Note: Intro -- Bryozoan Studies 2010 -- Preface -- Contents -- Conference Photograph -- In Memory of Richard Stanton Boardman (1923-2011) -- In Memory of Frank K. (Ken) McKinney (1943-2011) -- Chapter 1: Distribution over Space and Time in Epizoobiontic North Sea Bryozoans -- Distribution of North Sea Bryozoans -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Spatial Distribution of Zooepibiontic Bryozoans -- Temporal Distribution of Zooepibiontic Bryozoans -- Cheilostomes Versus Cyclostomes -- The Helgoland Deep Trench (HTR): A Special Case -- Erect Species Versus Encrusters -- References -- Chapter 2: The World´s Oldest-Known Bryozoan Reefs: Late Tremadocian, mid-Early Ordovician -- Yichang, Central China -- Oldest Bryozoan Reefs -- Purpose -- Overview -- Location -- Stratigraphy and Age -- Reef-Mound Form -- Reef-Rock Characteristics -- Species Identifications -- Nekhorosheviella semisphaerica -- Orbiramus normalis -- Bryoherm Zonation -- Surrounding Sediments -- Bryozoan Constructional Roles -- Palaeoenvironment -- Comparison with Garden Island -- Conclusions: Reconstruction -- References -- Chapter 3: Molecular Distance and Morphological Divergence in Cauloramphus (Cheilostomata: Calloporidae) -- Divergence in Cauloramphus -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Phylogenetic Analysis -- Morphological Divergence and Genetic Distance Within Morphospecies -- Detection of Cryptic Species, Undescribed Morphospecies, and Multi-species Clades (Species Groups) -- Cryptic Species -- Undescribed Morphospecies -- Multi-species Clades (Species Groups) -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Acanthoclema (Rhabdomesina, Cryptostomata) from the Devonian of Europe -- Acanthoclema from Devonian of Europe -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Numerical Statistics -- Systematic Palaeontology. , Discussion -- Taxonomy -- Numerical Comparison -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Growth Rates, Age Determination, and Calcification Levels in Flustra foliacea (L.) (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata): Preliminary Assessment -- Morphology, Growth and Calcification Levelsin Flustra foliacea (L.) -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Morphology -- Geochemistry -- Results -- Morphology -- Geochemistry -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Life on the Edge: Parachnoidea (Ctenostomata) and Barentsia (Kamptozoa) on Bathymodiolin Mussels from an Active Submarine Volcano in the Kermadec Volcanic Arc -- Vent-Faunal Ctenostome and Kamptozoan -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Environmental Setting -- Systematic Part -- Elemental Analysis -- Discussion -- Appendix A. Interim List of Taxa from Rumble V -- References -- Chapter 7: Occurrence and Identity of ``White Spots´´ in Phylactolaemata -- White Spots in Phylactolaemata -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Results -- Lophopus crystallinus (Pallas, 1768) -- Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851) -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 8: Testing Habitat Complexity as a Control over Bryozoan Colonial Growth Form and Species Distribution -- Colonial Growth Form Ecology -- Introduction -- Previous Work -- Material and Methods -- Apparatuses and Microhabitat -- Experimental Design -- Data Collection -- Data Analysis -- Sampling Curve to Evaluate Species Heterogeneity Among Microhabitats -- Comparing Replicate Among and Within Microhabitat Variation -- Microhabitat Preference of Individual Species -- Results -- Sampling Curve to Evaluate Species Heterogeneity Among Microhabitats -- Frequency and Distribution of Species -- Kruskal-Wallis Test for Apparatus, Level, and Microhabitat Effects -- Microhabitat Preference of Individual Species -- Discussion. , Species Richness Among Microhabitats -- Distribution of Growth Habit Characters Among Microhabitats -- References -- Chapter 9: Distribution and Diversity of Erect Bryozoan Assemblages Along the Pacific Coast of Japan -- Erect Bryozoan Assemblages of Japan -- Introduction -- Bryozoan Assemblages of Japan -- Component Species Forming Bryozoan Thickets -- Material and Methods -- Study Areas and Collecting Effort -- Sagami Bay -- Otsuchi Bay -- Nansei Islands -- Erect Colony Morphologies and Relative Abundance -- Results -- Erect Bryozoans in Sagami Bay -- Comparison Among Sampling Areas -- Discussion -- Diversity of Erect Bryozoans in Time and Space in Sagami Bay -- Latitudinal Patterns in the Diversity of Erect Bryozoans in Japan -- Comparison of the Erect Bryozoan Assemblage in Sagami Bay with Bryozoan Thickets at Otago, New Zealand -- References -- Chapter 10: Epizoic Bryozoans on Predatory Pycnogonids from the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica: ``If You Can´t Beat Them, Join