Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Summary of Chapters -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Monitoring and Assessment of Air Pollution -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Impacts of Air Pollution -- 2.3 Measurement of Air Pollution -- 2.3.1 Spectroscopic Techniques -- 2.3.2 Sampling Methods -- 2.3.3 Chromatography Techniques -- 2.3.4 Size Measurement Techniques -- 2.3.5 Remote Sensing: An Important Tool for Air Pollution Measurement -- 2.3.5.1 Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosol -- 2.3.5.2 Measurement of Ozone -- 2.3.5.3 Measurement of Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide -- 2.3.5.4 Measurement of Carbon Monoxide -- 2.3.5.5 Measurement of Sulfur Dioxide -- 2.3.5.6 Measurement of Methane -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Air Pollution Modeling -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Components of Air Pollution Modeling -- 3.1.1.1 Inventory of Sources and Emissions -- 3.1.1.2 Transport Circulation and Parameterization -- 3.1.1.3 Chemical Transformations -- 3.1.1.4 Removal Process -- 3.1.1.5 Meteorology -- 3.2 Classification of Air Pollution Models -- 3.2.1 Lagrangian and Eulerian Models -- 3.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Scale -- 3.3 Dispersion Modeling -- 3.3.1 Photochemical Modeling -- 3.3.2 Plume Rise Models -- 3.4 WRF/Chem Model -- 3.5 Overview of Air Pollution Modeling Studies -- 3.5.1 Role of Air Pollution on Human Health -- 3.5.2 Dust Aerosols and Tropospheric Chemistry -- 3.6 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Impact of Air Pollutants on Plant Metabolism and Antioxidant Machinery -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Air Pollutants and Their Impacts on Plant Health -- 4.3 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) -- 4.4 Nitrogen-Containing Pollutants NOX and NHy -- 4.5 Ozone -- 4.6 Fluorides -- 4.7 Effect of Particulate Matter -- 4.8 Summary -- References. , Chapter 5: Role of Global Climate Change in Crop Yield Reductions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Crop Response to Climate Change -- 5.2.1 Effect of Elevated CO2 on C3 Versus C4 Plants -- 5.2.1.1 Elevated CO2 Affects Photosynthesis -- 5.2.1.1.1 C3 Versus C4 Plants -- 5.2.1.1.2 Effect of Elevated CO2 Enrichment on Crop Plant -- 5.2.1.1.3 Implication and Mechanism of Elevated CO2 on C3 Versus C4 Plant -- 5.2.1.2 Elevated CO2 Affects Dark Respiration -- 5.2.1.2.1 Mechanism for Dark Respiration Inhibition -- 5.2.1.3 Elevated CO2 Affects Stomatal Conductance, Water Use Efficiency, and Transpiration -- 5.2.1.4 Elevated CO2 Affects Product Quality and Yields -- 5.3 Effect of Higher Temperature on C3 and C4 Plants -- 5.3.1 Temperature -- 5.3.1.1 Elevated Temperatures Affect Photosynthesis Versus Photorespiration Process -- 5.3.1.2 Effect of Temperature on Phenology of Crop Plants -- 5.4 Interactions of Higher Temperature and Elevated CO2 with Product Quality and Yield -- 5.5 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Air Pollution and Its Role in Stress Physiology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 SO2 and Its Effect on Plant Physiology -- 6.2.1 SO2 and Its Effect on Stomata -- 6.2.2 SO2 and Its Effect on Photosynthesis -- 6.2.3 SO2 and Its Effect on Respiration and Photorespiration -- 6.3 NOX and Its Effect on Plant Physiology -- 6.3.1 Effect of NO2 on Stomatal Conductance -- 6.3.2 Effect of NOx on Photosynthesis -- 6.3.3 Effect of NO2 on Respiration and Photorespiration -- 6.4 O3 and Its Effect on Plant Physiology -- 6.4.1 Effects of Ozone Stress on Stomatal Conductance -- 6.4.2 Effects of Ozone on Photosynthesis -- 6.4.3 Effects of Ozone on Respiration and Photorespiration -- 6.4.3.1 Photorespiration -- 6.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 7: Air Pollution Exposure Studies Related to Human Health. , 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Types of Air Pollution Impacting Human Health -- 7.3 Pollutants Are Categorized into Four Major Categories Depending on Their Physical and Chemical Nature -- 7.3.1 Gaseous Pollutants (e.g., SO2, NOx, COx, O3, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Such as Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) -- 7.3.