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  • 11
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    Supplementary Information: Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio-like bacteria is common on Cape Cod, MA beaches (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a natural process, enhanced by anthropogenic antibiotic use. Natural environments, like the ocean, act as reservoirs of resistance; but until recently, little research has examined their dynamics. Six beaches on Cape Cod, MA, with varying human impacts, were sampled over one year on nine occasions. Vibrio-like bacteria were isolated from wet sand, dry sand, and water from each beach and tested for sensitivity to five antibiotics (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and trimethoprim) using the disk diffusion method. 73% of isolates showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, and resistance was persistent over time, space, and sample type. Isolates commonly exhibited trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, and/or amoxicillin resistance. 16S ribosomal DNA amplicon-based community structure varied along with the dominant operational taxonomic unit (OTU). Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) indicate that resistance patterns, prevalence, and bacterial community composition were often related to month of sampling. Seasonal environmental variables also explain AR and community structure data. Distance based linear models (DistLM) using arcGIS land use variables reflecting homogeneity in land use. Estimates of Vibrio-like resistant bacteria range from 57 to 980 cells per ml water, accounting for 0.00057-0.0098% of the total bacteria encountered with beach water contact. These results illustrate that resistance to antibiotics by Vibrio- like bacteria is widespread on local recreational marine beaches. Although these resistant bacteria are a small percentage of the total bacteria, they may represent a potential public health issue through the introduction of resistance genes into human microbiomes during recreation or shellfish consumption.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 12
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    Lethal marine snow : pathogen of bivalve mollusc concealed in marine aggregates (2005)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2005. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of American Society of Limnology and Oceanography for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Limnology and Oceanography 50 (2005): 1983-1988, doi:10.4319/lo.2005.50.6.1983.
    Description: We evaluated marine aggregates as environmental reservoirs for a thraustochytrid pathogen, Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX), of the northern quahog or hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. Positive results from in situ hybridization and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis confirm the presence of QPX in marine aggregates collected from coastal embayments in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, where QPX outbreaks have occurred. In laboratory experiments, aggregates were observed and recorded by entering a quahog’s pallial cavity, thereby delivering embedded particles from the water column to its benthic bivalve host. The occurrence of pathogen-laden aggregates in coastal areas experiencing repeated disease outbreaks suggests a means for the spread and survival of pathogens between epidemics and provides a specific target for environmental monitoring of those pathogens.
    Description: This work was funded by an NSF grant as part of the joint NSF-NIH Ecology of Infectious Disease program, by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Sea Grant Program, under a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, and a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship to M. Lyons.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 13
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    The coastal environment and human health : microbial indicators, pathogens, sentinels and reservoirs (2008)
    BioMed Central
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2008 Author et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Health 7 (2008): S3, doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S3.
    Description: Innovative research relating oceans and human health is advancing our understanding of disease-causing organisms in coastal ecosystems. Novel techniques are elucidating the loading, transport and fate of pathogens in coastal ecosystems, and identifying sources of contamination. This research is facilitating improved risk assessments for seafood consumers and those who use the oceans for recreation. A number of challenges still remain and define future directions of research and public policy. Sample processing and molecular detection techniques need to be advanced to allow rapid and specific identification of microbes of public health concern from complex environmental samples. Water quality standards need to be updated to more accurately reflect health risks and to provide managers with improved tools for decision-making. Greater discrimination of virulent versus harmless microbes is needed to identify environmental reservoirs of pathogens and factors leading to human infections. Investigations must include examination of microbial community dynamics that may be important from a human health perspective. Further research is needed to evaluate the ecology of non-enteric water-transmitted diseases. Sentinels should also be established and monitored, providing early warning of dangers to ecosystem health. Taken together, this effort will provide more reliable information about public health risks associated with beaches and seafood consumption, and how human activities can affect their exposure to disease-causing organisms from the oceans.
    Description: The Oceans and Human Health Initiative research described within this paper is supported by the National Science Foundation, The National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Grant numbers are: NIEHS P50 ES012742 and NSF OCE- 043072 (RJG, LAA-Z, MFP), NSF OCE04-32479 and NIEHS P50 ES012740 (RSF), NSF OCE-0432368 and NIEHS P50 ES12736 (HMS-G), NIEHS P50 ES012762 and NSF OCE-0434087 (JSM).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 14
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    Linking the oceans to public health : current efforts and future directions (2008)
    BioMed Central
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2008 Author et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License The definitive version was published in Environmental Health 7 (2008): S6, doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S6.
