varieties -- 4.4 Discussions -- 4.4.1 Durum Wheat -- 4.4.2 Grapevine -- 4.4.3 Olive Tree -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Climate Change Impacts on Forests and Forest Products in the Mediterranean Area -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Forest Resources in the Mediterranean Region -- 5.3 Forest Management in Mediterranean Forests: Features and Peculiarities -- 5.3.1 Changes in Total Forest and Other Wooded Land Area -- 5.4 Historical Trends for Main Forest Products in the Mediterranean Region -- 5.4.1 Non Wood Products and Externalities in Mediterranean Forests -- 5.5 Climate Change Impacts on Mediterranean Forests -- 5.5.1 Ecophysiology, Phenology and Productivity -- 5.5.2 Dieback, Degradation and Distribution of Forest Ecosystems -- 5.6 Effects of Future Climate on Forest Functionality and Productivity in the Mediterranean Region -- 5.7 Effects of Future Climate Scenario on the Potential and Effective Distribution of Forest Ecosystems and Tree Species -- 5.8 Responding to Climate Change: Adaptive Management for Mediterranean Forests -- 5.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6: Effects of Climate and Extreme Events on Wildfire Regime and Their Ecological Impacts -- 6.1 Climate and Fire Regime During the Last Decades in the Mediterranean Area -- 6.2 Changes in Fire Regime According to Projected Climate Change in the Mediterranean -- 6.2.1 What Would Be New in the Forest Fire Regime? -- 6.3 Approaches and Methods to Identify Fire-Vulnerable Ecosystems. , 6.4 Confronting Fire Impacts in Light of Climate Change -- 6.4.1 Post-fire Restoration Techniques to Reduce Fire Risk -- 6.4.1.1 Mitigation Strategies -- Emergency Seeding -- Mulching -- 6.4.1.2 Fire Adaptation Measures -- Facing Increased Drought in Plantations -- Plant Species Selection -- Plant Quality: Nursery Cultivation -- Substrates or Growing Media -- Containers and Root Systems -- Drought Preconditioning -- 6.4.2 Landscape Dimension in Fire Prevention and Restoration -- 6.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7: Climate Induced Effects on Livestock Population and Productivity in the Mediterranean Area -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Indirect Effects of Climate on Livestock -- 7.3 Impact of Climate Change on the Emergence of Vector-Borne Diseases - The Case of Bluetongue in the Mediterranean Basin -- 7.4 Direct Effects of Climate on Livestock -- 7.5 The Temperature Humidity Index -- 7.6 The THI Characterization of the Mediterranean Area -- 7.7 Relationships Between THI, Productivity and Health -- 7.8 Scenarios -- 7.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Summary and Major Findings -- References -- Part IV: People -- Chapter 9: Introduction -- Chapter 10: Integrated Socio-Economic Assessment (The Economic Point of View) -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Integrated Assessment (IA) and the Climate Change Problem -- 10.3 The Role and Representation of the Social-Economic Dimension in IA -- 10.4 Economic Assessments of Climate Change Impacts for the Mediterranean Region -- 10.4.1 Sea-Level Rise -- 10.4.2 Extreme Events -- 10.4.3 Energy Demand -- 10.4.4 Health -- 10.4.5 Agriculture -- 10.4.6 Ecosystems -- 10.4.7 Tourism -- 10.4.8 Overall Assessment of Economic Impacts of Climate Change in the Mediterranean -- 10.5 The Integrated Impact Assessment Performed by CIRCE Project -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 11: Water and People: Assessing Policy Priorities for Climate Change Adaptation in the Mediterranean -- 11.1 How Much Does Water Management Need to Adapt in View of Climate Change? -- 