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) (e.g., Dioxins) -- 7.3.3 Heavy Metals -- 7.3.4 Respirable Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) -- 7.4 Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health -- 7.5 Respiratory System -- 7.5.1 Asthma and Respiratory Disorder -- 7.5.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) -- 7.5.3 Pulmonary Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis -- 7.6 Cardiovascular System -- 7.6.1 Blood Pressure and Hypertension -- 7.6.2 Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress -- 7.6.3 Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis -- 7.6.4 Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, and Anemia -- 7.7 Nervous System -- 7.7.1 Neuro-inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neurotoxicity -- 7.7.2 Neurological Disorder and Neuropsychological Effects -- 7.7.3 Stroke -- 7.8 Digestive System -- 7.8.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Appendicitis -- 7.8.2 Gastrointestinal Tumor -- 7.9 Effect on Fertility, Reproduction, and Pregnancy -- 7.9.1 Fertility -- 7.9.2 Fetus Development, Child Birth, and Development -- 7.9.3 In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), Clinical Pregnancy, and Implantation Rates -- 7.9.4 Miscarriage -- 7.10 Effect on Skin -- 7.10.1 Oxidative Stress, Skin Aging, and Pigmentation -- 7.10.2 Dermatitis, Psoriasis, and Eczema -- 7.10.3 Skin Cancer -- 7.11 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8: Impacts of Air Pollution on Epidemiology and Cardiovascular Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Air Pollution and Human Health -- 8.2.1 Particulate Matter (PM) -- 8.2.2 Ozone (O3) -- 8.2.3 Carbon Monoxide (CO) -- 8.2.4 Nitrogen Oxides -- 8.2.5 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). , 8.3 Air Pollution-Induced Cardiovascular Index and Their Consequences to Morbidity and Mortality -- 8.3.1 Heart Rate (HR) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) -- 8.3.2 Arrhythmia, Heart Failure, and Cardiac Arrest -- 8.3.3 Ischemic Heart Disease -- 8.3.4 Thrombosis and Coagulation -- 8.3.5 Cerebrovascular Disease/Stroke -- 8.3.6 Blood Pressure, Vascular Tone, and Atherosclerosis -- 8.3.7 Hypertension -- 8.4 Mechanism of Cardiovascular Toxicity Induced by Air Pollutants -- 8.4.1 PM-induced Pulmonary Inflammatory Responses Promote Oxidative and Cardiovascular Stress -- 8.4.2 Exposure of PM Leads to Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Imbalance and Pathological Alterations -- 8.4.3 Inhaled Air Pollutants Directly Translocate in the Circulatory System and Perturb the Distant Cell and Tissue Components... -- 8.5 Epidemiology of Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease -- 8.6 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 9: Health Risk Assessment and Management of Air Pollutants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) -- 9.1.2 Outdoor/Ambient Air Pollution -- 9.2 Air Pollutants -- 9.2.1 Classification of Air Pollutants -- 9.2.1.1 Primary Air Pollutants (Precursors) -- 9.2.1.2 Secondary Air Pollutants -- 9.3 Sources of Air Pollutants -- 9.3.1 Natural Sources -- 9.3.2 Anthropogenic (Human-Made) Sources -- 9.4 Effect of Air Pollutants on Human Health -- 9.5 Health Risk -- 9.5.1 Estimation of Health Risk -- 9.5.2 Quantification of Health Impact -- 9.5.2.1 Number of Attributable Deaths or Cases of Diseases -- 9.5.2.2 Years of Life Lost (YLL) -- 9.5.2.3 Years Lost Due to Disability (YLD) -- 9.5.2.4 Disability-Adjusted Life Years -- 9.5.3 Health Risk Assessment (RA) -- 9.6 Approaches to Improve Ambient Air Quality -- 9.6.1 Source Control -- 9.6.1.1 Transportation -- 9.6.1.2 Waste Burning -- 9.6.1.3 Industries -- 9.6.1.4 Diesel Generator. , 9.6.1.5 Dust and Construction -- 9.6.1.6 Coal: Fired Power Plant -- 9.6.2 Other Measures -- 9.6.3 Purification of Air -- 9.6.4 Implication of Policies -- 9.7 Approaches to Improve Air