Abstract: Currently, there is an extensive literature examining heat impacts on labor productivity and health, as well as a recent surge in research around COVID-19. However, to our knowledge, no research to date examines the dual burden of COVID-19 and extreme heat on labor productivity and laborers' health and livelihoods. To close this research gap and shed light on a critical health and livelihood issue affecting a vulnerable population, we urge researchers to study the two topics in tandem. Because farmworkers have a high incidence of COVID-19 infections and a low rate of inoculation, they will be among those who suffer most from this dual burden. In this article, we discuss impacts from extreme heat and COVID-19 on farm laborers. We provide examples from the literature and a conceptual framework showing the bi-directional nature of heat impacts on COVID-19 and vice versa. We conclude with questions for further research and with specific policy recommendations to alleviate this dual burden. If implemented, these policies would enhance the wellbeing of farmworkers through improved unemployment benefits, updated regulations, and consistent implementation of outdoor labor regulations. Additionally, policies for farmworker-related health needs and cultural aspects of policy implementation and farmworker outreach are needed. These and related policies could potentially reduce the dual burden of COVID-19 and extreme heat impacts while future research explores their relative cost-effectiveness.

Abstract: We provide micro foundations for the global production function (GPF) based on the standard microeconomic model, and we develop a parallel probabilistic model with similar properties. The theoretical and probabilistic models of the GPF are integrated in the context of a technology choice problem. We construct a primitive, named the augmented transformation function, to obtain a GPF and its associated joint distribution that includes the output and labor-saving and capital-saving technological innovations. This type of primitive allows us not only to derive the theoretical GPF but also to consistently build a link between the substitutability microparameters (elasticities) and the probabilistic parameters (correlations). We find that the shape of the GPF is determined by all the relations among technological innovations and output and the way they are combined.

Abstract: 〈 p 〉 ¿Cuáles son los mecanismos de transmisión que determinan a la tasa de interés neutral que sirve de referencia para establecer la postura de política monetaria del Banco Central? Se analiza el papel de la tasa de desocupación y la inflación en la determinación de la tasa de interés neutral. La conclusión es que el Banco de México podría tomar una postura de política monetaria más expansiva sin generar presiones inflacionarias. La tasa de interés se calcula con: 1) la regla de Taylor y un sistema de ecuaciones simultáneas cointegrado y 2) la paridad de tasas de interés. Los resultados sugieren que la tasa de interés neutral cambia a través de dos mecanismos: 1) de manera indirecta cuando se presenta una variación en la tasa de desocupación, lo que genera un cambio en la inflación y, por tanto, un desplazamiento de la tasa neutral, y 2) de manera directa cuando hay una reducción en la brecha del producto interno bruto. 〈 /p 〉 〈 p 〉   〈 /p 〉 〈 p align="center" 〉 ESTIMATION OF THE NEUTRAL INTEREST RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION IN MEXICO 〈 /p 〉 〈 p align="center" 〉 〈 strong 〉 ABSTRACT 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉 What are the transmission mechanisms determining the neutral rate of interest that serves as a reference to establish the monetary policy stance of the Central Bank? We analyze the role of unemployment and inflation in determining such neutral rate. We conclude that the Banco de México could take a more expansive monetary policy stance without generating inflationary pressures. The rate is calculated using two methods: 1) the Taylor rule and a cointegrated simultaneous equations system and 2) the interest rate parity. Our results suggest that the neutral interest rate changes through two mechanisms: 1) indirectly when there is a variation in the unemployment rate, which generates a change in inflation and, therefore, a shift in the neutral rate and 2) directly when there is a reduction in the Gross Domestic Product gap.

Abstract: El presente artículo muestra los resultados de impacto de un Programa de Becas Escolares de la Ciudad de México sobre la percepción que las familias tienen del promedio escolar de sus hijas e hijos. El estudio emplea una nueva base de datos recolectada para la evaluación de dicho programa de transferencias monetarias condicionadas, que contiene información para una muestra aleatoria sobre un grupo de tratamiento y un grupo de control. Por medio de modelos de regresión lineal y probit ordenado, se encontró que la participación en el Programa de Becas Escolares aumentó 18.1% la percepción de promedios altos y redujo 11.3 y 6.7% la percepción de promedios de rango medio y bajo, respectivamente.

