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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (955)
Publikationsart
  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-01-31
    Beschreibung: [1]  The nitrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate in ice cores offers unique potential for examining reactive nitrogen oxide (NO x ) budgets and oxidation chemistry of past atmospheres. A low-latitude record is of particular interest given that the dominant natural sources of NO x and production of hydroxyl radical are most prevalent in the Tropics. Any interpretation of nitrate in ice cores, however, must first consider that nitrate in snow is vulnerable to post-depositional loss and isotopic alteration. We report and assess the integrity of nitrate–δ 15 N, –δ 18 O and –Δ 17 O in a 30 m ice core from a high-elevation site in the central Andes. Clear seasonality in δ 15 N, δ 18 O and nitrate concentration exists throughout most of the record and cannot be explained by photolysis or evaporation based on our current understanding of these processes. In contrast, nitrate in the upper ~12 m of the core and in a snowpit shows very different behavior. This may reflect alteration facilitated by recent melting at the surface. The relationships between δ 15 N, δ 18 O, Δ 17 O and concentration in the unaltered sections can be interpreted in terms of mixing of nitrate from discrete sources. Transport effects and an englacial contribution from nitrification cannot be ruled out at this time, but the observed isotopic compositions are consistent with expected signatures of known NO x sources and atmospheric oxidation pathways. Specifically, nitrate deposited during the wet season reflects biogenic soil emissions and hydroxyl/peroxy radical chemistry in the Amazon while dry season deposition reflects a lightning source and ozone chemistry at higher levels in the Troposphere.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Publiziert von Wiley-Blackwell im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-19
    Beschreibung: Data collected between 1974 and 2016 from snow pits and core samples from two Peruvian ice fields demonstrate the effect of the recent warming over the tropical Andes, augmented by El Niño, on the preservation of the climate record. As the 0 o C isotherm is approaching the summit of the Quelccaya ice cap in the Andes of southern Peru (5670 masl), the distinctive seasonal δ 18 O oscillations in the fresh snow deposited within each thermal year are attenuated at depth due to melting and percolation through the firn. This has become increasingly pronounced over 43 years. In the Andes of northern Peru, the ice field on the col of Nevado Huascarán (6050 masl) has retained its seasonal δ 18 O variations at depth due to its higher elevation. During the 2015/16 El Niño, snow on Quelccaya and Huascarán was isotopically (δ 18 O) enriched and the net sum of accumulation over the previous year (NSA) was below the mean for non-El Niño years, particularly on Quelccaya (up to 64% below the mean) which was more pronounced than the NSA decrease during the comparable 1982/83 El Niño. Interannual large-scale oceanic and middle to upper level atmospheric temperatures influence δ 18 O in precipitation on both ice fields, although the influences are variably affected by strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation events, especially on Quelccaya. The rate of ice wastage along Quelccaya's margin was dramatically higher during 2015/16 compared with that of the previous 15 years, suggesting that warming from future El Niños may accelerate mass loss on Peruvian glaciers.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Publiziert von Wiley-Blackwell im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-13
    Beschreibung: Current interferon-based therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is inadequate, prompting a shift towards combinations of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) with the first protease-targeted drugs licensed in 2012. Many compounds are in the pipeline yet primarily target only three viral proteins, namely NS3/4A protease, NS5B polymerase and NS5A. With concerns growing over resistance, broadening the repertoire for DAA targets is a major priority. Here we describe the complete structure of the HCV p7 protein as a monomeric hairpin, solved using a novel combination of chemical shift and NOE based methods. This represents atomic resolution information for a full-length virus-coded ion channel, or “viroporin”, whose essential functions represent a clinically proven class of antiviral target exploited previously for influenza A virus therapy. Specific drug-protein interactions validate an allosteric site on the channel periphery and its relevance is demonstrated by the selection of novel, structurally diverse inhibitory small molecules with nanomolar potency in culture. Hit compounds represent a 10,000-fold improvement over prototypes, suppress rimantadine resistance polymorphisms at sub-micromolar concentrations and show activity against other HCV genotypes. Conclusions : This proof-of-principle that structure-guided design can lead to drug-like molecules affirms p7 as a much needed new target in the burgeoning era of HCV DAA. (H epatology 2013;)
    Print ISSN: 0270-9139
    Digitale ISSN: 1527-3350
    Thema: Medizin
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 6 (1968), S. 1101-1118 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A model for hemoglobin is proposed and its application to allosteric enzymes is discussed with particular reference to asparate transcarbamylase. The main assumptions made are that the molecule is composed of subunits and that occupation of a sub-unit produces a conformational change which affects the occupational probability of neighboring subunits. The results compare favorably with experiment and a number of specific predictions are made for aspartate transcarbamylase.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1331-1349 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The time-dependent theory developed in Part I is specialized to treat tetrameric hemoglobin, and the results of the theory for dimeric-and tetrameric hemoglobin are compared with data on the kinetics of the reactions of hemoglobin with carbon monoxide and oxygen at various salt concentrations for the case of large concentration of ligand relative to that of hemoglobin. The fit of the theoretical results to the data suggests that hemoglobin at a 2 M salt concentration is predominantly dimeric and that the tetramer should be taken as the functional unit to explain the kinetics of the reactions of normal hemoglobin. A relationship is established between the time-dependent theory arid Adair's Intermediate Compound Hypothesis (I.C.H.) for hemoglobin, as brought to its present state by Gibson and Roughton. A generalization (G.I.C.H.) of the I.C.H. is presented and is shown to be equivalent to the time-dependent theory in the limit of infinite ligand concentration. The I.C.H. is shown to be an excellent approximation to the centralized theory (G.I.C.H.) in this limit.