Quality in Indoor Environment -- 9.7.1 Source Control -- 9.7.1.1 Domestic Cooking -- 9.7.2 Ventilation Improvements -- 9.7.3 Air Cleaners -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Air Quality Management Practices: A Sustainable Perspective -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Development of the Concept of Sustainable Development -- 10.2.1 The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 1972 -- 10.2.2 World Commission on Environment and Development Report of 1987 -- 10.2.3 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 1992 -- 10.2.4 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), 2002 -- 10.3 Toward Sustainable Air Practices -- 10.3.1 Indian Experience -- 10.3.2 Introduction of ``Command and Control´´ -- 10.3.3 Justification for Air Act, 1981 -- 10.3.4 Amendments to the Air Act in the 1980s -- 10.3.5 Central and State Pollution Control Boards -- 10.3.6 Powers of ``Direct Enforcement´´: Power to Issue Directions -- 10.3.7 Mechanism for Enforcement: Importance of Criminal Sanctions -- 10.4 Judicial Attempts to Ensure Sustainable Air Practices -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Summary of the Chapters -- 1.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Transport Mechanisms, Potential Sources, and Radiative Impacts of Black Carbon Aerosols on the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau Glaciers -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 Spatial Distribution of BC Mass Concentrations in the Himalayas-TP Atmosphere -- 2.3 Spatial Distribution of BC Aerosol in the Himalayas-TP Cryosphere -- 2.4 Climatic Impacts of BC Particle in the Atmosphere and Cryosphere -- 2.5 Seasonal Characteristics of BC in the Himalayas and TP -- 2.6 Potential Source Regions and Transport Mechanisms of BC -- 2.7 Atmospheric Pollution and Cryospheric Change (APCC) Research Framework -- 2.8 Summary and Future Direction -- References -- Chapter 3: Impact of Urban and Semi-urban Aerosols on the Cloud Microphysical Properties and Precipitation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Aerosol-Cloud Interaction -- 3.3 Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Interaction -- 3.4 Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interaction -- 3.5 Summary and Way Forward -- References -- Chapter 4: Aerosol Characteristics and Its Impact on Regional Climate Over Northern India -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Aerosol Characteristics -- 4.2.1 Physical Characteristics -- 4.2.2 Optical Characteristics -- 4.2.3 Morphological and Chemical Characteristics -- 4.3 Spaceborne Observations -- 4.4 Aerosol Emission Sources -- 4.5 Aerosol Impacts on Regional Climate -- 4.6 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 5: Impacts of Air Pollution on Himalayan Region -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Topography and Economic Significance of the Himalaya -- 5.3 Status of Air Pollution in the Himalayan Region -- 5.3.1 Air Pollutant Level in the Himalayan Region -- 5.3.1.1 Particulate Matter. , 5.3.1.2 Gaseous Pollutants -- 5.3.1.3 Atmospheric Brown Cloud -- 5.3.2 Seasonal Trend of Air Pollutants -- 5.3.3 Diurnal Trend of Air Pollutant -- 5.4 Source of Air Pollution in the Himalayan Region -- 5.4.1 Solid Fuel for Cooking and Heating -- 5.4.2 Forest and Scrub Fires -- 5.4.3 Stubble and Garbage Burning -- 5.4.4 Industrial Growth and Urban Housing -- 5.4.5 Vehicles, Diesel Generators, and Pump Sets -- 5.4.6 Transported Pollution from Surrounding Regions -- 5.5 Effects of Air Pollution in the Himalayan Region -- 5.5.1 Climatic Effect -- 5.5.1.1 Temperature -- 5.5.1.2 Precipitation -- 5.5.1.3 Season Cycle -- 5.5.2 Cryosphere and Hydrosphere -- 5.5.3 Effect on Agro-forestry -- 5.5.4 Human Health Effects -- 5.6 Challenges in Tackling Air Pollution -- 5.6.1 Recognition of Problem -- 5.6.2 High Cost of Clean Fuels -- 5.6.3 Forest Degradation -- 5.6.4 Multilateral Collaboration and Coordination -- 5.6.5 Implementation Gaps and Challenges -- 5.7 Development and Mitigation Strategies -- 5.7.1 Development Strategies -- 5.7.2 Mitigation Strategies -- 5.7.2.1 Clean Energy -- 5.7.2.2 Upgrading Brick Kiln Technology -- 5.7.2.3 Urban and Transport Planning -- 5.7.2.4 Happy Seeder -- 5.7.2.5 Information and Education -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Human-Associated Potential Risk of Metal-Bound Fine Particulate Matter -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Particulate Matter (PM) -- 6.1.2 Fine Particulate Air Pollution: A Global Scenario -- 6.1.