11.2 Review of Impacts -- 11.2.1 The Challenges to Water Resources in Mediterranean Countries -- 11.3 A Survey of Previous Studies -- 11.4 How Able Are People to Adapt to These Changes? -- 11.4.1 Determinants of Adaptive Capacity -- 11.4.1.1 Social Capacity -- 11.4.1.2 Economic Capacity -- 11.4.1.3 Technological Eco-Efficiency -- 11.4.1.4 Natural Capital -- 11.4.1.5 Climate Capital -- 11.4.2 Computing an Adaptive Capacity Index -- 11.4.2.1 Selection of the Indicators -- 11.4.2.2 Normalization to a Common Baseline -- 11.4.2.3 Quantification of the Adaptive Capacity Index -- 11.4.2.4 Adaptive Capacity Index Distribution -- 11.4.2.5 Evaluation of Adaptive Capacity -- 11.5 Estimating How People May Modify Water Availability -- 11.5.1 Water Supply and Demand Scenarios -- 11.5.2 Defining Water Availability -- 11.5.2.1 Model Architecture -- 11.5.2.2 Example of Model Results -- 11.5.2.3 Trade-off Between Water Allocation and Supply Reliability -- 11.5.2.4 Management Policy Evaluation -- 11.5.3 Example of Application in the Ebro Basin -- 11.6 Establishing Policy Priorities -- 11.6.1 Policy Options and Thresholds -- 11.6.2 From Index Thresholds to Policy Recommendations -- 11.6.2.1 Low to Medium Water Scarcity -- 11.6.2.2 High Water Scarcity -- 11.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Adaptation Strategies for the Mediterranean -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Adaptation Implementation in the Mediterranean -- 12.2.1 Adaptation in Developing Countries: The Key Role of Development Cooperation -- 12.2.1.1 Fragmentation of Adaptation Implementation -- 12.2.1.2 Adaptation for the Poor -- 12.2.1.3 A Need for Enhanced Integration. , 12.2.2 Adaptation in Developed Countries: A Proliferation of Scattered, Top-Down Initiatives -- 12.3 The Relative Importance of Precise Climate Information -- 12.3.1 The Need for Information on Future Climate, and the Difficulties of Using It -- 12.3.1.1 A Plea for Early Action on Adaptation: Three Reasons -- 12.3.1.2 The Need for Climate Projections and the Problem of Uncertainty -- 12.3.1.3 A Theoretical Way Forward -- 12.3.2 The Minimal Use of Climate Science for Mediterranean Adaptation -- 12.3.3 A Rationale Behind the Underutilization of Precise Climate Information -- 12.3.3.1 Differential Needs for Precision in Climate Information -- 12.3.3.2 Non-climatic Drivers of Change and Related Uncertainties -- 12.3.3.3 A Need to Communicate the Best Available Science -- 12.4 Principles for the Elaboration of Adaptation Strategies -- 12.4.1 The Need for Integration -- 12.4.1.1 Climate Change and Other Drivers -- 12.4.1.2 A Two-Way Integrated Approach -- 12.4.1.3 A Wide Range of Possibilities -- 12.4.1.4 Contrasted Stakeholders' Interests -- 12.4.2 Choosing Adaptation Options -- 12.4.3 Contextualizing Best Practices and Adaptation Initiatives -- 12.4.4 Using What Already Exists -- 12.5 Conclusion -- 12.5.1 Adaptation for a Long Period of Time -- 12.5.2 An Emerging Framework of Action -- References -- Chapter 13: Health -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Heat, Heat-Waves and Air Pollution -- 13.1.2 Infectious Diseases -- 13.1.3 Capacity Building in Assessing Health Risks -- 13.1.4 Health Adaptation Needs -- 13.1.5 Research on Climate Change and Health -- 13.2 Research on Climate Change and Health -- 13.3 Health Impact of Extreme Temperature and Air Pollution in Ten Mediterranean Cities -- 13.3.1 Data -- 13.3.2 Methods -- 13.3.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.3.1 High Temperature and Mortality -- 13.3.3.2 Heat Wave Episodes and Mortality. , 13.3.3.3 Joint Effects of High Temperatures and Air Pollution.