    Description: We review the major linkages between the oceans and public health, focusing on exposures and potential health effects due to anthropogenic and natural factors including: harmful algal blooms, microbes, and chemical pollutants in the oceans; consumption of seafood; and flooding events. We summarize briefly the current state of knowledge about public health effects and their economic consequences; and we discuss priorities for future research. We find that: • There are numerous connections between the oceans, human activities, and human health that result in both positive and negative exposures and health effects (risks and benefits); and the study of these connections comprises a new interdisciplinary area, "oceans and human health." • The state of present knowledge about the linkages between oceans and public health varies. Some risks, such as the acute health effects caused by toxins associated with shellfish poisoning and red tide, are relatively well understood. Other risks, such as those posed by chronic exposure to many anthropogenic chemicals, pathogens, and naturally occurring toxins in coastal waters, are less well quantified. Even where there is a good understanding of the mechanism for health effects, good epidemiological data are often lacking. Solid data on economic and social consequences of these linkages are also lacking in most cases. • The design of management measures to address these risks must take into account the complexities of human response to warnings and other guidance, and the economic tradeoffs among different risks and benefits. Future research in oceans and human health to address public health risks associated with marine pathogens and toxins, and with marine dimensions of global change, should include epidemiological, behavioral, and economic components to ensure that resulting management measures incorporate effective economic and risk/benefit tradeoffs.
    Description: Funding was provided in part by the NSF-NIEHS Oceans Centers at Woods Hole, University of Hawaii, University of Miami, and University of Washington, and the NOAA Oceans and Human Health Initiative Centers of Excellent in Charleston, Seattle and Milwaukee, the National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the WHOI Marine Policy Center. Grant numbers are: NIEHS P50 ES012742 and NSF OCE-043072 (HLKP, RJG, PH); NSF OCE 0432368 and NIEHS P50 ES12736 (LEF); NIEHS P50 ES012762 and NSF OCE-0434087 (EMF, AT, LRY); NSF OCE04-32479 and NIEHS P50 ES012740 (BAW)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 15
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    Linking bacterivory and phyletic diversity of protists with a marker gene survey and experimental feeding with BrdU-labeled bacteria (2014)
    Inter-Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Aquatic Microbial Ecology 71 (2013):141-153, doi:10.3354/ame01674.
    Description: Over the last few decades, molecular methods have vastly improved our ability to study the diversity of microbial communities. In molecular diversity surveys, the function of protists is often inferred from phylogeny. Yet these surveys are unable to distinguish between different trophic modes among closely related taxa. Here we present results from a culture-independent study linking bacterivory to the diversity of pelagic protists from 3 depths of a stratified mesotrophic lake. Bacteria were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and added to lakewater samples; after incubation, total DNA was extracted from filtered samples. Part of the DNA extract was subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-BrdU antibodies, and then both whole DNA and BrdU-labeled samples were analyzed using 454-pyrosequencing of the v9 region of 18S small subunit rRNA gene amplicons. The results show that a different community of protists exists at each depth, with limited overlap of taxonomic composition between depths. The community of BrdU-labeled protists, deemed putative bacterivores, is largely a subset of the community found in the whole DNA samples. Many of these BrdU-labeled taxa are poorly represented in GenBank and thus are probably rarely isolated and/or uncultured species. Several of the taxa identified as bacterivores are also phototrophs, highlighting the important role of mixotrophy among eukaryotic microbes. Definitive identity of functional traits among taxa requires careful experimentation, yet this method allows a first-pass assay of the trophic role of microbial eukaryotes from environmental samples.
    Description: This work was funded in part by NSF grants OPP-0838847 and OPP-0838955.
    Keywords: Molecular methods ; Microbial community ; Mixotrophy ; Bromodeoxyuridine ; Culture-independent ; Eukaryotic microbes ; Pyrosequencing ; Lake microbes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 16
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    The extraordinary longevity of kleptoplasts derived from the Ross Sea haptophyte Phaeocystis antarctica within dinoflagellate host cells relates to the diminished role of the oxygen-evolving Photosystem II and to supplementary light harvesting by mycosporine-like amino acid/s (2016)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1858 (2017): 189-195, doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.12.002.