Abstract: 〈 p 〉 Analizamos el impacto del Programa de Becas Escolares de la Ciudad de México en las horas de estudio de niños y niñas en educación básica. Usamos una encuesta aleatorizada para evaluar su impacto en el ciclo escolar 2014-2015 del DIF CDMX. Utilizamos un enfoque basado en la comparación de un grupo de tratamiento con un grupo de control, en el contexto de una ecuación de una función de producción de logros escolares. Se emplean los métodos de estimación MCO y Máxima Verosimilitud para asegurar la robustez estadística de la estimación de la efectividad del programa. El programa permitió aumentar el tiempo de estudio en poco más de una hora diaria en los menores del grupo tratado. 〈 /p 〉

Abstract: 〈 div class="page" title="Page 1" 〉 〈 div class="layoutArea" 〉 〈 div class="column" 〉 〈 p 〉 〈 span 〉 Dada la crisis por la pandemia de Covid-19, se requiere determinar si existe espacio fiscal para llevar a cabo una política anticíclica en México que en el corto plazo facilite la recuperación económica. En este artículo buscamos aproximar empíricamente la existencia de espacio fiscal mediante la estimación de la brecha de sostenibilidad del balance primario, haciendo uso de los pronósticos de un modelo macroeconómico cointegrado. Específicamente, se estima la brecha usando el pronóstico tendencial del PIB nominal, la tasa de interés nominal y el saldo primario en los próximos meses. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que no hay espacio fiscal suficiente para implementar una política expansiva basada en deuda pública durante el próximo año, incluso a pesar de que el crecimiento del PIB se mantendrá en una ruta de recuperación gradual y de que la tasa de interés pudiera mantenerse más baja que antes de la crisis. Así, el gasto público deberá administrarse de manera eficiente para evitar un gran aumento en el déficit y mayores riesgos a la estabilidad financiera. 〈 /span 〉 〈 /p 〉 〈 /div 〉 〈 /div 〉 〈 /div 〉 〈 textarea id="BFI_DATA" style="width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;" 〉 〈 /textarea 〉 〈 textarea id="BFI_DATA" style="width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;" 〉 〈 /textarea 〉 〈 textarea id="BFI_DATA" style="width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;" 〉 〈 /textarea 〉 〈 textarea id="BFI_DATA" style="width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;" 〉 〈 /textarea 〉 〈 div id="WidgetFloaterPanels" class="LTRStyle" style="display: none; text-align: left; direction: ltr; visibility: hidden;" 〉 〈 div id="WidgetFloater" style="display: none;" onmouseover="Microsoft.Translator.OnMouseOverFloater()" onmouseout="Microsoft.Translator.OnMouseOutFloater()" 〉 〈 div id="WidgetLogoPanel" 〉 〈 span id="WidgetTranslateWithSpan" 〉 〈 span 〉 TRANSLATE with 〈 /span 〉 〈 img id="FloaterLogo" alt="" / 〉 〈 /span 〉 〈 span 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Abstract: 〈 p 〉 Este artículo investiga el efecto de la participación en el Programa de Desayunos Escolares de la Ciudad de México sobre las calificaciones de niñas y niños de primaria. Los datos provienen del levantamiento de encuestas para la evaluación de impacto del programa, las cuales contienen información de estudiantes de cuarto y quinto grado de 17 escuelas públicas de la ciudad para el ciclo escolar 2017-2018. El estudio del impacto tiene un enfoque comparativo entre alumnos de escuelas beneficiarias y no beneficiarias. Los resultados de las estimaciones sugieren que el programa de alimentación escolar no propicia cambios significativos en las calificaciones, lo cual contrasta con hallazgos en otros países donde sí se ha encontrado un efecto significativo. Los hallazgos permiten además identificar la existencia de una relación inversa entre las calificaciones y las faltas a clases, así como de una relación directa con los antecedentes educativos de la familia y la disponibilidad adicional de otros programas sociales.  〈 strong 〉 〈 /strong 〉 〈 /p 〉

Abstract: The nickel removing by electrocoagulation of Ni(II)-NH3-CO2-SO2-H2O system was studied in a batch reactor of 50 L useful volume, with stirring, and two pairs of aluminum electrodes. The operating parameters were nickel concentration between 255 and 342 mg L-1, current density of 11.0 and 16.6 mA cm-2, pH 8.34±0.06, mean temperature 58.4±3.9 oC and retention time of 50 min. The maximum nickel removal was 99.7 % at 11.0 mA cm-2, specific energy consumption 16.86 kWh kg-1 of Al3+, 2.438 kWh kg-1 of Ni and the adsorption capacity 5819 mg Ni g-1 of Al3+. The precipitate contained a nickel concentration of 37.2 % and true density 2720 kg m-3, hydro­talcite-like structure layered double hydroxides. The unit area of sedimentation was between 0.25 and 1.96 m2 t-1 day, at a density from 971 to 1019 kg m-1 and 53±4 oC. A model for pre­dicting the specific cake resistance was estimated as a function of pressure drop and sus­pension concentration at 44.45 kPa and 59.52 kg m-3, resulting in the value of 6.47±107 m kg-1. The average cake humidity was 88 % base humid.