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5): Emission Sources and Types -- 6.1.4 Sources of Particulate Matter -- 6.1.4.1 Natural Sources of PM -- 6.1.4.2 Anthropogenic Sources of PM -- 6.1.5 Classification of Particulate Matter -- 6.1.5.1 According to the US Environmental Protection (USEPA) -- Inhalable Coarse Particles -- Fine Particles -- Ultrafine Particles -- 6.1.5.2 According to the ACGIH Classification. , Inhalable Particulate Matter (IPM) -- Thoracic Particulate Matter (TPM) -- Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) -- 6.1.5.3 According to MODAL Classification -- Coarse Mode -- Nuclei Mode -- Accumulation Mode -- 6.2 Human Exposure to Atmospheric Fine Particles -- 6.2.1 Short-Term Exposure to PM2.5 -- 6.2.2 Long-Term Exposure to PM2.5 -- 6.2.2.1 Asthma -- 6.2.2.2 Pulmonary Emphysema -- 6.2.2.3 Lung Cancer -- 6.2.2.4 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) -- 6.2.2.5 Heart Rate Variability -- 6.2.2.6 Cardiovascular Disease -- 6.2.2.7 Oxidative Stress -- 6.3 Heavy Metals Associated with PM and Their Impacts of Exposure -- 6.3.1 Heavy Metals and Human Health -- 6.3.1.1 Cadmium (Cd) -- 6.3.1.2 Mercury (Hg) -- 6.3.1.3 Lead (Pb) -- 6.3.1.4 Chromium (Cr) -- 6.3.1.5 Arsenic (As) -- 6.4 Summary: Significance, Future Scope, and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 7: Potential Impacts of Gaseous Air Pollutants on Global Crop Yields Under Climate Change Uncertainties and Urbanization -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Global Food Demand -- 7.3 Impacts of Anthropogenic-Driven Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Urbanization -- 7.3.1 Altered Atmospheric Chemistry -- 7.3.2 Future of Wheat, Rice, and Maize Yields -- 7.4 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Impacts of Air Pollutants on Forest Ecosystem and Role in Ecological Imbalance -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Classification of Air Pollutants -- 8.3 Emission Sources of Common Air Pollutants -- 8.4 Uptake of Air Pollutants by Plants -- 8.5 Effect of Air Pollutants on Vegetation and Forests -- 8.6 Role of Air Pollutants in Ecological Imbalance -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Green Technologies to Combat Air Pollution -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Scope and Importance of Green Technology -- 9.2 Growing Green: Role of an Individual (Green Lifestyle) -- 9.2.1 Growing Green: Role of Industry. , 9.2.2 Smog-Free Tower (Lungs of the City) -- 9.2.3 Scrubbers -- 9.2.3.1 Wet Scrubber -- 9.2.3.2 Dry Scrubber -- 9.2.3.3 Electrostatic Precipitator -- 9.2.4 Catalytic Converters -- 9.2.5 Photocatalytic Air Purifier -- 9.2.6 Solar Energy -- 9.2.6.1 Working Grounds of Solar Energy -- 9.2.6.2 Solar to Thermal Energy -- 9.2.6.3 Solar to Electricity -- 9.2.7 Hybrid Transportation and Greening the Fleet -- 9.2.8 Fuel Choices -- 9.2.9 Electric Vehicles -- 9.2.10 Green Train and Buses -- 9.2.11 Mobile Wall of Moss -- 9.2.12 Air-Purifying Billboard -- 9.3 Growing Green: Role of Government and Stakeholders -- 9.3.1 Carbon Credits -- 9.3.2 Carbon Sequestration -- 9.3.3 Vertical Forest City -- 9.3.3.1 System Advantages -- 9.3.4 Green Bulletins -- 9.3.5 Best Practices from Europe and Asia -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Urban Mobility Associated Ambient Air Quality and Policies for Environmental Implications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Urban Mobility and Associated Crisis -- 10.3 Urban Mobility and Air Quality -- 10.4 Transport Policies for Better Health and Environment -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- Index.