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 961-972 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A previous equilibrium model is generalized to study time-dependent behavior of hemoglobin and allosteric enzymes. An exact solution for two interacting subunits (e.g., diheme) is given, and a general method for solving the resulting set of differential equations is outlined. At half saturation (equilibrium) concentration, the model takes a particularly simple form which suggests an experiment to determine the number of subunits of an allosteric enzyme, or in particular to distinguish diheme from ordinary hemoglobin. The relation between the present model and other kinetic models is also discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 2107-2120 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The far-uv CD spectra of eight lectins are presented. These eight lectins, as well as others previously studied, are grouped into three classes according to their particular CD spectra. The eight lectins studied appeared to have secondary structure dominated by β-pleated sheet, which so far has been true of all lectins. An attempt was made to quantitate the three structural components (α-helix, β-pleated sheet, and aperiodic) in the lectins using the data for reference proteins given by Chen et al. [Biochemistry 13,3350 (1974)]. For lectins in two of the classes, this method proved excellent and values for the three components are given. However, for the third class of lectins, which includes most of the lectins as well as Concanavalin A, this method of analysis proved to be unsatisfactory. This inadequacy was due to two factors: (1) the reference proteins used by Chen and (2) the unusual CD spectra of these lectins manifested by considerable ellipticity above 225 nm in a region where there are no known peptide electronic transitions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Two studies are diescribed in which synthetic peptides have been designed and examined to address biochemical problems inherent in hydorphobic environments: (1) The cyclic hexapeptide cyclo-(D-Tyr(Bzl)-Gly-Ile-Leu-Gln-Pro) was synthesized as a model of an interior β-turn from the protein lysozyme. Conformational analysis by proton nmr methods, including two-dimensional nulcear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, revealed that the model peptide adopts one conformation in chloroform/dimethyl sulfoxide (98.2) and tetramethylene sulfone solutions. The conformation consists of two linked β-turns, one with the same sequence (Gly-Ile-Leu-Gln) and geometry (Type I) as the protein turn. (2) Major portions of the λ-receptor protein (LamB) signal sequences from E. coli wildtype and mutant strains have been synthesized. The conformational properties and membrane interactions of these synthetic signal peptides correlate with the in vivo export function of the wild type and mutant strains. Functional signal sequences are significantly richer in α-helix in aaqueous trifluoroethanol, lysolecithin, or sodium do-decyl sulfate solution than is a nonfunctional mutant signal sequence.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A theory describing the shapes of polarized fluorescence photobleaching recovery (PFPR) curves for a population of fluorophores undergoing restricted rotational diffusion in two-dimensional systems such as planar membranes has been developed. In this model, restricted rotational diffusion of the fluorophores is described by using reflective boundary conditions, in which the fluorophores are assumed to diffuse freely but only within an angular space of width 2ω. The magnitude and apparent rate of the PFPR postbleach fluorescence curves are a function of both ω and the angle between the bleaching and observation beam polarizations ψ. It is shown that estimates of the degree of rotational restriction ω may be obtained from changes in the ψ-dependent postbleach fluorescence intensities.Using angle-dependent PFPR, slow rotational reorientations of the fluorescent lipid analogue 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine in distearoylphosphatidylcholine Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers deposited on octadecyltrichlorosilane-treated fused quartz were measured. As theoretically predicted for a rotationally restricted fluorophore population, both the initial Fψ(0) and final Fψ(∞) postbleach fluorescence intensities varied as a function of ψ, and no measurable change in the postbleach fluorescence intensities was observed for ψ = 45°. Using the theory for restricted rotational motion, the ψ-dependent variations of the final fluorescence intensities Fψ(∞) obtained at two bleaching intensities gave an average apparent ω ≍ 52°. However, to adequately fit the Fψ(0) data, inclusion of the theoretical effects of rapid (faster than the duration of the photobleaching pulse) fluorophore dynamics was also required. Best fits of the Fψ(0) and Fψ(∞) data were obtained when the fluorophores were assumed to rapidly wobble within a cone of semiangle δ ≍ 30°-50° while slowly rotating within an angular space defined by semiangle ω ≍ 35°-60°. Subsequent analysis of the time- and ψ-dependent changes in the postbleach fluorescence curves Fψ(t) gave apparent diffusion coefficients ranging from D ≍ 10-3 s-1 to 4 × 10-2 s-1. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 93 (1960), S. 1774-1781 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Die Nitrogruppe tritt in 4- und 3-Stellung des Benzocyclobutens ein. Im letztgenannten Fall öffnet sich der Vierring zwischen 1, 7. Eine Ringsprengung an der gleichen Stelle wird bei-der Einwirkung von Salzsäure auf 4-Acetamino-benzo-cyclobuten beobachtet. Ausgehend vom 4-Nitro-benzocyclobuten wurde über die Amino- und Hydroxyverbindung hinweg mit Frémy-Salz Benzocyclobuten-o-chinon-(3.4) dargestellt. Es werden einige Reaktionen mitgeteilt, die mit diesem Strukturvorschlag in Einklang stehen. Zur Erklärung des unsymmetrischen Spaltungsverlaufes wird die Elektronenaffinität des Aromaten im Übergangszustand verantwortlich gemacht.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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