    Description: The haptophyte Phaeocystis antarctica and the novel Ross Sea dinoflagellate that hosts kleptoplasts derived from P. antarctica (RSD; R.J. Gast et al., 2006, J. Phycol. 42 233–242) were compared for photosynthetic light harvesting and for oxygen evolution activity. Both chloroplasts and kleptoplasts emit chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence peaking at 683 nm (F683) at 277 K and at 689 (F689) at 77 K. Second derivative analysis of the F689 band at 77 K revealed two individual contributions centered at 683 nm (Fi-683) and at 689 (Fi-689). Using the p-nitrothiophenol (p-NTP) treatment of Kobayashi et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 423 (1976) 80-90) to differentiate between Photosystem (PS) II and I fluorescence emissions, we could identify PS II as the origin of Fi-683 and PS I as the origin of Fi-689. Both emissions could be excited not only by Chl a-selective light (436 nm) but also by mycosporine-like aminoacids (MAAs)-selective light (345 nm). This suggests that a fraction of MAAs must be proximal to Chls a and, therefore, located within the plastids. On the basis of second derivative fluorescence spectra at 77K, of p-NTP resolved fluorescence spectra, as well as of PSII-driven oxygen evolution activities, PS II appears substantially less active (~ 1/5) in dinoflagellate kleptoplasts than in P. antarctica chloroplasts. We suggest that a diminished role of PS II, a known source of reactive oxygen species, and a diminished dependence on nucleus-encoded light-harvesting proteins, due to supplementary light-harvesting by MAAs, may account for the extraordinary longevity of RSD kleptoplasts.
    Description: This work was supported in part by a National Science Foundation grant (PLR-1341362) to RJG.
    Keywords: Kleptoplast ; Phaeocystis antarctica ; Photosystems I, II ; Photosynthetic oxygen evolution ; Ross Sea dinoflagellate
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  • 17
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    Dinoflagellates Amyloodinium and Ichthyodinium (Dinophyceae), parasites of marine fishes in the South Atlantic Ocean (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2018. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 131 (2018): 29-37, doi:10.3354/dao03274.
    Description: The morphology and molecular phylogeny of the parasitic dinoflagellates Ichthyodinium chabelardi and Amyloodinium ocellatum was investigated off Brazil (South Atlantic Ocean). This is the first record of Ichthyodinium and the first molecular data of both parasites from the southern hemisphere. Ichthyodinium chabelardi infected the yolk of eggs of feral populations of Argentine anchovy (Engraulis anchoita; Engraulidae) and Brazilian sardinella (Sardinella brasiliensis; Clupeidae) in different seasons. The SSU rRNA and ITS gene sequences were identical and confirmed Ichthyodinium as a host generalist. The new sequences clustered with the type species I. chabelardi from the North Atlantic and environmental sequences from the Pacific Ocean. A second species from the western Pacific remains undescribed. Amyloodinium ocellatum was isolated from the gills of a cultured cobia fish (Rachycentron canadum) after causing mortality. The SSU rRNA gene sequence of the Brazilian isolate was almost identical to those from the northern hemisphere. This suggests a single species with a widespread distribution, although it is uncertain whether the species has a natural pantropical distribution or is the result of artificial distribution due to the humaninduced fish transport.
    Description: F.G. was supported by the Brazilian Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico [grant number BJT 370646/2013–14].
    Keywords: Fish parasite ; Yolk egg parasite ; Amyloodiniosis ; Marine velvet disease ; Ichthyoplankton infestation ; Dinoflagellata
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 18
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    Community structure of marine sedimentary protists in relation to flow and grain size (2011)
    Inter-Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Aquatic Microbial Ecology 48 (2007): 91-104, doi:10.3354/ame048091.
    Description: Populations of unicellular, marine sedimentary protists are constrained by a variety of physical environmental factors, but influences of flow regime have rarely been studied. We compared community structure among 3 subtidal sites differing in flow strength and grain size in a coastal bay. We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to assess eukaryotic diversity based on 18S rDNA, and quantitative Protargol staining (QPS) to examine ciliate communities by microscopy. Sedimentary 18S rDNA in mid-summer was dominated by diatoms. Analyses of gel bands by presence/ absence among sites, dendogram, and multidimensional scaling showed that eukaryotic community structure was related to grain size more strongly than to flow regime. Among bands identified as diatoms by recovery and sequence analysis, 4 taxa (40%) differed among sites in relation to flow strength, and 2 taxa (29%) differed in relation to grain size. No bands had sequences matching ciliates, but QPS showed that 6 ciliate species (20%) were distributed in relation to flow, and 10 species (33%), in relation to grain size. Ciliate species richness and community similarity were greatest for the 2 strong-flow sites, despite differences in mean grain size. The strong-flow, silty site had the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a, total ciliates, karyorelictids, and scuticociliates, and the lowest ciliate species diversity. DGGE was run again for this site 1 mo later and revealed a shift in the rDNA pool to dominance by metazoans. Flow regime and grain size may be important factors structuring subtidal communities of sedimentary protists.