Them" -- Fouled Pycnogonids from Antarctica -- Introduction -- The Hosts -- The Epibionts -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Comparison with Other Substrata -- Costs and Benefits of Epibiosis -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Growth Rate of Selected Sheet-Encrusting Bryozoan Colonies Along a Latitudinal Transect: Preliminary Results -- Growth Rate of Bryozoans -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Study Area -- Protocol -- Results -- Discussion -- Appendix A: All Measurements of Bryozoans Included in the Study -- References -- Chapter 12: Patterns of Magnesium-Calcite Distribution in the Skeleton of Some Polar Bryozoan Species -- Mineralogy of Polar Bryozoan Skeletons -- Introduction -- Ocean Chemistry and the Calcifying Process -- Bryozoan Mineralogy: An Indicator of Change -- Current Status of Bryozoan Mineralogy Studies. , Material and Methods -- Description of Study Areas -- Material -- Sample Preparation and Mineralogical Analysis -- Data Analysis -- Results -- Mineralogy -- Mg Distribution in Erect Polar Bryozoans with Different Substrate Attachment Types -- Cemented Species -- Flexible Species -- Rootlet Species -- Temperature Variation and Its Impact on Mg Content in Bryozoans -- Discussion -- Magnesium Distribution in Erect Polar Bryozoans -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Seagrass-Associated Bryozoan Communities from the Late Pliocene of the Island of Rhodes (Greece) -- Pliocene Seagrass Bryozoans -- Introduction -- Geological Setting -- Material and Methods -- Bryozoans Associated with the Fossil Leaves -- Bryozoans Associated with the Fossil Rhizomes -- Bryozoan Communities Associated with Present-Day Posidonia oceanica Meadows -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: A New Species of the Genus Electra (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from Southern Oman, Arabian Sea -- A New Species of Bryozoa from Southern Oman -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Material -- Molecular Methods -- Results -- Systematic Account -- Molecular Data -- Discussion -- Morphological Comparison -- Molecular Comparison -- References -- Chapter 15: Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Confirms the Species Status of Electra verticillata (Ellis and Solander, 1786) -- Species Status of Electra verticillata -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Sampling -- Other Material Examined -- Molecular Techniques -- Phylogenetic Analyses -- Morphological Study -- Results -- Phylogenetic Analysis -- Morphology of Electra verticillata -- Discussion -- Phylogenetic Analyses -- Morphological Differences Between E. verticillata and E. pilosa -- Ecological Notes -- Geographical Distribution of E. verticillata -- Supplements -- References. , Chapter 16: Large Sediment Encrusting Trepostome Bryozoans from the Permian of Tasmania, Australia -- Sediment Encrusting Trepostomes -- Introduction -- Geological Setting and Bryozoan Fauna -- Description of Material -- Elephant Pass Material -- Thin Section Description -- Other Material -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17: Bryozoan Communities and Thanatocoenoses from Submarine Caves in the Plemmirio Marine Protected Area (SE Sicily) -- Bryozoans from Submarine Caves -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Living and Dead Assemblages from Cave Walls and Vaults -- Living and Dead Assemblages from the Cave Sediments -- Sampling Methods -- References -- Chapter 18: The Genus Sparsiporina d´Orbigny, 1852 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): Late Eocene to Holocene -- The Genus Sparsiporina d'Orbigny -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Systematic Part -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 19: Species of Alcyonidium (Ctenostomatida) from the Pacific Coast of North America: A Preliminary Account -- Alcyonidium from the Pacific Coast -- Introduction -- Historical Review -- Characters Useful for Species Discrimination in Alcyonidium -- Colony -- Zooid Shape and Size -- Tentacle Number -- Morphology of the Digestive Tract -- Reproductive Mode -- The Ancestrula and Early Astogeny -- Reproductive Phenology -- Material and Methods -- Results -- Collecting Sites -- The Species -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 20: Distribution and Zoogeography of Cheilostomate Bryozoa Along the Pacific Coast of Panama: Comparison Between the Gulf of Panama and Gulf of Chiriquı´ -- Cheilostomes in Pacific Waters of Panama -- Introduction -- Geographic and Hydrographic Settings -- Material and Methods -- Data Acquisition -- Data Analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- References. , Chapter 21: High Resolution Non-destructive Imaging Techniques for Internal Fine Structure of Bryozoan Skeletons.