    Description: This work was supported by Franklin & Marshall College and the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health (NIEHS P50 ES012742 & NSF OCE0430724).
    Keywords: Ciliates ; Diatoms ; Benthic ; Community structure ; Flow ; Grain size ; DGGE
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 19
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    Nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene-based characterization, molecular phylogeny and PCR detection of the Neoparamoeba from western Long Island Sound lobster (2011)
    National Shellfisheries Association
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © National Shellfisheries Association, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of National Shellfisheries Association for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Shellfish Research 24 (2005): 719-731, doi:10.2983/0730-8000(2005)24[719:NSRRGC]2.0.CO;2.
    Description: Western Long Island Sound (LIS) lobsters collected by trawl surveys, lobstermen and coastal residents during 2000 to 2002 were identified histologically as infected with a parasome-containing amoeba. Primers to conserved SSU rRNA sequences of parasome-containing amoebae and their nonparasome-containing relatives were used to amplify overlapping SSU rRNA fragments of the presumptive parasite from gill, antenna, antennal gland and ventral nerve cord of infected lobsters. The consensus sequence constructed from these fragments had 98% or greater nucleotide sequence identity with SSU rRNA gene sequences of strains of Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis and associated with high confidence in distance- and parsimony-based phylogenetic analyses with strains of Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis and not members of the family Paramoebidae, e.g., Paramoeba eilhardi. Primers designed to SSU rRNA sequences of the lobster amoeba and other paramoebid/vexilliferid amoebae were used in a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol to test DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of lobsters collected during the 1999 die-off, when this amoeba initially was identified by light and electron microscopy and reported to be a paramoeba of the genera Paramoeba or Neoparamoeba (Mullen et al. 2004). All sequences amplified from 1999 lobsters, with the exception of one, had 98% to 99% identity to each other, and the 1999 PCR product consensus had 98% identity to Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis strains CCAP 1560/4 (AF371969.1) and 1560/5 (AF371970.1). Molecular characterization of the amoeba from western LIS lobsters by direct amplification circumvents a collective inability to culture the organism in vitro, provides insight into the molecular epidemiology of neoparamoebiasis in American lobster, and allows for PCR-based detection of infected lobsters for future research and diagnostics.
    Description: Funding for this work was provided by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection under Long Island Sound Research Fund Grant No. CWF 333-R to S. Frasca; and by the Connecticut Sea Grant College Program, Grants No. LR/LR-4 to R. Gast and No. LR/LR-5 to P. Gillevet and C. O’Kelly, through the US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Award NA16RG1364.
    Keywords: Homarus americanus ; Lobster ; Molecular phylogeny ; Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis ; Paramoebiasis ; PCR ; Small-subunit rRNA
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 20
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    Bacterivory by phototrophic picoplankton and nanoplankton in Arctic waters (2012)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2011. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in FEMS Microbiology Ecology 82 (2012): 242–253, doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01253.x.
    Description: Mixotrophy, the combination of phototrophy and heterotrophy within the same individual, is widespread in oceanic systems. Yet, neither the presence nor ecological impact of mixotrophs has been identified in an Arctic marine environment. We quantified nano- and picoplankton during early autumn in the Beaufort Sea and Canada Basin and determined relative rates of bacterivory by heterotrophs and mixotrophs. Results confirmed previous reports of low microbial biomass for Arctic communities in autumn. The impact of bacterivory was relatively low, ranging from 0.6 x 103 to 42.8 x 103 bacteria mL-1 day-1, but it was often dominated by pico- or nano-mixotrophs. From 1-7% of the photosynthetic picoeukaryotes were bacterivorous, while mixotrophic nanoplankton abundance comprised 1-22% of the heterotrophic and 2-32% of the phototrophic nanoplankton abundance, respectively. The estimated daily grazing impact was usually 〈 5% of the bacterial standing stock, but impacts as high as 25% occurred. Analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis band patterns indicated that communities from different depths at the same site were appreciably different, and that there was a shift in community diversity at the midpoint of the cruise. Sequence information from DGGE bands reflected microbes related to ones from other Arctic studies, particularly from the Beaufort Sea.
    Description: Funding for participation in the 2008 cruise was provided by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Arctic Research Initiative, with additional support from National Science Foundation Grants OPP-0838847 (RWS) and OPP-0838955 (RJG).
    Keywords: Arctic Ocean ; DGGE ; Mixotrophy ; Phytoflagellates ; Picoeukaryotes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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